Malformation of the superior olivary complex in an animal model of autism

Brain Research

Volumn 1398, Issue , 2011, Pages 102-112

  Lukose, Richard ^a   Schmidt, Elise ^b   Wolski Jr , Thomas P ^b   Murawski, Nathen J ^c   Kulesza Jr , Randy J ^b  

^a Hamot Medical Centre   (United States)

^b LAKE ERIE COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

Auditory; Development; Hearing; Olive; Trapezoid body

Indexed keywords

VALPROIC ACID;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN NUCLEUS; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN STEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE MODEL; EMBRYO; INFERIOR OLIVE; NONHUMAN; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; TERATOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AUDITORY PATHWAYS; AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS; OLIVARY NUCLEUS; PREGNANCY; RATS; VALPROIC ACID;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 79958795123     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: 00068993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.013     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Alcantara, J.I., Weisblatt, E.J., Moore, B.C., Bolton, P.F., 2004. Speech-in-noise perception in high-functioning individuals with autism or Asperger's syndrome. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45 (6), 1107-1114 (Sep).
2. Allen, D.A., 1988. Autistic spectrum disorders: clinical presentation in preschool children. J. Child Neurol. 3 (Suppl.), 48-56.
3. Alsdorf, R., Wyszynski, D.F., 2005. Teratogenicity of sodium valproate. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 4 (2), 345-353 (Mar).
4. Altamura, C., Dell'Acqua, M.L., Moessner, R., Murphy, D.L., Lesch, K.P., Persico, A.M., 2007. Altered neocortical cell density and layer thickness in serotonin transporter knockout mice: a quantitation study. Cereb. Cortex 17 (6), 1394-1401 (Jun, Epub 2006 Aug 11).
5. Altman, J., Bayer, S.A., 1980. Development of the brain stem in the rat. III. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla. J. Comp. Neurol. 194 (4), 877-904 (Dec).
6. Arndt, T.L., Stodgell, C.J., Rodier, P.M., 2005. The teratology of autism. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 23 (2-3), 189-199 (Apr-May).
7. Azmitia, E.C., Singh, J.S., Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M., 2011. Increased serotonin axons (immunoreactive to 5-HT transporter) in postmortem brains from young autism donors. Neuropharmacology 60 (7-8), 1347-1354 (Jun, Epub 2011 Feb 15).
8. Bailey, A., Lecouteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolton, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., Rutter, M., 1995. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder - evidence from a British twin study. Psychol. Med. 25, 63-77.
9. Bauman, M., Kemper, T.L., 1985. Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology 35 (6), 866-874 (Jun).
10. Bromley, R.L., Mawer, G., Clayton-Smith, J., Baker, G.A., Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group, 2008. Autism spectrum disorders following in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 71 (23), 1923-1924 (Dec 2).
11. Campbell, D.B., D'Oronzio, R., Garbett, K., Ebert, P.J., Mirnics, K., Levitt, P., Persico, A.M., 2007. Disruption of cerebral cortex MET signaling in autism spectrum disorder. Ann. Neurol. 62 (3), 243-250 (Sep).
12. Cheh, M.A., Millonig, J.H., Roselli, L.M., Ming, X., Jacobsen, E., Kamdar, S., Wagner, G.C., 2006. En2 knockout mice display neurobehavioral and neurochemical alterations relevant to autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res. 1116, 166-176. (Pubitemid 44485007)
13. Christianson, A.L., Chesler, N., Kromberg, J.G., 1994. Fetal valproate syndrome: clinical and neuro-developmental features in two sibling pairs. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36 (4), 361-369 (Apr).
14. Comoletti, D., De Jaco, A., Jennings, L.L., Flynn, R.E., Gaietta, G., Tsigelny, I., Ellisman, M.H., Taylor, P., 2004. The Arg451Cys-neuroligin-3 mutation associated with autism reveals a defect in protein processing. J. Neurosci. 24 (20), 4889-4893 (May 19).
15. Crawley, J.N., 2007. Mouse behavioral assays relevant to the symptoms of autism. Brain Pathol. 17, 448-459. (Pubitemid 47537604)
16. Dani, V.S., Chang, Q., Maffei, A., Turrigiano, G.G., Jaenisch, R., Nelson, S.B., 2005. Reduced cortical activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (35), 12560-12565 (Aug 30).
17. DiCicco-Bloom, E., Lord, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., Courchesne, E., Dager, S.R., Schmitz, C., Schultz, R.T., Crawley, J., Young, L.J., 2006. The developmental neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder. J Neurosci. 26, 6897-6906. (Pubitemid 44309856)
18. Dufour-Rainfray, D., Vourc'h, P., Le Guisquet, A.M., Garreau, L., Ternant, D., Bodard, S., Jaumain, E., Gulhan, Z., Belzung, C., Andres, C.R., Chalon, S., Guilloteau, D., 2010. Behavior and serotonergic disorders in rats exposed prenatally to valproate: a model for autism. Neurosci. Lett. 470 (1), 55-59 (Feb 5, Epub 2009 Dec 28).
19. Ey, E., Leblond, C.S., Bourgeron, T., 2011. Behavioral profiles of mouse models for autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res. 4 (1), 5-16. doi:10.1002/aur.175 (Feb, Epub 2011 Jan 5).
20. Gaffney, G.R., Kuperman, S., Tsai, L.Y., 1988. Morphological evidence of brainstem involvement in infantile autism. Biol. Psychiatry 24, 578-586.
21. Gharani, N., Benayed, R., Mancuso, V., Brzustowicz, L.M., Millonig, J.H., 2004. Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, 3, with autism spectrum disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 9, 474-484. (Pubitemid 38903503)
22. Gibson, J.R., Bartley, A.F., Hays, S.A., Huber, K.M., 2008. Imbalance of neocortical excitation and inhibition and altered UP states reflect network hyperexcitability in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. J. Neurophysiol. 100 (5), 2615-2626 (Nov, Epub 2008 Sep 10).
23. Gillberg, C., Rosenhall, U., Johansson, E., 1983. Auditory brainstem responses in childhood psychosis. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 13 (2), 181-195 (Jun).
24. Gravel, J.S., Dunn, M., Lee, W.W., Ellis, M.A., 2006. Peripheral audition of children on the autistic spectrum. Ear Hear. 3, 299-312. (Pubitemid 44350553)
25. Greenspan, S.I., Wieder, S., 1997. Developmental patterns and outcomes in infants and children with disorders in relating and communicating: a chart review of 200 cases of children with autistic spectrum diagnoses. J. Dev. Learn. Dis. 1, 87-141.
26. Heffner, R.S., Masterton, R.B., 1990. Sound localization: brainstem mechanisms. In: Berkley, M.A., Stebbins, W.C. (Eds.), Comparative Perception, Basic Mechanisms, Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
27. Helfert, R.H., Schwartz, I.R., 1987. Morphological features of five neuronal classes in the gerbil lateral superior olive. Am. J. Anat. 179 (1), 55-69 (May).
28. Ingram, J.L., Peckham, S.M., Tisdale, B., Rodier, P.M., 2000. Prenatal exposure of rats to valproic acid reproduces the cerebellar anomalies associated with autism. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 22 (3), 319-324 (May-Jun).
29. Iñiguez, C., Gayoso, M.J., Carreres, J., 1985. A versatile and simple method for staining nervous tissue using Giemsa dye. J. Neurosci. Methods 13 (1), 77-86 (Mar).
30. Jamain, S., Quach, H., Betancur, C., Råstam, M., Colineaux, C., Gillberg, I.C., Soderstrom, H., Giros, B., Leboyer, M., Gillberg, C., Bourgeron, T., 2003. Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nat. Genet. 34 (1), 27-29 (May).
31. Jung, G.A., Yoon, J.Y., Moon, B.S., Yang, D.H., Kim, H.Y., Lee, S.H., Bryja, V., Arenas, E., Choi, K.Y., 2008. Valproic acid induces differentiation and inhibition of proliferation in neural progenitor cells via the beta-catenin-Ras-ERK-p21Cip/WAF1 pathway. BMC Cell Biol. 9, 66 (Dec 9).
32. Just, M.A., Cherkassky, V.L., Keller, T.A., Minshew, N.J., 2004. Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity. Brain 127 (Pt 8), 1811-1821 (Aug, Epub 2004 Jun 23).
33. Kellerman, G.R., Fan, J., Gorman, J.M., 2005. Auditory abnormalities in autism: toward functional distinctions among findings. CNS Spectr. 10 (9), 748-756. (Pubitemid 41443049)
34. Kemper, T.L., Bauman, M., 1998. Neuropathology of infantile autism. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57 (7), 645-652 (Jul).
35. Khalfa, S., Bruneau, N., Roge, B., Georgieff, N., Veuillet, E., Adrien, J. L., Barthelemy, C., Collet, L., 2004. Increased perception of loudness in autism. Hear. Res. 198 (1-2), 87-92.
36. Klin, A., 1993. Auditory brainstem responses in autism: brainstem dysfunction or peripheral hearing loss? J. Autism Dev. Disord. 23 (1), 15-35.
37. Kolozsi, E., Mackenzie, R.N., Roullet, F.I., deCatanzaro, D., Foster, J.A., 2009. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid leads to reduced expression of synaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin 3 in mice. Neuroscience 163 (4), 1201-1210 (Nov 10, Epub 2009 Jul 14).
38. Konigsmark, B.W., 1970. Methods for counting of neurons. In: Nauta, W.J.H., Ebbesson, S.O.E. (Eds.), Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 315-338.
39. Kudo, M., Sakurai, H., Kurokawa, K., Yamada, H., 2000. Neurogenesis in the superior olivary complex in the rat. Hear. Res. 139 (1-2), 144-152 (Jan).
40. Kuemerle, B., Gulden, F., Cherosky, N., Williams, E., Herrup, K., 2007. The mouse Engrailed genes: a window into autism. Behav. Brain Res. 176, 121-132.
41. Kulesza, R.J., 2007. Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: medial and lateral superior olive. Hear. Res. 225 (1-2), 80-90.
42. Kulesza, R.J., 2008. Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: nuclei of the trapezoid body and posterior tier. Hear. Res. 241, 52-63.
43. Kulesza, R.J., Mangunay, K., 2008. Morphological features of the medial superior olive in autism. Brain Res. 1200, 132-137.
44. Kulesza, R.J., Viñuela, A., Saldaña, E., Berrebi, A.S., 2002. Unbiased stereological estimates of neuron number in subcortical auditory nuclei of the rat. Hear. Res. 168 (1-2), 12-24 (Jun).
45. Kulesza Jr., R.J., Lukose, R., Stevens, L.V., 2011. Malformation of the human superior olive in autistic spectrum disorders. Brain Res. 1367, 360-371.
46. Kuwagata, M., Ogawa, T., Shioda, S., Nagata, T., 2009. Observation of fetal brain in a rat valproate-induced autism model: a developmental neurotoxicity study. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 27 (4), 399-405 (Jun, Epub 2009 Jan 29).
47. Kwon, S., Kim, J., Choe, B.H., Ko, C., Park, S., 2007. Electrophysiologic assessment of central auditory processing by auditory brainstem responses in children with autism spectrum disorders. J. Korean Med. Sci. 22 (4), 656-659.
48. Lepistö, T., Kujala, T., Vanhala, R., Alku, P., Huotilainen, M., Näätänen, R., 2005. The discrimination of and orienting to speech and non-speech sounds in children with autism. Brain Res. 1066 (1-2), 147 57 (Dec 20, Epub 2005 Dec 1).
49. Malmierca, M.S., Hackett, T.A., 2010. Structural organization of the ascending auditory pathway. In: Rees, A., Palmer, A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: Auditory Brain. Oxford University Press, pp. 9-41.
50. Manent, J.B., Jorquera, I., Mazzucchelli, I., Depaulis, A., Perucca, E., Ben-Ari, Y., Represa, A., 2007. Fetal exposure to GABA-acting antiepileptic drugs generates hippocampal and cortical dysplasias. Epilepsia 48 (4), 684-693 (Apr).
51. Maziade, M., Mérette, C., Cayer, M., Roy, M.A., Szatmari, P., Côté, R., Thivierge, J., 2000. Prolongation of brainstem auditory-evoked responses in autistic probands and their unaffected relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57 (11), 1077-1083 (Nov).
52. McClelland, R.J., Eyre, D.G., Watson, D., Calvert, G.J., Sherrard, E., 1992. Central conduction time in childhood autism. Br. J. Psychiatry 160, 659-663 (May).
53. Millen, K.J., Wurst, W., Herrup, K., Joyner, A.L., 1994. Abnormal embryonic cerebellar development and patterning of postnatal foliation in two mouse Engrailed-2 mutants. Development 120, 695-706. (Pubitemid 24071210)
54. Milutinovic, S., D'Alessio, A.C., Detich, N., Szyf, M., 2007. Valproate induces widespread epigenetic reprogramming which involves demethylation of specific genes. Carcinogenesis 28 (3), 560-571 (Mar).
55. Mineur, Y.S., Huynh, L.X., Crusio, W.E., 2006. Social behavior deficits in the Fmr1 mutant mouse. Behav. Brain Res. 168 (1), 172-175 (Mar 15).
56. Moretti, P., Bouwknecht, J.A., Teague, R., Paylor, R., Zoghbi, H.Y., 2005. Abnormalities of social interactions and home-cage behavior in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2), 205-220 (Jan 15).
57. Moy, S.S., Nadler, J.J., 2008. Advances in behavioral genetics: mouse models of autism. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 3-26.
58. Murawski, N.J., Brown, K.L., Stanton, M.E., 2009. Interstimulus interval (ISI) discrimination of the conditioned eyeblink response in a rodent model of autism. Behav. Brain Res. 196 (2), 297-303 (Jan 23, Epub 2008 Oct 2).
59. Narita, M., Oyabu, A., Imura, Y., Kamada, N., Yokoyama, T., Tano, K., Uchida, A., Narita, N., 2010. Nonexploratory movement and behavioral alterations in a thalidomide or valproic acid-induced autism model rat. Neurosci. Res. 66 (1), 2-6 (Jan, Epub 2009 Sep 13).
60. Oliver, D.L., 2000. Ascending efferent projections of the superior olivary complex. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51 (4), 355-363 (Nov 15).
61. Ollo, C., Schwartz, I.R., 1979. The superior olivary complex in C57BL/6 mice. Am. J. Anat. 155 (3), 349-373 (Jul).
62. Palmen, S.J., van Engeland, H., Hof, P.R., Schmitz, C., 2004. Neuropathological findings in autism. Brain 127 (Pt 12), 2572-2583. (Pubitemid 39627367)
63. Patterson, P.H., 2011. Modeling autistic features in animals. Pediatr. Res. 69, 34R-40R.
64. Piven, J., Nehme, E., Simon, J., 1992. Magnetic resonance imaging in autism: measurements of the cerebellum, pons and fourth ventricle. Biol. Psychiatry 31, 491-504.
65. Polleux, F., Lauder, J.M., 2004. Toward a developmental neurobiology of autism. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 10, 303-317.
66. Qiu, S., Anderson, C.T., Levitt, P., Shepherd, G.M., 2011. Circuit-specific intracortical hyperconnectivity in mice with deletion of the autism-associated met receptor tyrosine kinase. J. Neurosci. 31 (15), 5855-5864 (Apr 13).
67. Rasalam, A.D., Hailey, H., Williams, J.H., Moore, S.J., Turnpenny, P.D., Lloyd, D.J., Dean, J.C., 2005. Characteristics of fetal anticonvulsant syndrome associated autistic disorder. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 47 (8), 551-555 (Aug).
68. Rinaldi, T., Perrodin, C., Markram, H., 2008a. Hyper-connectivity and hyper-plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex in the valproic acid animal model of autism. Front. Neural Circuits 2, 4 (Epub 2008 Oct 29).
69. Rinaldi, T., Silberberg, G., Markram, H., 2008b. Hyperconnectivity of local neocortical microcircuitry induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. Cereb. Cortex 18 (4), 763-770 (Apr, Epub 2007 Jul 17).
70. Ritvo, E.R., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Ornitz, E.M., Saeger, K., Plotkin, S., 1970. Increased blood serotonin and platelets in early infantile autism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 23 (6), 566-572 (Dec).
71. Ritvo, E.R., Freeman, B.J., Scheibel, A.B., Duong, T., Robinson, H., Guthrie, D., Ritvo, A., 1986. Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC Autopsy Research Report. Am. J. Psychiatry 143 (7), 862-866. (Pubitemid 16090391)
72. Rodier, P.M., Ingram, J.L., Tisdale, B., Nelson, S., Romano, J., 1996. Embryological origin for autism: developmental anomalies of the cranial nerve motor nuclei. J Comp Neurol. 370 (2), 247-261 (Jun 24).
73. Roper, L., Arnold, P., Monteiro, B., 2003. Co-occurrence of autism and deafness: diagnostic considerations. Autism 7 (3), 245-253 (Sep).
74. Rosenhall, U., Nordin, V., Sandstrom, M., Ahlsen, G., Gillberg, C., 1999. Autism and hearing loss. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29 (5), 349-357 (Oct).
75. Rosenhall, U., Nordin, V., Brantberg, K., Gillberg, C., 2003. Autism and auditory brain stem responses. Ear Hear. 24 (3), 206-214 (Jun).
76. Roullet, F.I., Wollaston, L., Decatanzaro, D., Foster, J.A., 2010. Behavioral and molecular changes in the mouse in response to prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid. Neuroscience 170 (2), 514-522 (Oct 13, Epub 2010 Jul 17).
77. Rumsey, J.M., Grimes, A.M., Pikus, A.M., Duara, R., Ismond, D.R., 1984. Auditory brainstem responses in pervasive developmental disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 19 (10), 1403-1418. (Pubitemid 15189443)
78. Schneider, T., Przewlocki, R., 2005. Behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: animal model of autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 80-89. (Pubitemid 40024402)
79. Schneider, T., Turczak, J., Przewlocki, R., 2006. Environmental enrichment reverses behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: issues for a therapeutic approach in autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 36-46. (Pubitemid 43250939)
80. Schneider, T., Ziòłkowska, B., Gieryk, A., Tyminska, A., Przewłocki, R., 2007. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid disturbs the enkephalinergic system functioning, basal hedonic tone, and emotional responses in an animal model of autism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 193 (4), 547-555 (Sep, Epub 2007 May 13).
81. Schofield, B., 2010. Structural organization of the descending auditory pathway. In: Rees, A., Palmer, A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: Auditory Brain. Oxford University Press, pp. 42-64.
82. Schofield, B.R., Cant, N.B., 1991. Organization of the superior olivary complex in the guinea pig. I. Cytoarchitecture, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, and dendritic morphology. J. Comp. Neurol. 314 (4), 645-670 (Dec 22).
83. Schumann, C.M., Amaral, D.G., 2006. Stereological analysis of amygdala neuron number in autism. J. Neurosci. 26 (29), 7674-7679 (Jul 19).
84. Schwartz, I.R., 1992. The superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscal nuclei. In: Webster, D.B., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (Eds.), The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 117-167.
85. Sen, B., Singh, A.S., Sinha, S., Chatterjee, A., Ahmed, S., Ghosh, S., Usha, R., 2010. Family-based studies indicate association of Engrailed 2 gene with autism in an Indian population. Genes Brain Behav. 9, 248-255.
86. Shaltiel, G., Dalton, E.C., Belmaker, R.H., Harwood, A.J., Agam, G., 2007. Specificity of mood stabilizer action on neuronal growth cones. Bipolar Disord. 9 (3), 281-289 (May).
87. Skoff, B.F., Mirsky, A.F., Turner, D., 1980. Prolonged brainstem transmission time in autism. Psychiatry Res. 2 (2), 157-166. (Pubitemid 10073888)
88. Snow, W.M., Hartle, K., Ivanco, T.L., 2008. Altered morphology of motor cortex neurons in the VPA rat model of autism. Dev. Psychobiol. 50 (7), 633-639 (Nov).
89. Spangler, K.M., Warr, W.B., 1991. The descending auditory system. In: Altschuler, R.A., Bobbin, R.P., Clopton, B.M., Hoffman, D.W. (Eds.), Neurobiology of Hearing: The Central Auditory System. Raven Press, New York, pp. 27-45.
90. Stanton, M.E., Peloso, E., Brown, K.L., Rodier, P., 2007. Discrimination learning and reversal of the conditioned eyeblink reflex in a rodent model of autism. Behav. Brain Res. 176, 133-140.
91. Szelag, E., Kowalska, J., Galkowski, T., Poppel, E., 2004. Temporal processing deficits in high-functioning children with autism. Br. J. Psychol. 95 (Pt 3), 269-282 (Aug).
92. Teder-Salejarvi, W.A., Pierce, K.L., Courchesne, E., Hillyard, S.A., 2005. Auditory spatial localization and attention deficits in autistic adults. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. (2-3), 221-234.
93. Tharpe, A.M., Bess, F.H., Sladen, D.P., Schissel, H., Couch, S., Schery, T., 2006. Auditory characteristics of children with autism. Ear Hear. (4), 430-441. (Pubitemid 44357179)
94. Thompson, C.K., Brenowitz, E.A., 2005. Seasonal change in neuron size and spacing but not neuronal recruitment in a basal ganglia nucleus in the avian song control system. J. Comp. Neurol. 481 (3), 276-283 (Jan 17).
95. Thompson, A.M., Schofield, B.R., 2000. Afferent projections of the superior olivary complex. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51 (4), 330-354.
96. Tomchek, S.D., Dunn, W., 2007. Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 61 (2), 190-200 (Mar-Apr).
97. Vorhees, C.V., 1987. Teratogenicity and developmental toxicity of valproic acid in rats. Teratology 35 (2), 195-202 (Apr).
98. Wang, L., Jia, M., Yue, W., Tang, F., Qu, M., Ruan, Y., Lu, T., Zhang, H., Yan, H., Liu, J., 2008. Association of the ENGRAILED 2 (EN2) gene with autism in Chinese Han population. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B, 434-438.
99. Williams, G., King, J., Cunningham, M., Stephan, M., Kerr, B., Hersh, J.H., 2001. Fetal valproate syndrome and autism: additional evidence of an association. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43 (3), 202-206 (Mar).
100. Wing, L., 1997. The autistic spectrum. Lancet 350, 1761-1766. (Pubitemid 28036684)
101. Wood, L., Gray, N.W., Zhou, Z., Greenberg, M.E., Shepherd, G.M., 2009. Synaptic circuit abnormalities of motor-frontal layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in an RNA interference model of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 deficiency. J. Neurosci. 29 (40), 12440-12448 (Oct 7).
102. Yin, T.C., Carney, L.H., Joris, P.X., 1990. Interaural time sensitivity in the inferior colliculus of the albino cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 295 (3), 438-448 (May 15).