The Cyprus Gordian Knot: An intractable ethnic conflict

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 117-139

  Heraclides, Alexis ^a  

^a PANTEION UNIVERSITY   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC CONFLICT; EUROPEAN UNION; NEGOTIATION PROCESS;

CYPRUS;

GORDIA;

EID: 79958856608     PISSN: 13537113     EISSN: 15572986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13537113.2011.575309     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Alexis Heraclides, The Self-Determination of Minorities in International Politics (London: Frank Cass, 1991), 54-57;
2. Milton J. Esman, "A Survey of Interventions," in Milton J. Esman and Shibley Telhami, eds., International Organizations and Ethnic Conflict (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1995), 2.
3. For the mediations, see: Brian Mandell, "The Cyprus Conflict: Explaining Resistance to Resolution," in Norma Salem, ed., Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), 209-19;
4. Farid Mirbagheri, Cyprus and International Peacekeeping (London: Hurst & Co, 1998);
5. Oliver Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations (London: Frank Cass, 1998);
6. Michalis Stavrou Michael, Resolving the Cyprus Conflict: Negotiating History (Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009);
7. James Ker-Lindsay, "A History of Cyprus Peace Proposals," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 11-22.
8. Mark A. Epstein, "Efforts to Resolve the Cyprus Problem," in Diane B. Bendahmane and John W. McDonald, eds., Perspectives on Negotiation (Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute, 1986), 99.
9. Edward Newman, "The Most Impossible Job in the World: The Secretary-General and Cyprus," in Oliver Richmond and James Ker-Lindsay, eds., The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 127.
10. A. J. R. Groom, "Cyprus: Back in the Doldrums," Round Table 300: 362 (1986).
11. Tozun Bahcheli and Nicholas S. Rizopoulos, "The Cyprus Impasse: What Next?" World Policy Review 13(4): 30 (1996/1997).
12. Ronald J. Fisher, "Introduction: Understanding the Tragedy of Cyprus," in Norma Salem, ed., Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), 3.
13. Ioannis D. Stefanidis, Isle of Discord: Nationalism, Imperialism and the Making of the Cyprus Problem (London: Hurst & Co, 1999), 4.
14. Mensur Akgun et al., "Quo Vadis Cyprus?," TESEV working paper (April 2004), 14.
15. On AKEL's switch, see George C. Fidas, "The Evolution of Cyprus Communism," Studies in Comparative Communism 6:443-444 (1973).
16. Stanley Kyriakides, Cyprus: Constitutionalism and Crisis Government (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968), 27-35;
17. George Horton Kelling, Countdown to Rebellion: British Policyin Cyprus, 1939-1955 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990), 72-8;
18. Harry Anastasiou, The Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus, vol. I, The Impasse of Ethnonationalism (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2008), 3, 83.
19. On EOKA, see Kyriakos C. Markides, The Rise and Fall of the Cyprus Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 15-16, 19-20;
20. Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza, Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question 1950-1963 (New Rochelle: Aristide Caratzas, 1986), 149-64, 307-8;
21. Makarios Drousiotis, EOKA: i skoteini opsi [EOKA: The Dark Side] (Athens: Stahi, 1998).
22. See also George Grivas, The Memoirs of George Grivas, ed. Charles Foley (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964).
23. Nancy Crawshaw, The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Unionwith Greece (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978), 71-113;
24. Suha Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus (Lanham: University Press of America, 1988), 25-30;
25. Tozun Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations since 1955 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), 32-41;
26. Robert Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1993);
27. Stefanidis, Isle of Discord, 10-59.
28. Averoff-Tossizza, Lost Opportunities, 294-329.
29. Polyvios Polyviou, Cyprus: Conflict and Negotiations, 1960-1980 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), 13-15;
30. Alan James, "The Making of the Cyprus Settlement, 1958-1960," The Cyprus Review 10(2): 11-32 (1998).
31. See, for example, John M. Richardson and Jianxin Wang, "Peace Accords: Seeking Conflict Resolution in Deeply Divided Societies," in K. M. de Silva and S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe, eds., Peace Accords and Ethnic Conflict (London & New York: Pinter Publishers, 1993), 185.
32. Stephen G. Xydis, Cyprus, Reluctant Republic (The Hague: Mouton, 1973), 401-406, 420-460
33. Nicos Kranidiotis, Dyskola Chronia: Kypros, 1950-1960 [Difficult Years: Cyprus, 1950-1960] (Athens: Estia, 1981), 368-373, 393-394;
34. Averoff-Tossizza, Lost Opportunities, 309, 319-325, 346-351.
35. Xydis, Cyprus, 461-520;
36. Michael A. Attalides, Cyprus: Nationalism and International Politics (Edinburgh: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 81-86;
37. Paschalis Kitromilides, "Political Community in Plural Societies," in Charles Fried, ed., Minorities: Community and Identity (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983), 321-329;
38. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 51-55;
39. Markides, Rise and Fall, 26, 90-91.
40. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 56-57, 60-71;
41. Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus, 55-78, 81-85, 86-90;
42. Makarios Drousiotis, I proti dihotomisi: Kypros 1963-1964 [The First Partition: Cyprus, 1963-1964] (Nicosia: Alfadi, 2005), 81-85, 135-156, 159-206.
43. Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus, 79-81, 85-86;
44. Claude Nicolet, United States Policy towards Cyprus, 1954-1974: Removing the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention (Mannheim: Bibliopolis, 2001), 225-235, 263-269;
45. Sotiris Rizas, Enosi, Dihotomisi, Anexartisia [Union, Partition, Independence] (Athens: Vivliorama, 2000), 81-122.
46. Necatir Munir Ertekün, The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Oxford: K. Rustem, 1984), 14.
47. See R. R. Denktash, The Cyprus Triangle (London: Rustem & Brother, 1988), 13;
48. Ertekün, Cyprus Dispute, 19;
49. Akgun et al., "Quo Vadis Cyprus?," 25-26.
50. Mirbagheri, Cyprus and International Peacekeeping, 42-51;
51. Joseph S. Joseph, Cyprus: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), 107-108;
52. Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus, 101-103;
53. Ker-Lindsay, "History of Cyprus Peace Proposals," 14.
54. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 72-75;
55. Rizas, Enosi, Dihotomisi, Anexartisia, 224-231;
56. Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus, 133-144.
57. Polyviou, Cyprus, 126-130;
58. Sotiris Rizas, "The Greek Military Regime's Policy Towards Cyprus, 1963-1974," Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 18-19:240-245 (2002/2003).
59. Mihail H. Dekleris, Kypriako: i teleftaia efkairia, 1972-1974 [The Cyprus Problem: The Last Opportunity, 1972-1974] (1981, repr.; Athens: I. Sideris, 2003), 84-279;
60. Glafkos Clerides, I katathesi mou [My Deposition] (Nicosia: Alithia, 1988), vol. 2, 266-287;
61. Polyviou, Cyprus, 62-153.
62. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 97.
63. Mehmet Ali Birand, 30 Hot Days (London: K. Rustem, 1985), 1-6;
64. Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus, 187-90;
65. Jan Asmussen, Cyprus at War: Diplomacy and Conflict During the 1974 Crisis (London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), 32-33, 50, 53, 59-63, 75, 85.
66. For the Geneva Conference see: Bolukbasi, Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus, 200-212;
67. Birand, 30 Hot Days, 79-115;
68. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 100-102;
69. Polyviou, Cyprus, 159-185;
70. James Callaghan, Time and Change (London: Collins, 1987), 348-357;
71. Clerides, I katathesi mou, vol. 4, 47-76;
72. Asmussen, Cyprus at War, 181-215.
73. Asmussen, Cyprus at War, 225-248.
74. Zenon Stavrinides, Cyprus: National Identity and Statehood (Wakefeld: Stavrinides Press, 1976), 132-176;
75. Ker-Lindsay, "History of Cyprus Peace Proposals," 16. Apparently Makarios was sincere in his acceptance of a federal solution. See Clerides, I katathesi mou, vol. 4, 164-165, 489-492, 506-525;
76. Takis Hadjidemetriou, To dimopsifisma tis 24is Apriliou kai i lysi tou Kypriakou [The Referendum of 24 April 2004 and the Resolution of the Cyprus Problem] (Athens: Papazissis, 2006), 60-64.
77. Mirbagheri, Cyprus and International Peacekeeping, 93-94, 133-138, 176-180;
78. Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus, 177-198, 184-190;
79. Bahcheli, Greek-Turkish Relations, 115-125;
80. A. J. R. Groom, "Cyprus, Greece and Turkey," in John T. A. Koumoulides, ed., Cyprus in Transition (London: Trigraph, 1986), 126-128, 131-145;
81. Ker-Lindsay, "History of Cyprus Peace Proposals," 16-18;
82. Petros Liakouras, To Kypriako apo ti Zyrichi sti Loukerni [The Cyprus Problem from Zurich to Luzerne] (Athens: I. Sideris, 2007), 320-328;
83. For Denktash's version, see Denktash, Cyprus Triangle, 132-146.
84. Richmond, Mediating in Cyprus, 192-204;
85. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. I, 103-105;
86. Liakouras, To Kypriako apo ti Zyrichi sti Loukerni, 328-336;
87. George Vassiliou, From the President's Office: A Journey Towards Reconciliation in a Divided Cyprus (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).
88. David Hannay, Cyprus: The Search for a Solution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 48-118;
89. Akgun et al., "Quo Vadis Cyprus?," 41-42;
90. Alexis Heraclides, To Kypriako Provlima, 1947-2004 [The Cyprus Problem, 1947-2004] (Athens: I. Sideris), 264-278, 291-300.
91. "Report of the Secretary-General on his mission of good-offices in Cyprus," United Nations/Security Council, S/2003/398, 1 April 2003;
92. Hannay, Cyprus: The Search for a Solution, 119-196.
93. Thomas Diez, "Last Exit to Paradise? The European Union, the Cyprus Conflict and the Problematic 'Catalytic Effect,'" in Thomas Diez, ed., The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 139-142;
94. Nathalie Tocci, EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus (London: Ashgate, 2004);
95. Harry Anastasiou, The Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus, vol. II, Nationalization versus Europeanization (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2008), 133-138.
96. Tozun Bahcheli, "Saying Yes to EU Accession: Explaining the Turkish Cypriot Referendum Outcome," The Cyprus Review 16(2): 55-65 (2004).
97. Costas Simitis, Politiki gia mia dimiourgiki Ellada, 1996-2004 [Politics for a Creative Greece, 1996-2004] (Athens: Polis, 2005), 113.
98. Tozun Bahcheli and Sid Noel, "The Rise of the AK Party and Ankara's Changing Role: Paving the Way for the 'Yes,'" in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 236-247.
99. Raimo Vayrynen, ed., New Directions in Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation (London: Sage, 1991), 4-6.
100. Heinz-Jurgen Axt, "The Island of Cyprus and the European Union," in Clement H. Dodd, ed., Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives (Huntingdon: The Eothen Press, 1999), 174-194;
101. Christopher Brewin, The European Union and Cyprus (Huntingdon: The Eothan Press, 2000).
102. "Report of the Secretary-General," 1 April 2003, 5-6, 10.
103. Alvaro de Soto, "The Case of Cyprus" (paper, Third International Conference on Federalism, 3-5 March 2005, Brussels), 1.
104. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. II, 52.
105. Christalla Yakinthou, "Consociational Democracy and Cyprus: The House that Annan Built?," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 25-39;
106. Neothytos Loizides, "Pro: An Appraisal of the Functionality of Annan V," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 82-94;
107. Erol Kaymak, "The Turkish Cypriot Views of Annan V," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 145-160.
108. Alexis Heraclides, "The Cyprus Problem: An Open and Shut Case? Probing the Greek-Cypriot Rejection of the Annan Plan," The Cyprus Review 16(2): 38-39 (2004);
109. Chrysostomos Pericleous, The Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 185-186.
110. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. II, 130.
111. Heraclides, To Kypriako Provlima, Table H, 369-371.
112. See, for similar assessments, Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. II, 133-138;
113. Pericleous, Cyprus Referendum, 289-291.
114. Hadjidemetriou, To dimopsifisma tis 24is, 97-106, 110-125, 143-151;
115. Pericleous, Cyprus Referendum, 281, 293-294, 315-330;
116. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. II, 145-146.
117. Based on discussions of the author with Greek-Cypriot politicians in 2004 on the basis of nonattribution. See also Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. II, 163-170;
118. and Pericleous, Cyprus Referendum, 296-302.
119. "Report of the Secretary-General on his Mission of Good-Offices in Cyprus," United Nations/Security Council, S/2004/437 (28 May 2004), 20.
120. Heraclides, "Cyprus Problem," 37.
121. Van Coufoudakis, "Cyprus-The Referendum and its Aftermath," The Cyprus Review 16(2): 67-82 (2004).
122. Claire Palley, An International Relations Debacle: The Secretary-General's Mission of Good in Cyprus 1999-2004 (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005).
123. Bahcheli, "Saying Yes to EU Accession," 56;
124. de Soto, "Case of Cyprus," 4;
125. Kaymak, "Turkish Cypriot Views," 146-516.
126. John W. Burton, "Resolution of Conflict," International Studies Quarterly 16(1): 5-29 (1972).
127. Maria Hadjipavlou-Trigeorgis and Lenos Trigeorgis, "Cyprus: An Evolutionary Approach to Conflict Resolution," Journal of Conflict Resolution 37(2): 345-349 (1993).
128. Alexander Lordos, "From Secret Diplomacy to Public Diplomacy: How the Annan Plan Referendum Failure Earned the Cypriot Public a Seat in the Negotiating Table," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 166-167.
129. Based on an interview of the author with Talat on 10 Nov. 2006 and on discussions with Greek-Cypriot personalities in the course of 2005-07.
130. International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report 194 (23 June 2008);
131. The Economist (12 Dec. 2009), 31-33.
132. "Report of the Secretary-General on his Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus," United Nations/Security Council, S/2009/610 (30 Nov. 2009), 5.
133. International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus," i.
134. "Report of the Secretary-General," (30 Nov. 2009), 5.
135. Ibid., 2, 5.
136. "Report of the Secretary-General on his Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus," United Nations/Security Council, S/2010/603 (24 Nov. 2010), 4, 5-6.
137. "Report of the Secretary-General," (30 Nov. 2009), 4.
138. Downer briefing to the UN Security Council, in "Report of the Secretary-General" (24 Nov. 2010), 1.
139. The Economist (24 April 2010), 15, 26-27.
140. "Report of the Secretary-General," (24 Nov. 2010), 6.
141. Ibid., 5.
142. Ibid., 6.
143. Ibid., 7.
144. Paschalis Kitromilides, "From Coexistence to Confrontation: The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Cyprus," in Michael A. Attalides, ed., Cyprus Reviewed (Nicosia: Jus Cypri Association, 1977), 35-70;
145. Peter Loizos, "The Progress of Greek Nationalism in Cyprus, 1878-1970," in John Davis, ed., Choice and Change: Essays in Honour of Lucy Mair (London: The Athlone Press, 1974), 116-118;
146. Markides, Rise and Fall, 3-17;
147. Rebecca Bryant, Imagining the Modern: The Cultures of Nationalism in Cyprus (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004);
148. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. I.
149. Yiannis Papadakis, Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Turkish Divide (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 4.
150. Caesar Mavratsas, "Approaches to Nationalism: Basic Theoretical Considerations in the Study of the Greek-Cypriot Case and a Historical Overview," Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 22(1): 89-96 (1996);
151. Niyazi Kizilyurek, Kypros: to adeixodo ton ethnikismon [Cyprus: The Impasse of the Nationalisms] (Athens: Mavri Lista, 1999).
152. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. I, 11.
153. Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992), 125;
154. Groom, "Cyprus, Greece and Turkey," 145;
155. Bahcheli and Rizopoulos, "Cyprus Impasse," 32-33.
156. I. William Zartman, "Dynamics and Constraints in Negotiations in Internal Conflicts," in I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1992), 18.
157. Mandell, "Cyprus Conflict," 220.
158. Stearns, Entangled Allies, 125.
159. Niyazi Kizilyurek, I Kypros peran tou ethnous [Cyprus Beyond the Nation] (Nicosia: Kasoulides and Son, 1993).
160. Georgios A. Tsangaras, "Oi diakoinotikes synomilies 1974-1994" [The Intercommunal Talks 1974-1994], in Nicos Peristianis and Georgios Tsangaras, eds., I anatomia mias metamorphosis: i Kypros meta to 1974 [The Anatomy of a Transformation: Cyprus after 1974] (Nicosia: Intercollege Press, 1995), 319.
161. Yiannis Papadakis, "Enosis and Turkish Expansionism: Real Myths or Mythic Realities?," in Vangelis Calotychos, ed., Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), 70.
162. Papadakis, Echoes from the Dead Zone, 82.
163. Ibid., 105, 129.
164. Kyriakos Markides, "I Kypros kai oi prospathies gia omospondia" [Cyprus and the Attempts at Federation], in Nicos Peristianis and Georgios Tsangaras, eds., I anatomia mias metamorphosis: i Kypros meta to 1974 [The Anatomy of a Transformation: Cyprus after 1974] (Nicosia: Intercollege Press, 1995), 340.
165. See also, Ronald J. Fisher, "Conclusion: Paths Towards a Peaceful Settlement," in Norma Salem, ed., Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), 249;
166. Costas Constantinou and Yiannis Papadakis, "The Cypriot State(s) in situ: Cross Ethnic Contact and the Discourse of Recognition," Global Society 15(2): 125-148 (2001).
167. Alexis Heraclides, "The 55 Year Cyprus Debacle: A Bird's Eye View," The Cyprus Review 15(2): 72-73 (2003).
168. Papadakis, Echoes from the Dead Zone, 4.
169. Ibid., 94.
170. Ibid., 130;
171. Niyazi Kizilyurek, "National Memory and Turkish-Cypriot Textbooks," International Textbook Research 21(4): 387-395 (1999).
172. Fisher, "Conclusion," 249.
173. Bahcheli and Rizopoulos, "Cyprus Impasse," 28.
174. Pericleous, Cyprus Referendum, 304-306.
175. Nicos Peristianis, "Cypriot Nationalism, Dual Identity, and Politics," in Yannis Papadakis et al., eds., Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 108-9.
176. Heraclides, "55 Year Cyprus Debacle," 75-76;
177. Oliver Richmond, "Ethno-Nationalism, Sovereignty and Negotiating Positions in the Cyprus Conflict: Obstacles to a Settlement," Middle Eastern Studies 35(3): 42-63;
178. Zaim M. Necatigil, The Cyprus Question and the Turkish Position in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
179. Zenon Stavrinides, "Greek-Cypriot Perceptions," in Clement H. Dodd, ed., Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives (Huntingdon: The Eothan Press, 1999), 59-61.
180. Ibi., 58.
181. Based on discussions of the author in 1997 and 2004 with Mustafa Akinci, a distinguished moderate Turkish-Cypriot leader.
182. Gilles Bertrand, Le conflit helléno-turc: la confrontation des deux nationalismes á l'aube du XXIe siècle (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2003), 110-120.
183. de Soto, "Case of Cyprus," 5.
184. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. I,187.
185. Adamantia Pollis, "The Social Construction of Ethnicity and Nationality: The Case of Cyprus," Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 12(1): 84-85 (1996);
186. Bertrand, Le conflit helléno-turc, 106-108.
187. Michalis S. Michael, "The Cyprus Peace Talks," Journal of Peace Research 44(5): 593 (2007).
188. Robert I. Rotberg, "Reunifying Cyprus: Essential Challenges," in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann, eds., Reunifying Cyprus: The Annan Plan and Beyond (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 251.
189. "Report of the Secretary-General," (28 May 2004), 20.
190. Michael, "Cyprus Peace Talks," 593.
191. Anastasiou, Broken Olive Branch, vol. I, 199.
192. Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 198.
193. As aptly put in the subtitle of Vangelis Calotychos, ed., Cyprus and its People: Nation, Identity, and Experience in an Unimaginable Community (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998).