Rule, rules, and relations: Towards a synthetic approach to governance

Chinese Journal of International Politics

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 117-145

  Qin, Yaqing ^a  

^a CHINA FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959241319     PISSN: 17508916     EISSN: 17508924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/por008     Document Type: Article

References (125)

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2. Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
3. John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
4. Helen Milner, Interest, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
5. See John Ikenberry and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Forging a World of Liberty under Law, US Strategy in the 21st Century, Final Report of the Princeton Project on National Strategy, 27 September, 2006, http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/report/FinalReport.pdf.
6. Anne-Marie Slaughter, ed., Strategic Leadership: Framework for a 21st Century National Security Strategy, July, 2008, pp. 3-7, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2008/07_national_security_brainard/07_national_security_brainard.pdf.
7. Bruce Jones, Carol Pascual and Steve Stedman, Power and Responsibility: Building International Order in an Era of Transnational Threats (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2009).
8. Also see, Francis Fukuyama and John Ikenberry, Grand Strategy Choices for the Princeton Project on National Strategy, p. 10, http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/groups/GrandStrategy/index.html.
9. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 53-54.
10. Qin Yaqing, 'Diqu goujia yu dongya hezuo: duoyuan duochong de diqu zhili tixi' ('Regional Architecture and East Asian Cooperation: Multiple and Plural Framework for Regional Governance') in Qin Yaqing, ed., Dongya diqu hezuo: 2009 (East Asian Cooperation: 2009) (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 2010), pp. 1-14.
11. Amitav Archaya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2001).
12. Douglas C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 84.
13. Cited in Kevin Zheng Zhou, Laura Poppo, and Zhilin Yang, 'Relational Ties or Customized Contracts? An Examination of Alternative Governance Choices in China', Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2008), p. 527.
14. See Confucius, The Analects.
15. Mencius, Mencius.
16. A typical example is the mediation system widely practiced in today's Chinese society, by which people solve their disputes through the mediation of a third party usually called the People's Mediation Committee without going to court.
17. See Tao Shuya, 'Lun renmin xietiao zhidu' ('On People's Mediation System'), Xiandai faxue (Contemporary Law Science), No. 3 (1999), pp. 66-68.
18. Luo Hua, 'Lun renmin tiaojie zhidu de xianzhuang, bianhua jiqi jiazhi neihan' ('The Condition, Change and Inherent Value of People's Mediation'), Lilun yu gaige (Theory and Reform), No. 6 (2006), pp. 121-23.
19. Brian Uzzi, 'Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Network: The Paradox of Embeddedness', Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1997), pp. 35-67.
20. Candace Jones, William S. Hesterly, and Stephen P. Borgatti, 'A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, No. 1 (1997), pp. 71-85.
21. Jeffery H. Dyer and Harbir Singh, 'The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Source of Interorganizational Comparative Advantage', Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1998), pp. 660-79.
22. Laura Poppo and Todd Zenger, 'Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements', Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23, No. 8 (2002), pp. 707-25.
23. Kevin Zheng Zhou, Laura Poppo, and Zhiling Yang, 'Relational Ties or Customized Contracts?', pp. 526-34.
24. Freidrich V. Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
25. See James N. Rosenau, Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), p. 394.
26. Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
27. Stephen D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes; Volker Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
28. David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorelaism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
29. John Gerard Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters.
30. Peter Katzenstein, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner, eds., Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics (Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, 1999).
31. Stephen D. Krasner, International Regimes, p. 2.
32. A most interesting development in the study of world politics in recent years is to trace and compare historical practices to see how different traditions and experiences may lead to different interpretations of international relations and world politics. Theory growing out of history and theory growing out of logical reasoning seem to have become two general approaches to the study of world politics.
33. See, Victoria Tin-bor Hui, War and State Formation in Ancient and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
34. David Kang, China Rising: Peace and Order in East Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
35. Gao Cheng, 'Quyu hezuo moshi xingcheng de lishi genyuan he zhengzhi luoji: yi Ouzhou he Meizhou wei fenxi yangben' ('Historical Origins and Political Logics in the Formation of the Patterns of Regional Development: Case Studies on Europe and North America'), Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 10 (2010), pp. 33-57.
36. Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in World Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).
37. Deborah D. Avant, Martha Finnemore, and Susan Sell, Who Governs the Globe? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
38. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000 (New York: Random House, 1987).
39. Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929-1939 (Berkeley: University of Berkeley Press, 1979).
40. Stephen Krasner, 'Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables', in Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes, pp. 355-68.
41. Stephen Krasner, 'Global Communications and National Power: Life on the Pareto Frontier', World Politics, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1991), pp. 336-66.
42. Joseph M. Grieco, 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: a Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism', International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1998), pp. 486-508.
43. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little & Brown, 1977), p. 44.
44. Robert Keohane, After Hegemony, esp. Chapter 5.
45. Robert Keohane, 'The Demand for International Regimes', in Robert Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview, 1989), pp. 101-131.
46. Also see, Robert Axelrod and Robert Keohane, 'Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions', in David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism, pp. 85-115.
47. Duncan Snidal, 'Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation', in David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism, pp. 170-208.
48. Robert Keohane, After Hegemony.
49. Robert Keohane, International Institutions and State Power, p. 3.
50. James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
51. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, 'Introduction', in Joseph Nye and John Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, DC.: Brookings Institute Press, 2000), p. 12.
52. James Kurth, 'The United States as a Civilizational Leader', in Peter Katzenstein, ed., Civilization in World Politics: Plural and Pluralistic Perspectives (London and New York: Routledge, 2010), p. 53.
53. See James N. Rosenau, Governance without Government.
54. Also see Friedrich Kratochwil and Edward D. Mansfield, eds., International Organization and Global Governance: A Reader, 2nd ed. (English reprinted edition) (Beijing: Pearson Education Asia Limited and Beijing University Press, 2006).
55. Deborah D. Avant, Marthar Finnemore, and Susan K. Sell, 'Who Governs the Globe?', in Deborah D. Avant, Marthar Finnemore and Susan K. Sell, eds., Who Governs the Globe?, pp. 14-17.
56. Aseem Prakash and Mathew Potoski, 'The International Organization for Standardization as a Global Governor: A Club Theory Perspective', in Deborah D. Avant, Marthar Finnemore, and Susan K. Sell, Who Governs the Globe?, p. 76.
57. Peter Katzenstein, ed., Civilization in World Politics, p. 6.
58. Norm studies in the mainstream Western IR literature reflect a similar essentialist logic: It is norms that make practices rather than the other way round. No matter whether norms are at the systemic level or at the unit level, norms guide and even determine the behaviour of actors. The independent ontological status of norms is assumed without an in-depth analysis of processes and practices of agents which provide for norm formation, acceptance, and observance.
59. See Martha Finnemore, National Interest in International Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
60. Edward Keene, 'A Case Study of the Construction of International Hierarchy: British Treaty-Making Against the Slave Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century', International Organization, Vol. 61, No. 2 (2007), pp. 311-39.
61. Mark L. Haas, 'The United States and the End of the Cold War: Reaction to Shifts in Soviet Power, Policies, or Domestic Politics?', International Organization, Vol. 61, No. 1 (2007), pp. 145-79.
62. Alexander Gheciu, 'Security Institutions as Agents of Socialization? NATO and the "New Europe"', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4 (2005), pp. 973-1012.
63. Jeffrey Checkel, 'International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4 (2005), pp. 801-826.
64. Martha Finnemore, National Interest in International Society.
65. Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World.
66. In fact, the evolution of the European integration has been marked by the treaties signed over the years, including, for example, the Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, the Treaty Establishing the Atomic Energy Community, the Merger Treaty, the Single European Act, the Treaty of European Union, etc. It is a tradition and practice, but it is rarely found in East Asia, where most of the consensus has been expressed by declarations or joint statements without strong binding force.
67. See Wei Ling, Guifan wangluohua yu diquzhuyi: dier guidao yanjiu (Norms, Networking, and Regionalism: A Study of Track Two Processes) (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2010).
68. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).
69. Eric G. P. Esperne, 'Contractual and Relational Governance Practices', Paper for the 95th ISM Annual International Supply Management Conference, April 2010, http://www.ism.ws/files/Pubs/Procesdings/2010ProcCC-Esperne.pdf.
70. This is reflected by Chinese philosophy, which shows a strong continuum view of reality and holistic understanding of the universe, meaning that everything in the universe is related to everything else. This 'correlativity' expresses the basic understanding and practice of the Chinese. No individual stands in isolation, and nothing can be reduced to an atomic entity.
71. See Ni Peimin, 'Zhongyi de kexuexing yu liangzhong kexue gainian' ('Scientific-ness of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Two Understandings of Science'), Zhexue fenxi (Philosophical Studies), No. 1 (2010).
72. Cited from Xinhua wenzhai (Xinhua Digest), No. 19 (2010), pp. 142-145.
73. Cheng Zhongying, Cong Zhongxi hushi zhong tingli: Zhongguo zhexue yu Zhongguo wenhua de xindingwei (Rising from the Mutual Interpretation of Chinese and Western Cultures: Creative Renewal of Chinese Philosophy) (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2005), pp. 24-26.
74. Tian Chenshan, Zhongguo bianzhengfa: cong Yijing dao Makesi zhuyi (Chinese Dialectics: From Yijing to Marxism) (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2008), pp. 9-16.
75. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
76. John Shuhe Li, 'Relation-based versus Rule-based Governance: An Explanation of the East Asian Miracle and Asian Crisis', Review of International Economics, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2003), p. 658.
77. Jeffery H. Dyer, 'Does Governance Matter: Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Comparative Advantages', Organization Science, Vol. 7, No. 6 (1996), pp. 649-666.
78. Jeffery H. Dyer and Harbir Singh, 'The Relational View', p. 660.
79. Eric G. P. Esperne, 'Contractual and Relational Governance Practices', p. 1.
80. Laura Poppo and Todd Zenger, 'Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements?', pp. 707, 708.
81. Douglas C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
82. Brian Uzzi, 'Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks', pp. 35-67.
83. This may well be a coincidence. Western societies experienced industrialization earlier than other societies, oriental societies, for example. It happens that Western societies are more individualistic than other societies and rule-based governance naturally dominated them. It is, therefore, not a question of which governance model is more advanced, but of which dominates the discourse.
84. John Shuhe Li, 'Relation-based versus Rule-based Governance', p. 660.
85. Poppo and Zenger, 'Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements', p. 707.
86. Kevin Zheng Zhou, Laura Poppo, and Zhilin Yang, 'Relational Ties or Customized Contracts', pp. 526-34.
87. John Shuhe Li, 'Relation-based versus Rule-based Governance'.
88. Qin Yaqing, 'Guanxi benwei yu guocheng jiangou: jiang Zhongguo linian zhiru guoji guanxi lilun' ('Relationality and Processual Construction: Bringing Chinese Ideas into International Relations Theory'), Zhongguo shehui kexue (Social Sciences in China), No. 4 (2009), pp. 5-20.
89. Oxford English Dictionary, p. 319.
90. Webster Third New International Dictionary, p. 982.
91. Mustafa Emirbayer, "Manifesto for a Relational Sociology', American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 103, No. 2 (1997), pp. 281-317.
92. Qin Yaqing, 'Relationality and Processual Construction'.
93. Patrick Thaddeus Jackson and Daniel H. Nexon, 'Relations before States: Substance, Process and the Study of World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1999), pp. 291-332.
94. Xu Jin, 'Mengzi de guojiajian zhengzhi sixiang ji qishi' ('The International Thought of Mencius and its Implications'), Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 1 (2009), pp. 14-16.
95. Jeremy Paltiel, 'Mencius and the World Order Theories', The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2010), p. 41.
96. Mu Zongsan, Yuan shan lun (On Realization of Virtue) (Taibei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1985).
97. Cited from Li Minghui, Rujia shiye xia de zhengzhi sixiang (Political Thought within the Confucian Framework) (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005), p. 45.
98. For discussion of the importance of trust in Chinese society, See also Liang Shuming, Zhongguo minzu zijiu yundong zhi zuihou juewu (The Last Consciousness of China's National Self-salvation Movement).
99. Cited from Li Minghui, Political Thought within the Confucian Framework, pp. 27-28.
100. Trust and sincerity constitute the principal guidance not only for human and societal relations, but also for heaven-human and nature-human relations. As Tu Weiming has pointed out, 'In a strict sense, the relationship between Heaven and man is not that of creator and creature but one of mutual fidelity.'.
101. See Tu Weiming, Zhongyong dongjian (An Insight of Chong-yung) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2008), p. 8.
102. To extend this argument, the relationship between human and nature is not that of the conqueror and the conquered, but one of mutual fidelity.
103. There are numerous translations of the Chinese word Junzi. I use the one (the profound person) translated by Tu Weiming. The opposite, Xiaoren, is used to mean 'shallow person'.
104. Tu Weiming, An Insight of Chong-yung, p. 30.
105. Jeremy Paltiel, 'Mencius and the World Order Theories', p. 41.
106. Constructivists may support this idea when discussing 'trust'. For example, Wendt discusses trust, holding that trust can be realized through both external constraint and self-restraint, the former referring to outside powers and international institutions as realists and institutionalists believe. As for the latter, he argues that a collective identity requires self-restraint. 'Ego's self-restraint enables Alter to give up his egoist terms of individuality in favour of identification with Ego. In short, by holding ourselves back we make it possible for others to step forward and identify with us, enabling us in turn to identify with them.'.
107. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politic, p. 359.
108. Tu Weiming, An Insight of Chong-yung, p.16.
109. Qin Yaqing, 'International Society as a Process: Identities, Institutions and China's Peaceful Rise', The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2010), pp. 129-53.
110. Peter Kazenstein, Civilizations in World Politics, p. 6.
111. 'Shijie jingji geju bianqian, APEC hexin jiazhi hezi?' ('When the World Economic Power Shifts, What Values Does APEC Continue to Have?'), Beijing qingnian bao (Beijing Youth Daily), October 14, 2010.
112. A. Zaheer, B. McEvily and V. Perrone, 'Does Trust Matter?', pp. 141-59.
113. Brian Uzzi, 'Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Network', p. 43.
114. Increasingly scholarships in social studies have paid attention to practice as a key factor for social behaviour.
115. See Zhu Liqun and Nie Wenjuan, 'Guoji guanxi lilun yanjiu de "shijian zhuanxiang"' ('The "Practice Turn" of IR Theories'), Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 8 (2010), pp. 98-115.
116. Candace Jones, William S. Hesterly and Stephen P. Borgatti, 'A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms', Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1997), pp. 911-45.
117. Also see Margaret E. Keck and Katheryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
118. Kevin Zheng Zhou, Laura Poppo, and Zhilin Yang, 'Relational Ties or Customized Contracts'.
119. The Confucian cultural sphere refers in a narrow sense to China, Korea, and Japan. Some Southeast Asian nations have been also influenced strongly by Confucianism.
120. See David Kang, China Rising.
121. Emanuel Adler, 'Europe as a Civilization Community of Practice', in Peter Katzenstein, ed., Civilizations in World Politics, pp. 67-90.
122. As Sil and Katzenstein define, analytical eclecticism means 'any approach that seeks to extricate, translate, and selectively integrate analytical elements - concepts, logics, mechanisms, and interpretations - of theories or narratives that have been developed within separate paradigms but that address related aspects of substantive problems that have both scholarly and practical significance.'.
123. See Rudra Sil and Peter J. Katzenstein, Beyond Paradigms: Analytical Eclecticism in the Study of World Politic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 10.
124. Qin Yaqing, 'Relationality and Processual Construction'.
125. James Rosenau, Distant Proximities, p. 11.