Older blood pressure medicationsdo they still have a place?

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 308-316

  Slim, Hanna B ^a   Black, Henry R ^b   Thompson, Paul D ^a  

^a HARTFORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; CHLOROTHIAZIDE; CHLORTALIDONE; CLONIDINE; ETACRYNIC ACID; GUANETHIDINE; GUANFACINE; HYDRALAZINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; METHYLDOPA; METOLAZONE; MINOXIDIL; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; MOXONIDINE; NITRENDIPINE; OXPRENOLOL; PLACEBO; POLYTHIAZIDE; RESERPINE; SPIRONOLACTONE; SULFONAMIDE; VERAPAMIL;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANGINA PECTORIS; ANOREXIA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ANURIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRADYCARDIA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTACT DERMATITIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EMBRYOTOXICITY; FATIGUE; FLUID RETENTION; FLUSHING; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GOUT; GYNECOMASTIA; HEADACHE; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMPOTENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LETHARGY; LIBIDO; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUPUS LIKE SYNDROME; MALAISE; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; NIGHTMARE; NONHUMAN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; OTOTOXICITY; PEPTIC ULCER; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROGRADE EJACULATION; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RETENTION; SWEATING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; TREMOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WATER RETENTION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CHLORTHALIDONE; CLONIDINE; DIURETICS; ETHACRYNIC ACID; GUANETHIDINE; HUMANS; HYDRALAZINE; HYPERTENSION; METHYLDOPA; MINOXIDIL; RESERPINE; SPIRONOLACTONE; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 79959687684     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: 18791913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.041     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. D.K. Cherry, E. Hing, D.A. Woodwell, and E.A. Rechtsteiner National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2006 summary Natl Health Stat Report 1 2008 39
2. B.M. Egan, Y. Zhao, and R.N. Axon US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008 JAMA 303 2010 2043 2050
3. M. Burnier Medication adherence and persistence as the cornerstone of effective antihypertensive therapy Am J Hypertens 19 2006 1190 1196 (Pubitemid 44633590)
4. W.J. Elliott Improving outcomes in hypertensive patients: focus on adherence and persistence with antihypertensive therapy J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 11 2009 376 382
5. W.H. Shrank, E.R. Cox, M.A. Fischer, J. Mehta, and N.K. Choudhry Patients' perceptions of generic medications Health Aff (Millwood) 28 2009 546 556
6. Global Markets Direct Global anti-hypertension market http://www.pr-inside.com/global-anti-hypertension-market-r1930586.htm Accessed August 10, 2010
7. E. Odigie-Okon, S. Zarich, E. Okon, and A. Dufresne Antihypertensive therapy in African Americans: findings from an inner-city ambulatory clinic J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 12 2010 187 192
8. N.H. Mashour, G.I. Lin, and W.H. Frishman Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: clinical considerations Arch Intern Med 158 1998 2225 2234 (Pubitemid 28512496)
9. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension Results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg JAMA 202 1967 1028 1034
10. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg JAMA 213 1970 1143 1152
11. F.A. Finnerty Jr, A. Gyftopoulos, C. Berry, and A. McKenney Step 2 regimens in hypertension An assessment JAMA 241 1979 579 581
12. R. Griebenow, D.B. Pittrow, G. Weidinger, E. Mueller, E. Mutschler, and D. Welzel Low-dose reserpine/thiazide combination in first-line treatment of hypertension: efficacy and safety compared to an ACE inhibitor Blood Press 6 1997 299 306 (Pubitemid 27431913)
13. B. Kronig, D.B. Pittrow, W. Kirch, D. Welzel, G. Weidinger German Reserpine in Hypertension Study Group Different concepts in first-line treatment of essential hypertension Comparison of a low-dose reserpine-thiazide combination with nitrendipine monotherapy Hypertension 29 1997 651 658 (Pubitemid 27074732)
14. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) JAMA 288 2002 2981 2997
15. Low doses v standard dose of reserpine A randomized, double-blind, multiclinic trial in patients taking chlorthalidone JAMA 248 1982 2471 2477
16. Reserpine and breast cancer Lancet 2 1974 669 671
17. B. Armstrong, N. Stevens, and R. Doll Retrospective study of the association between use of rauwolfia derivatives and breast cancer in English women Lancet 2 1974 672 675
18. O.P. Heinonen, S. Shapiro, L. Tuominen, and M.I. Turunen Reserpine use in relation to breast cancer Lancet 2 1974 675 677
19. J.D. Curb, R.J. Hardy, D.R. Labarthe, N.O. Borhani, and J.O. Taylor Reserpine and breast cancer in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program Hypertension 4 1982 307 311 (Pubitemid 12162034)
20. E. Jackson Goodman & Gillman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics 2001 McGraw-Hill New York, New York 31
21. P. Stanley, and A. Mijch Methyldopa: an often overlooked cause of fever and transient hepatocellular dysfunction Med J Aust 144 1986 603 605 (Pubitemid 16016743)
22. Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa A retrospective multiclinic study J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S75 S127
23. H.D. Itskovitz, and H. Menduke Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. I. Study objectives and design J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S79 S84
24. A.E. Fitz, and E. Saunders Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. II. Therapeutic efficacy J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S85 S91
25. J.R. Caldwell, and J.C. Metts Jr Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. III. Tolerability J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S92 S98
26. F. del Greco, C.M. Huang, and A. Quintanilla Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. IV. Duration of methyldopa therapy J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S99 S103
27. F. Goldner Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. VII. Effectiveness among patients treated for seven or more years J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S114 S119
28. H.D. Itskovitz Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. VIII. Overview J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3 suppl 1981 S120 S127
29. G.L. Sanders, D.M. Davies, G.M. Gales, J.G. Rao, M.D. Rawlins, and P.A. Routledge A comparative study of methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension Br J Clin Pharmacol 8 1979 149S 151S (Pubitemid 10173641)
30. J.E. Scrazzolo, and A.G. Queirol Crossover comparison of sotalol plus methyldopa in hypertension J Clin Pharmacol 19 1979 540 546 (Pubitemid 10222252)
31. Y.M. Traub Comparison of oxprenolol vs methyldopa as second-line antihypertensive agents in the elderly Arch Intern Med 148 1988 77 80 (Pubitemid 18071383)
32. M.J. VandenBurg, W.D. Cooper, M.L. Woollard, W.J. Currie, and C.H. Bowker Reduced peripheral vascular symptoms in elderly patients treated with alpha-methyldopaa comparison with propranolol Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26 1984 325 329 (Pubitemid 14139488)
33. L.A. Magee Drugs in pregnancy Antihypertensives Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 15 2001 827 845
34. E. Rey, J. LeLorier, E. Burgess, I.R. Lange, and L. Leduc Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3 Pharmacologic treatment of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy CMAJ 157 1997 1245 1254
35. D.S. Goldstein, P.D. Levinson, R. Zimlichman, A. Pitterman, R. Stull, and H.R. Keiser Clonidine suppression testing in essential hypertension Ann Intern Med 102 1985 42 49
36. F.G. McMahon, A.K. Jain, R. Vargas, and J. Fillingim A double-blind comparison of transdermal clonidine and oral captopril in essential hypertension Clin Ther 12 1990 88 100 (Pubitemid 20176180)
37. S.S. Franklin, M.J. Tonkon, M.A. Kirschenbaum, and J.D. Dobak Randomized, double-blind comparison of transdermal clonidine with oral propranolol J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10 suppl 1987 S244 S247
38. G.R. Schmidt, A.A. Schuna, and T.L. Goodfriend Transdermal clonidine compared with hydrochlorothiazide as monotherapy in elderly hypertensive males J Clin Pharmacol 29 1989 133 139 (Pubitemid 19080654)
39. D. Giugliano, R. Acampora, R. Marfella, C. La Marca, M. Marfella, F. Nappo, and F. D'Onofrio Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of transdermal clonidine in patients with hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Am J Hypertens 11 1998 184 189 (Pubitemid 28137609)
40. G.E. Bauer, F.J. Croll, R.B. Goldrick, D. Jeremy, J. Raftos, H.M. Whyte, and A.A. Young Guanethidine in treatment of hypertension BMJ 2 1961 410 415
41. C.T. Dollery, D. Emslie-Smith, and M.D. Milne Clinical and pharmacological studies with guanethidine in the treatment of hypertension Lancet 2 1960 381 387
42. R.K. Ferguson, R.J. Rothenberg, and A.S. Nies Patient acceptance of guanethidine as therapy for mild to moderate hypertension A comparison with reserpine Circulation 54 1976 32 37
43. J.F. Giudicelli, C. Richer, and A. Mattei Pharmacokinetics and biological effects of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide after acute and chronic administration either alone or in combination in hypertensive patients Br J Clin Pharmacol 23 suppl 1987 51S 63S (Pubitemid 17088647)
44. S.J. Weir, D.C. Dimmitt, R.C. Lanman, M.B. Morrill, and D.H. Geising Steady-state pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide administered alone and in combination Biopharm Drug Dispos 19 1998 365 371 (Pubitemid 28393856)
45. H.J. Weimann, G. Pabst, and W. Weber Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43 1992 209 210
46. B.L. Carter, M.E. Ernst, and J.D. Cohen Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability Hypertension 43 2004 4 9 (Pubitemid 38031903)
47. W. Riess, U.C. Dubach, D. Burckhardt, W. Theobald, P. Vuillard, and M. Zimmerli Pharmacokinetic studies with chlorthalidone (Hygroton) in man Eur J Clin Pharmacol 12 1977 375 382 (Pubitemid 8246723)
48. W.E. Bowlus, and H.G. Langford A comparison of the antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorthiazide Clin Pharmacol Ther 5 1964 708 711
49. F.A. Finnerty Jr A double-blind study of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in an outpatient population of moderate hypertensives Angiology 27 1976 738 744 (Pubitemid 8029528)
50. E.C. Clark, S. Podolsky, and E.J. Thompson Double-blind comparison of hydrochlorothiazide plus triameterene therapy versus chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension South Med J 72 1979 798 802 (Pubitemid 9244130)
51. M.E. Ernst, B.L. Carter, C.J. Goerdt, J.J. Steffensmeier, B.B. Phillips, M.B. Zimmerman, and G.R. Bergus Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure Hypertension 47 2006 352 358 (Pubitemid 43740274)
52. J.I. Barzilay, B.R. Davis, J.A. Cutler, S.L. Pressel, P.K. Whelton, J. Basile, K.L. Margolis, S.T. Ong, L.S. Sadler, and J. Summerson Fasting glucose levels and incident diabetes mellitus in older nondiabetic adults randomized to receive 3 different classes of antihypertensive treatment: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Arch Intern Med 166 2006 2191 2201 (Pubitemid 44748765)
53. H.R. Black, B. Davis, J. Barzilay, C. Nwachuku, C. Baimbridge, H. Marginean, J.T. Wright Jr, J. Basile, N.D. Wong, P. Whelton, R.A. Dart, and U. Thadani Metabolic and clinical outcomes in nondiabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Diabetes Care 31 2008 353 360 (Pubitemid 351213350)
54. J.T. Wright Jr, S. Harris-Haywood, S. Pressel, J. Barzilay, C. Baimbridge, C.J. Bareis, J.N. Basile, H.R. Black, R. Dart, A.K. Gupta, B.P. Hamilton, P.T. Einhorn, L.J. Haywood, S.Z. Jafri, G.T. Louis, P.K. Whelton, C.L. Scott, D.L. Simmons, C. Stanford, and B.R. Davis Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Arch Intern Med 168 2008 207 217 (Pubitemid 351185889)
55. A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, H.R. Black, W.C. Cushman, L.A. Green, J.L. Izzo Jr, D.W. Jones, B.J. Materson, S. Oparil, J.T. Wright Jr, and E.J. Roccella The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report JAMA 289 2003 2560 2572 (Pubitemid 37430158)
56. P. Leren, and A. Helgeland Oslo Hypertension Study Drugs 31 suppl 1986 41 45 (Pubitemid 16118839)
57. J. Wikstrand, I. Warnold, G. Olsson, J. Tuomilehto, D. Elmfeldt, and G. Berglund Primary prevention with metoprolol in patients with hypertension Mortality results from the MAPHY study JAMA 259 1988 1976 1982 (Pubitemid 18082489)
58. MRC Working Party Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results BMJ 304 1992 405 412
59. A. Amery, P. Brixko, D. Clement, A. De Schaepdryver, R. Fagard, R. Forte, J.F. Henry, G. Leonetti, K. O'Malley, T. Strasser, W. Birkenhager, C. Bulpitt, M. Deruyttere, C. Dollery, F. Forette, R. Hamdy, J.V. Joossens, P. Lund-Johansen, J. Petrie, J. Tuomilehto, and B. Williams Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial Lancet 1 1985 1349 1354 (Pubitemid 15060905)
60. N.O. Borhani, M. Mercuri, P.A. Borhani, V.M. Buckalew, M. Canossa-Terris, A.A. Carr, T. Kappagoda, M.V. Rocco, H.W. Schnaper, J.R. Sowers, and M.G. Bond Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS) A randomized controlled trial JAMA 276 1996 785 791 (Pubitemid 26301577)
61. M.J. Brown, C.R. Palmer, A. Castaigne, P.W. de Leeuw, G. Mancia, T. Rosenthal, and L.M. Ruilope Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT) Lancet 356 2000 366 372 (Pubitemid 30487492)
62. Mortality after 10 1/2 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Circulation 82 1990 1616 1628
63. L.M. Wing, C.M. Reid, P. Ryan, L.J. Beilin, M.A. Brown, G.L. Jennings, C.I. Johnston, J.J. McNeil, G.J. Macdonald, J.E. Marley, T.O. Morgan, and M.J. West A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly N Engl J Med 348 2003 583 592 (Pubitemid 36204952)
64. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT) JAMA 283 2000 1967 1975
65. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension JAMA 242 1979 2562 2571
66. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. III. Reduction in stroke incidence among persons with high blood pressure JAMA 247 1982 633 638
67. SHEP Cooperative Research Group Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) JAMA 265 1991 3255 3264
68. Management Committee on behalf of the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia Australian Comparative Outcome Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor- and Diuretic-Based Treatment of Hypertension in the Elderly (ANBP2): objectives and protocol Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24 1997 188 192
69. K. Jamerson, M.A. Weber, G.L. Bakris, B. Dahlof, B. Pitt, V. Shi, A. Hester, J. Gupte, M. Gatlin, and E.J. Velazquez Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients N Engl J Med 359 2008 2417 2428
70. D. Parra, and R. Rosenstein Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension N Engl J Med 360 2009 1147 1148
71. R. Woodman, C. Brown, and W. Lockette Chlorthalidone decreases platelet aggregation and vascular permeability and promotes angiogenesis Hypertension 56 2010 463 470
72. W.I. Cranston, and B.E. Juel-Jensen The effects of spironolactone and chlorthalidone on arterial pressure Lancet 1 1962 1161 1164
73. H.G. Grieble, and L.C. Johnston Treatment of arterial hypertensive disease with diuretics. I. Effects on blood pressure of bendroflumethiazide, potassium chloride, and spironolactone Arch Intern Med 110 1962 26 33
74. W. Hollander, and R.W. Wilkins The pharmacology and clinical use of rauwolfia, hydralazine, thiazides, and aldosterone antagonists in arterial hypertension Prog Cardiovasc Dis 8 1966 291 318
75. R.L. Wolf, M. Mendlowitz, J. Roboz, G.P. Styan, P. Kornfeld, and A. Weigl Treatment of hypertension with spironolactone Double-blind study JAMA 198 1966 1143 1149
76. B.M. Winer, W.F. Lubbe, and T. Colton Antihypertensive actions of diuretics Comparative study of an aldosterone antagonist and a thiazide, alone and together JAMA 204 1968 775 779
77. R.I. Ogilvie, and J. Ruedy Treatment of hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone CMAJ 101 1969 61 64
78. N.M. Walter, M.B. Suthers, A. Friedman, and C.I. Johnston A comparison between spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide with and without alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension Med J Aust 1 1978 509 512 (Pubitemid 8405773)
79. L.E. Ramsay, J.H. Silas, and S. Freestone Diuretic treatment of resistant hypertension BMJ 281 1980 1101 1103 (Pubitemid 10021412)
80. J. Ouzan, C. Perault, A.M. Lincoff, E. Carre, and M. Mertes The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension Am J Hypertens 15 2002 333 339 (Pubitemid 34408973)
81. A. Mahmud, M. Mahgoub, M. Hall, and J. Feely Does aldosterone-to-renin ratio predict the antihypertensive effect of the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone? Am J Hypertens 18 2005 1631 1635 (Pubitemid 41814688)
82. D.A. Calhoun, D. Jones, S. Textor, D.C. Goff, T.P. Murphy, R.D. Toto, A. White, W.C. Cushman, W. White, D. Sica, K. Ferdinand, T.D. Giles, B. Falkner, and R.M. Carey Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research Circulation 117 2008 e510 e526
83. R.D. Gordon, M.D. Ziesak, T.J. Tunny, M. Stowasser, and S.A. Klemm Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 20 1993 296 298 (Pubitemid 23140199)
84. R.D. Gordon, M. Stowasser, T.J. Tunny, S.A. Klemm, and J.C. Rutherford High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 21 1994 315 318 (Pubitemid 24201225)
85. K.C. Loh, E.S. Koay, M.C. Khaw, S.C. Emmanuel, and W.F. Young Jr Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2000 2854 2859 (Pubitemid 32269163)
86. C.E. Fardella, L. Mosso, C. Gomez-Sanchez, P. Cortes, J. Soto, L. Gomez, M. Pinto, A. Huete, E. Oestreicher, A. Foradori, and J. Montero Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2000 1863 1867 (Pubitemid 32269290)
87. P. Mulatero, F. Rabbia, A. Milan, C. Paglieri, F. Morello, L. Chiandussi, and F. Veglio Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism Hypertension 40 2002 897 902 (Pubitemid 35434913)
88. P. Mulatero, M. Stowasser, K.C. Loh, C.E. Fardella, R.D. Gordon, L. Mosso, C.E. Gomez-Sanchez, F. Veglio, and W.F. Young Jr Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2004 1045 1050 (Pubitemid 38368386)
89. D.A. Calhoun, M.K. Nishizaka, M.A. Zaman, R.B. Thakkar, and P. Weissmann Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension Hypertension 40 2002 892 896 (Pubitemid 35434912)
90. B.J. Gallay, S. Ahmad, L. Xu, B. Toivola, and R.C. Davidson Screening for primary aldosteronism without discontinuing hypertensive medications: plasma aldosterone-renin ratio Am J Kidney Dis 37 2001 699 705 (Pubitemid 32268029)
91. D.A. Calhoun Low-dose aldosterone blockade as a new treatment paradigm for controlling resistant hypertension J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 9 2007 19 24
92. B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W.J. Remme, R. Cody, A. Castaigne, A. Perez, J. Palensky, J. Wittes Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure N Engl J Med 341 1999 709 717 (Pubitemid 29407370)
93. D.N. Juurlink, M.M. Mamdani, D.S. Lee, A. Kopp, P.C. Austin, A. Laupacis, and D.A. Redelmeier Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study N Engl J Med 351 2004 543 551 (Pubitemid 39025171)
94. T.C. Fagan, C. Sternleib, N. Vlachakis, P.C. Deedwania, and J.L. Mehta Efficacy and safety comparison of nitrendipine and hydralazine as antihypertensive monotherapy J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6 suppl 1984 S1109 S1113
95. J.S. Horvath, P.J. Fletcher, B.P. Bailey, G.G. Duggin, B. Hall, and D. Tiller Verapamil in essential hypertension: a comparison with atenolol plus hydralazine Clin Exp Hypertens A 9 1987 1185 1195 (Pubitemid 17127688)
96. F.H. Leenen, R.J. Burns, M.G. Myers, and D. Frankel Effects of nifedipine versus hydralazine on sympathetic activity and cardiac function in patients with hypertension persisting on diuretic plus beta-blocker therapy Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 4 1990 499 504 (Pubitemid 20208403)
97. N. Leblanc, D.W. Wilde, K.D. Keef, and J.R. Hume Electrophysiological mechanisms of minoxidil sulfate-induced vasodilation of rabbit portal vein Circ Res 65 1989 1102 1111 (Pubitemid 19242661)
98. H.C. Mitchell, R.M. Graham, and W.A. Pettinger Renal function during long-term treatment of hypertension with minoxidil: comparison of benign and malignant hypertension Ann Intern Med 93 1980 676 681 (Pubitemid 10030284)
99. T. Wang The effects of the potassium channel opener minoxidil on renal electrolytes transport in the loop of Henle J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304 2003 833 840 (Pubitemid 36152363)
100. E. Gilmore, J. Weil, and C. Chidsey Treatment of essential hypertension with a new vasodilator in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade N Engl J Med 282 1970 521 527
101. W.A. Pettinger, and H.C. Mitchell Minoxidilan alternative to nephrectomy for refractory hypertension N Engl J Med 289 1973 167 171
102. O. Lederballe Pedersen Long-term experiences with minoxidil in combination treatment of severe arterial hypertension Acta Cardiol 32 1977 283 293
103. C.E. Grim, F.C. Luft, C.M. Grim, P.E. Klotman, J.W. Van Huysse, and M.H. Weinberger Rapid blood pressure control with minoxidil: acute and chronic effects on blood pressure, sodium excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system Arch Intern Med 139 1979 529 533 (Pubitemid 10182179)
104. R.N. Black, S.J. Hunter, and A.B. Atkinson Usefulness of the vasodilator minoxidil in resistant hypertension J Hypertens 25 2007 1102 1103 (Pubitemid 46573133)