The dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms and their relationship to depression in children and adolescents

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 326-333

  Hukkelberg, Silje S ^a   Jensen, Tine K ^b  

^a Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INJURY; MALE; NORWAY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NORWAY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 79958218316     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20637     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Messer, S. C., & Pickles, A. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 237-249.
3. Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., & Hecht S. A. (1999). Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children exposed to disaster: Results from confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 326-336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.2.326
4. Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., Vernberg, E. M., La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Multisample cross-validation of a model of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 667-676. doi:10.1002/jts.20075
5. Bal, A., & Jensen, B. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in Turkish child and adolescent trauma survivors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 449-457. doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0618-z
6. Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 305-314. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305
7. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. (1997). Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 81-87.
8. Bromet, E., & Dew, M. A. (1995). Review of psychiatric epidemiologic research on disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 17, 113-119.
9. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10. Retrieved from
10. Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003-9
11. Ford, J. D., Elhai, J. D., Ruggiero, K. J., & Frueh, B. C. (2009). Refining posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis: Evaluation of symptom criteria with the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 748-755. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04692
12. Ford, J. D., & Rogers, K. (1997, November). Empirically-based assessment of trauma and PTSD with children and adolescents. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Annual Meeting, Montreal.
13. Foy, D. W., Wood, J. L., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Resnick, H. S. (1997). Los Angeles Symptom Checklist: Psychometric evidence with an adolescent sample. Assessment, 4, 377-384. doi:10.1177/107319119700400408
14. Giannopoulou, I., Strouthos, M., Smith, P., Dikaiakou, A., Galanopoulou, V., & Yule, W. (2006). Post-traumatic stress reactions of children and adolescents exposed to the Athens 1999 earthquake. European Psychiatry, 21, 160-166. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.005
15. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
16. Jøreskog, K. G. (2005). Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables using LISREL. Retrieved from .
17. Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., & Cirilli, C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure in injured children: Functional impairment and depression symptoms in a confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 616-625. doi:10.1097/00004583-201006000-00010
18. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
19. Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692-700. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692
20. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). The posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in preschool- and elementary school-age children exposed to motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1326-1337. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081282
22. Messer, S. C., Angold, A., Costello, E., Loeber, R., Van Kammen, W., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: Factor composition and structure across development. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 251-262.
23. Muthèn, B., & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189.
24. Nader, K. (2008). Understanding and assessing trauma in children and adolescents: Measures, methods, and youth in context. New York, NY: Routledge.
25. O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., & Pattison, P. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: Understanding comorbidity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1390-1396. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8 .1390
26. Saul, A. L., Grant, K. E., & Carter, J. S. (2008). Post-traumatic reactions in adolescents: How well do the DSM-IV PTSD criteria fit the real life experience of trauma exposed youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 915-925. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9222-z
27. Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M., Hunt, J., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symtomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644-651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644
28. Simms, L. J., Watson, D., & Doebbelling, B. N. (2002). Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637-647. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.637
29. Stewart, A. J., Steiman, M., Cauce, A. M., Cochran, B. N., Whitbeck, L. B., & Hoyt, D. R. (2004). Victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 325-331. doi:10.1097/00004583-200403000-00015