Optimization of organic solar cells with thin film Au as anode

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 95, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 2424-2430

  Yambem, Soniya D ^a   Haldar, Amrita ^a   Liao, Kang Shyang ^a   Dillon, Eoghan P ^b   Barron, Andrew R ^b   Curran, Seamus A ^a  

^a University of Houston   (United States)

^b RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Au thin films; Organic photovoltaics; Transparent electrode

Indexed keywords

AU FILM; AU THIN FILMS; CRITICAL PARAMETER; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES; THIN METALLIC FILMS; TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE;

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; GOLD; OPACITY; OPTIMIZATION; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; SOLAR CELLS; THIN FILMS;

OPTICAL FILMS;

EID: 79958131520     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.04.019     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. J.H. Burroughes, D.D.C. Bradley, A.R. Brown, R.N. Marks, K. Mackay, R.H. Friend, P.L. Burns, and A.B. Holmes Light-emitting-diodes based on conjugated polymers Nature 347 1990 539 541
2. S.R. Forrest The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic Nature 428 2004 911 918 (Pubitemid 38568095)
3. S. Roth, S. Blumentritt, M. Burghard, E. Cammi, D. Carroll, S. Curran, G. Düsberg, K. Liu, J. Muster, G. Philipp, and T. Rabenau Molecular rectifiers and transistors based on [pi]-conjugated materials Synth. Met. 94 1998 105 110 (Pubitemid 128399437)
4. S.A. Curran, P.M. Ajayan, W.J. Blau, D.L. Carroll, J.N. Coleman, A.B. Dalton, A.P. Davey, A. Drury, B. McCarthy, S. Maier, and A. Strevens A composite from poly(m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) and carbon nanotubes: a novel material for molecular optoelectronics Adv. Mater. 10 1998 1091 1093 (Pubitemid 128535027)
5. T. Kamata, S. Curran, S. Roth, T. Fukaya, H. Matsuda, and F. Mizukami Third-order nonlinear optical properties of evaporated thin films of platinumalkyldionedioxime complexes: effects of metalmetal distance Synth. Met. 83 1996 267 271 (Pubitemid 126366017)
6. C.W. Tang 2-Layer organic photovoltaic cell Appl. Phys. Lett. 48 1986 183 185
7. G. Li, V. Shrotriya, J.S. Huang, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery, and Y. Yang High-efficiencysolution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends Nat.Mater. 4 2005 864 868
8. F.C. Krebs, T. Tromholt, and M. Jorgensen Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing Nanoscale 2 2010 873 886
9. F.C. Krebs, T.D. Nielsen, J. Fyenbo, M. Wadstrom, and M.S. Pedersen Manufacture, integration and demonstration of polymer solar cells in a lamp for the Lighting Africa initiative Energy Environ. Sci. 3 2010 512 525
10. F.C. Krebs, J. Fyenbo, and M. Jorgensen Product integration of compact roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cell modules: methods and manufacture using flexographic printing, slot-die coating and rotary screen printing J. Mater. Chem 20 2010 8994 9001
11. J.G. Xue, S. Uchida, B.P. Rand, and S.R. Forrest 4.2% Efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2004 3013 3015
12. F. Yang, K. Sun, and S.R. Forrest Efficient solar cells using all-organic nanocrystalline networks Adv. Mater. 19 2007 4166 4171 (Pubitemid 350254790)
13. S. Curran, J. Talla, S. Dias, and J. Dewald Microconcentrator photovoltaic cell (the m-C cell): modeling the optimum method of capturing light in an organic fiber based photovoltaic cell J. Appl. Phys 104 2008 064305-1 064305-6
14. W.U. Huynh, J.J. Dittmer, and A.P. Alivisatos Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells Science 295 2002 2425 2427 (Pubitemid 34270250)
15. W.T. Wondmagegn, and S.A. Curran A study of C-60-poly(m- phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) nanocomposite Thin Solid Films 515 2006 2393 2397
16. S. Curran, S. Roth, A.P. Davey, A. Drury, and W. Blau Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects from a conjugated polymer poly-tert-butyl- isothionaphthalene Synth. Met. 83 1996 239 243 (Pubitemid 126366011)
17. M.A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta Solar cell efficiency tables (version 36) Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 18 2010 346 352
18. M.A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta Solar cell efficiency tables (version 37) Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 19 2011 84 92
19. Y.S. Eo, H.W. Rhee, B.D. Chin, and J.-W. Yu Influence of metal cathode for organic photovoltaic device performance Synth. Met. 159 2009 1910 1913
20. M. Manceau, D. Angmo, M. Jorgensen, and F.C. Krebs ITO-free flexible polymer solar cells: from small model devices to roll-to-roll processed large modules Org. Electron. 12 2011 566 574
21. K.S. Liao, J.A. Talla, S.D. Yambem, D. Birx, G. Chen, F. Coldren, D.L. Carroll, L.J. Ci, P.M. Ajayan, D.H. Zhang, and S.A. Curran Formation of highly conductive composite coatings and their applications to broadband antennas and mechanical transducers J. Mater. Res. 25 2010 1741 1747
22. S.A. Curran, J. Talla, S. Dias, D.H. Zhang, D. Carroll, and D. Birx Electrical transport measurements of highly conductive carbon nanotube/poly(bisphenol A carbonate) composite J. Appl. Phys. 105 2009 073711-1 073711-5
23. Y.J. Jung, S. Kar, S. Talapatra, C. Soldano, G. Viswanathan, X.S. Li, Z.L. Yao, F.S. Ou, A. Avadhanula, R. Vajtai, S. Curran, O. Nalamasu, and P.M. Ajayan Aligned carbon nanotube-polymer hybrid architectures for diverse flexible electronic applications Nano Lett. 6 2006 413 418
24. M.W. Rowell, M.A. Topinka, M.D. McGehee, H.J. Prall, G. Dennler, N.S. Sariciftci, L.B. Hu, and G. Gruner Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 2006 233506-1 233506-3
25. R.C. Tenent, T.M. Barnes, J.D. Bergeson, A.J. Ferguson, B. To, L.M. Gedvilas, M.J. Heben, and J.L. Blackburn Ultrasmooth, large-area, high-uniformity, conductive transparent single-walled-carbon-nanotube films for photovoltaics produced by ultrasonic spraying Adv. Mater. 21 2009 3210 3216
26. B. OConnor, C. Haughn, K.H. An, K.P. Pipe, and M. Shtein Transparent and conductive electrodes based on unpatterned, thin metal films Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 2008 223304-1 223304-3
27. F.C. Krebs All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps Org. Electron. 10 2009 761 768
28. A. Haldar, S.D. Yambem, K.S. Liao, N.J. Alley, E.P. Dillon, A.R. Barron, S.A. Curran, Organic photovoltaics using thin gold film as an alternative anode to indium tin oxide, Thin Solid Films, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.1004. 1071.
29. M.P. de Jong, L.J. van Ijzendoorn, and M.J.A. de Voigt Stability of the interface between indium-tin-oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/ poly(styrenesulfonate) in polymer light-emitting diodes Appl. Phys. Lett 77 2000 2255 2257
30. K.-S. Liao, S. Dias, N.J. Alley, S.D. Yambem, A. Haldar, and S.A. Curran Design and fabrication of linear pixel arrays for organic photovoltaic modules to achieve scalable power output Thin Solid Films 519 2011 3264 3267
31. M.H.J. Lee, and R.J. Collier Sheet resistance measurement of thin metallic films and stripes at both 130 GHz and DC IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54 2005 2412 2415 (Pubitemid 41824700)
32. C.G. Granqvist Transparent conductors as solar energy materials: a panoramic review Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 2007 1529 1598 (Pubitemid 47259358)
33. G.P. Zhigalskii, and B.K. Jones The Physical Properties of Thin Metal Films 2003 Taylor & Francis London pp. 3551
34. J.D. Cutnell, and K.W. Johnson Physics fourth ed. 1998 Wiley New York
35. V. Dyakonov Electrical aspects of operation of polymer-fullerene solar cells Thin Solid Films 451 2004 493 497
36. L.J.A. Koster, V.D. Mihailetchi, H. Xie, and P.W.M. Blom Origin of the light intensity dependence of the short-circuit current of polymer/fullerene solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 2005 203502
37. J. Liu, Y.J. Shi, and Y. Yang Solvation-induced morphology effects on the performance of polymer-based photovoltaic devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 11 2001 420 424 (Pubitemid 34002895)
38. C.M. Ramsdale, J.A. Barker, A.C. Arias, J.D. MacKenzie, R.H. Friend, and N.C. Greenham The origin of the open-circuit voltage in polyfluorene-based photovoltaic devices J. Appl. Phys. 92 2002 4266 4270
39. M.C. Scharber, D. Wuhlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A.J. Heeger, and C.L. Brabec Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells - towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency Adv. Mater. 18 2006 789 794
40. V.D. Mihailetchi, P.W.M. Blom, J.C. Hummelen, and M.T. Rispens Cathode dependence of the open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 94 2003 6849 6854
41. H. Frohne, S.E. Shaheen, C.J. Brabec, D.C. Müller, N.S. Sariciftci, and K. Meerholz Influence of the anodic work function on the performance of organic solar cells ChemPhysChem 3 2002 795 799
42. L.J.A. Koster, V.D. Mihailetchi, R. Ramaker, and P.W.M. Blom Light intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 2005 123509-1 123509-3
43. K.S. Liao, S.D. Yambem, A. Haldar, N.J. Alley, and S.A. Curran Designs and architectures for the next generation of organic solar cells Energies 3 2010 1212 1250
44. J.D. Servaites, S. Yeganeh, T.J. Marks, and M.A. Ratner Efficiency enhancement in organic photovoltaic cells: consequences of optimizing series resistance Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 2010 97 104
45. P.W.M. Blom, M.J.M. de Jong, and M.G. van Munster Electric-field and temperature dependence of the hole mobility in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Phys. Rev. B 55 1997 R656 R659
46. P. Peumans, and S.R. Forrest Very-high-efficiency double-heterostructure copper phthalocyanine/C-60 photovoltaic cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2001 126 128 (Pubitemid 33599547)
47. A.J. Moule, J.B. Bonekamp, and K. Meerholz The effect of active layer thickness and composition on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 100 2006 094503-1 094503-7
48. M. Reyes-Reyes, K. Kim, J. Dewald, R. Lopez-Sandoval, A. Avadhanula, S. Curran, and D.L. Carroll Meso-structure formation for enhanced organic photovoltaic cells Org. Lett. 7 2005 5749 5752 (Pubitemid 43052844)
49. J. Alstrup, M. Jørgensen, A.J. Medford, and F.C. Krebs Ultra fast and parsimonious materials screening for polymer solar cells using differentially pumped slot-die coating ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2 2010 2819 2827
50. J. Vancea, G. Reiss, D. Butz, and H. Hoffmann Thickness-dependent effects in the work function of polycrystalline cu-films Europhys. Lett. 9 1989 379 384