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Cost-effectiveness of intensive glycemic control, intensified hypertension control, and serum cholesterol level reduction for type 2 diabetes
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American Diabetes Association. The American Diabetes Association still recommends a BP target of less than 130/80 mmHg, despite the release and publication of the ACCORD trial results 9 months earlier
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American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2011. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (Suppl 1):S11-S61. The American Diabetes Association still recommends a BP target of less than 130/80 mmHg, despite the release and publication of the ACCORD trial results 9 months earlier.
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Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl 2):B54-B64. (Pubitemid 30185779)
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Schrier R, Estacio R, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy, and strokes. Kidney Int 2002; 61:1086-1097. (Pubitemid 34175478)
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Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials
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for the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration
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Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, et al., for the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1410-1419.
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Blood pressure targets: Are clinical guidelines wrong?
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Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of lower BP targets for any and all hypertensive patients, suggesting that there is no clinical trial evidence to support recommendations of guidelines that call for lower-than-usual BPs. However, it concludes with the statement that the authors are working on subgroup metaanalyses to examine the issue in diabetic patients and individuals with either chronic kidney disease or heart disease
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Arguedas JA. Blood pressure targets: are clinical guidelines wrong? Curr Opin Cardiol 2010; 25:350-354. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of lower BP targets for any and all hypertensive patients, suggesting that there is no clinical trial evidence to support recommendations of guidelines that call for lower-than-usual BPs. However, it concludes with the statement that the authors are working on subgroup metaanalyses to examine the issue in diabetic patients and individuals with either chronic kidney disease or heart disease.
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Curr Opin Cardiol
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Arguedas, J.A.1
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Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, et al., for the Cardio-Sis Investigators. Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in nondiabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2009; 374:525-533.
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Systematic review: Blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier
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The most recent review of clinical trial data in chronic kidney disease, showing no significant benefit of a lower-than-usual BP, with the possible exception of patients with proteinuria
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Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154:541-548. The most recent review of clinical trial data in chronic kidney disease, showing no significant benefit of a lower-than-usual BP, with the possible exception of patients with proteinuria.
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Ann Intern Med
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Upadhyay, A.1
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Heart and stroke statistics: 2011 Update - A report from the American Heart Association
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The most recent national statistics on incidence, prevalence, mortality burden, morbidity, and cost of many aspects of heart disease (including diabetes)
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Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones D, et al. Heart and stroke statistics: 2011 update - a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:e18-e209. The most recent national statistics on incidence, prevalence, mortality burden, morbidity, and cost of many aspects of heart disease (including diabetes).
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Circulation
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Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes
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for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group
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Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al., for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:2545-2559.
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Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group
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Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al., for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1563-1574.
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Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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on behalf of The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group The definitive clinical trial examining the possible cardiovascular benefits of a lower-than-usual BP goal (<120mmHg systolic) compared with the 'usual and customary' (<140mmHg systolic). The results do not support more intensive lowering of BP to prevent cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke
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Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al., on behalf of The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1575-1585. The definitive clinical trial examining the possible cardiovascular benefits of a lower-than-usual BP goal (<120mmHg systolic) compared with the 'usual and customary' (<140mmHg systolic). The results do not support more intensive lowering of BP to prevent cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke.
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N Engl J Med
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Cushman, W.C.1
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Rationale and design for the blood pressure intervention of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial
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for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group
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Cushman WC, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, et al.; for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Group. Rationale and design for the blood pressure intervention of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99 (Suppl):44i-55i.
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