The structure of personality disorders: Comparing the DSM-IV-TR axis II classification with the five-factor model framework using structural equation modeling

Journal of Personality Disorders

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 378-396

  Bastiaansen, Leen ^a   Rossi, Gina ^a   Schotte, Christiaan ^a,b   de Fruyt, Filip ^c  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^c GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NETHERLANDS; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOMETRY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NETHERLANDS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHOMETRICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79959637101     PISSN: 0885579X     EISSN: 0885579X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.378     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.). Washington DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., Rev.). Washington DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Rev.). Washington DC: Author.
4. Austin, E. J., & Deary, I. J. (2000). The "four As": A common framework for normal and abnormal personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 977-995.
5. Bastiaansen, L., Rossi, G., & Schotte, C. (2009). A structural equation modeling approach to the DSM-IV-TR Cluster B personality disorders. In A. Nirestean (Ed.), Personality and personality disorders, 8th European ISSPD Congress, Tg-Mures, 10-13 September, 2008 (pp.121-136). Tg-Mures, Romania: University Press.
6. Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Renwick, S.J.D., & Donnelly, J. P. (2005). Higher-order dimensions of personality disorder: Hierarchical structure and relationships with the five-factor model, the interpersonal circle, and psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 597-623.
7. Blais, M. A., & Norman, D. K. (1997). A psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV personality disorder criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11, 168-176.
8. Browne, M. W. (2000). Cross-validation methods. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 44, 108-132.
9. Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical-theoretic approach 2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag.
10. Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. Chabrol, H., Rousseau, A., Callahan, S., & Hyler, S. E. (2007). Frequency and structure of DSM-IV personality disorder traits in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1767-1776.
12. Chen, F., Bollen, K. A., Paxton, P., Curran, P. J., & Kirby, J. B. (2001). Improper solutions in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 468-508.
13. Chen, F., Curran, P. J., Bollen, K. A., Kirby, J., & Paxton, P. (2008). An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Sociological Methods Research, 36, 462-494.
14. Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227-257.
15. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975-990.
16. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
18. Dillon, W. R., Kumar, A., & Mulani, N. (1987). Offending estimates in covariance structure analysis: Comments on the causes of and solutions to Heywood cases. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 126-135.
19. Doering, S., Renn, D., Hofer, S., Rumpold, G., Smrekar, U., Janecke, N., et al. (2007). Validierung der deutschen Version des Fragebogens zur Erfassung von DSM-IV Persönlichkeitsstörungen (ADP-IV) [Validation of the assessment of DSM-IV personality disorders (ADPIV) questionnaire]. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 53, 111-128.
20. Durrett, C., & Westen, D. (2005). The structure of axis II disorders in adolescents: A cluster- and factor-analytic investigation of DSM-IV categories and criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 440-461.
21. Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2002). Personality isorders at the rossroads. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 487-502.
22. Federale Overheidsdienst voor Volksgezondheid [Federal Service for Public Health] (2008). Behandeldiensten in de minimale psychiatrische gegevens 2006 [Treatment services in the minimal psychiatric data 2006]. Retrieved November 16, 2009, from https://portal.health.fgov.be/portal/page?_pageid=56,13174478&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_text=mpg&p_calling_pageid=512644&p_calling_sitei=56&p_page_no=10
23. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J.B.W., & Benjamin, L. (1997). User's guide for the structured clinical nterview for DSM-IV axis II ersonality isorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: merican Psychiatric Association.
24. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., Williams,.B.W., & Benjamin, L. 1994).Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II), version 2.0. New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
25. Fossati, A., Beauchaine, T. P., Grazioli, F., Borroni, S., Carretta, I., De Vecchi, C., et al. (2006). Confirmatory factor analyses of DSM-IV Cluster C personality disorder criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 186-203.
26. Fossati, A., Maffei, C., Bagnato, M., Battaglia, M., Donati, D., Donini, M, et al. (2000). Patterns of covariation of DSM-IV personality disorders in a mixed psychiatric sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 206-215.
27. Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 930-944.
28. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1-55.
29. Hyler, S. E. (1994). PDQ-4± personality questionnaire. New York: Author.
30. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modelling with the SIMPLIS command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
31. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2005). LISREL 8.72. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
32. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York: The Guilford Press.
33. Klonsky, E. D. (2000). The DSM classification of personality disorder: Clinical wisdom or empirical truth? A response to Alvin R. Mahrer's Problem 11. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1615- 1621.
34. Leibing, E., Jamrozinski, K., Vormfelde, S. V., Stahl, J., & Doering, S. (2008). Dimensions of personality-Relationship between DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms, the five-factor Model, and the biosocial model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 101-108.
35. Livesley, W. J. (1998). Suggestions for a framework for an empirically based classification of personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 137-147.
36. Livesley, W. J. (2007). A framework for integrating dimensional and categorical classifications of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 199-224.
37. Livesley, W. J., Jackson, D. N., & Schroeder, M. L. (1992). Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical and general population samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 432-440.
38. Livesley, W. J., & Jang, K. L. (2000). Toward an empirically based classification of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 137-151.
39. Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941-948.
40. Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., & Jang, K. L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: Implications for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 6-17.
41. Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401-412.
42. Nestadt, G., Hsu, F., Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., Reti, I., Costa, P. T., Jr., et al. (2006). Latent structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition personality disorder criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 54-62.
43. McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Jr., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552-566.
44. Miller, J. D., Reynolds, S. K., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2004). The validity of the five factor model prototypes for personality
45. disorders in two clinical samples. Psychological Assessment, 16, 310-322.
46. O'Connor, B. P. (2005). A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders. Journal of Clinical sychology, 61, 323-345.
47. O'Connor, B. P., & Dyce, J. A. (1998). A test of models of personality disorder configuration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 3-16.
48. Rigozzi, C., Rossier, J., Dahourou, D., Adjahouisso, M., Ah-Kion, J., Amoussou-Yeye, D., et al. (2009). A cross-cultural study of the higher-order structures underlying personality disorders in French-speaking Africa and Switzerland. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 175-186.
49. Rodebaugh, T. L., Chambless, D. L., Renneberg, B., & Fydrich, T. (2005). The factor structure of the DSM-III-R personality disorders: An evaluation of competing models. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14, 43-55.
50. Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A meta- analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326 1342.
51. Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A metaanalytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
52. Schotte, C.K.W., & De Doncker, D. (1994). ADP-IV vragenlijst.Antwerpen: Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen.
53. Schotte, C.W., & De Doncker, D. (2000). The ADP-IV: A questionnaire for a therapeutically oriented diagnostic assessment of the DSM-IV personality disorders [in Dutch]. Psychopraxis, 2, 267-273.
54. Schotte, C.K.W., De Doncker, D., Dmitruk, D., Van Mulders, I., D'Haenen, H., & Cosyns, P. (2004). The ADP-IV questionnaire: Differential validity and concordance with the semistructured interview. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 405-419.
55. Schotte, C.K.W., De Doncker, D., Vankerckhoven, C., Vertommen, H., & Cosyns, P. (1998). Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality disorders. Measurement of trait and distress characteristics: The ADP-IV. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1179-1188.
56. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner's guide to structural equation modelling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
57. Sheets, E., & Craighead, W. E. (2007). Toward an empirically based classification of personality pathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 77-93.
58. Tackett, J. L., Silberschmidt, A. L., Krueger, R. F., & Sponheim, S. R. (2008). A dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM cluster A characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 454-459.
59. Trull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (1997). SIFFM: Structured interview for the five-factor model of personality, professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
60. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Chmielewski, M. (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality, 76, 1546 1585.
61. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 18-31.
62. Weertman, A., Arntz, A., & Kerkhofs, M. (1997). Nederlandstalige versie van de SCID-II (DSM-IV versie). Maastricht: University of Maastricht, Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology.
63. Westen, D. (1997). Divergences between cilinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of axis II. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 895-903.
64. Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999a). Revising and assessing Axis II, part I: Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 258-272.
65. Widiger, T. A. (2001). Official classification systems. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research and treatment (pp. 60-83). New York: Guilford Press.
66. Widiger, T. A. (2007). An empirically based classification of personality pathology: Where we are now and where do we go. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 94-98.
67. Widiger, T. A., Mangine, S., Corbitt, E. M., Ellis, C. G., & Thomas, G. V. (1995). Personality disorder interview-IV: A semistructured interview for the assessment of personality disorders. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
68. Widiger, T. A., & Mullins-Sweatt, S. N. (2009). Five-factor model of personality disorder: A proposal for DSM-V. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 197-220.
69. Widiger, T. A., & Sanderson, C. J. (1995). Toward a dimensional model of personality disorders. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), The DSM-IV personality disorders (pp. 433-458). New York: The Guilford.
70. Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 110-130
71. Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62, 71-83.
72. Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five factor model of personality. In P. T. Costa, Jr., & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 9-99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
73. World Health Organization. (1995). International personality disorder examination (IPDE) manual. Geneva: Author.
74. Yang, J., Bagby, R. M., Costa, P. T., Jr., Ryder, A. G., & Herbst, J. H. (2002). Assessing the DSM-IV structure of personality disorder with a sample of Chinese psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 317-331