Resting cysts: A survival strategy in Protozoa Ciliophora

Italian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 134-145

  Verni, F ^a   Rosati, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Ciliates; Cryptobiosis; Encystment; Excystment; Resting cyst

Indexed keywords

CILIATE; CYST; ENCYSTMENT; MORPHOLOGY;

CILIOPHORA; PROTOZOA;

EID: 79958106012     PISSN: 11250003     EISSN: 17485851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2011.560579     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Beers CD 1948. Excystment in the ciliate Bursaria truncatella. The Biological Bulletin 94:86-98.
2. Calvo P, Torres A, Perez-Silva J. 1986. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of the encystment in the hypotricous ciliate Histriculus similis. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 132:201-211.
3. Chessa MG, Delmonte Corrado MU. 1994. Encystment and excystment in Colpoda inflata: Macronuclear DNA and total protein content quantitative variations Archiv fur Protistenkunde. 144:207-211.
4. Chessa MG, Delmonte Corrado MU, Carcupino M, Pelli P. 1994. Ultrastructural cortical aspects of cell differentiation during long-term resting encystment in Colpoda inflata. In: Cirrotto C, Grassi Milano E, Maastrolia L, editors. Contribution to animal biology. Palermo: Halocyntia Association.
5. Chessa MG, Gallus L, Tiano L, Trielli F, Delmonte Corrado MU. 2001. Variation in macronuclear chromatin structure and chromatin extrusion in excystment from resting cysts of Colpoda inflata. European Journal of Protistology 37:281-290.
6. Chessa MG, Largana I, Trielli F, Rosati G, Politi H, Angelini C, Corrado Delmonte MU. 2002. Changes in the ultrastructure and glycoproteins of the cyst wall of Colpoda cucullus during resting encystment. European Journal of Protistology 38:373-381.
7. Corliss JO, Esser SC. 1974. Comments on the role of the cyst in the life cycle and survival of free-living protozoa. Transactions of the American Microscopy Society 93:578-593.
8. Corrado MU, Pelli P, Chessa G, Margallo E, Lattes A, Nicolò G. 1996. A study on macronuclear chromatin structure in Colpoda inflata (Protozoa, Ciliophora) by means of image analysis. European Journal of Histochemestry 40:181-188.
9. Dallai R, Miceli C, Luporini P. 1987. Euplotes rariseta Curds et al. (Ciliophora Hypotrichida) from the Somalian coast: Description and preliminary observations on cyst induction and ultrastructure. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (N.S.) XXII:263-280.
10. Ekelund F, Frederiksen HB, Rønn R. 2002. Population dynamics of active and total ciliate populations in arable soil amended with wheat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68:1096-1101.
11. Fauré-Fremiet E. 1948. Le rythme de mare du Strombidium aculeatumGruber. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique 82:1-20.
12. Fenchel T. 1987. Ecology of Protozoa: The biology of free living phagotrophic protists. Science Tech. Pub., Madison, WI.
13. Fernandez-Galiano MT, Fernandez-Galiano D, Madrigal-Sesma MJ. 1986. Presence of viable cysts of Colpoda (Ciliophora Colpodida) in digestive tube of reptiles and amphibians. Revista Ibérica de Parasitología 46:223-228.
14. Foissner W. 1997. Soil ciliates (Protozoa Ciliophora) from evergreen rain forests of Australia, South America and Costa Rica: Diversity and description of new species. Biology and Fertility of Soil 25:317-339.
15. Foissner W. 2006. Biogeography and dispersal of the microorganisms: A review emphasizing protists. Acta Protozoologica 45:111-136.
16. Foissner W, Agatha S, Berger H. 2002. Soil ciliates (Protozoa Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha Region and Namib desert. Denisia 5:1-1459.
17. Foissner W, Berger H, Schaumburg J. 1999. Identification and ecology of limnetic plankton ciliates. Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 3/99. 793 pp.
18. Foissner W, Müller H, Agatha S. 2007. A comparative fine structural and phylogenetic analysis of resting cysts in oligotrich and hypotrich Spirotrichea (Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology 43:295-314.
19. Foissner W, Pichler M. 2006. The unusual, lepidosome-coated resting cyst of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora: Oligotrichea): Genesis of four complex types of wall precursors and assemblage of the cyst wall. Acta Protozoologica 45:339-366.
20. Foissner W, Pichler M, Al-Rashedid K, Weisse T. 2006. The unusual, lepidosome-coated resting cyst of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora: Oligotrichea): Encystment and genesis and release of lepidosomes. Acta Protozoologica 45:323-338.
21. Foissner W, Xu K. 2007. Monograph of the Spathidiida (Ciliophora, Haptoria). Volume I: Protospathidiidae, Arcuospathidiidae, Apertospathulidae. Monographiae Biologicae 81:1-485.
22. Gutierrez JC, Callejas S, Borniquel S, Bénitez L, Martín-Gonzáles A. 2001. Ciliate cryptobiosis: A microbial strategy against environmental starvation. International Microbiology 4:151-157.
23. Gutierrez JC, Diaz S, Ortega R, Martín-Gonzales A. 2003. Ciliate resting cysts walls: A comparative review. Recent Research Developments in Microbiology 7:361-379.
24. Gutierrez JC, Izquierdo A, Martín-Gonzáles A, Callejas S. 1998. Cryptobiosis of colpodid ciliates: A microbial eukaryotic cell differentiation model. In: Pandalai SG, editor. Recent research and development in microbiology. India: Research Signpost. pp. 1-15.
25. Gutierrez JC, Martín-Gonzáles A, Matsusaka T. 1990. Towards a generalized model of encystment (cryptobiosis) in ciliates: A review and hypothesis. BioSystems 24:17-24.
26. Hausmann, K. 2002. Food acquisition, food ingestion and food digestion by protists. Japanese Journal of Protozoology 35:85-95.
27. Hausmann K, Hülsmann N, Radek R. 2003. Protozoology. 3rd edition. Thieme G, editor. New York, NY: Verlag Stuttgart.
28. Hiller S, Bardele CF. 1988. Prorodon aklitolophon n. spec and the dorsal brush as a character to identify certain subgroups in the genus Prorodon. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 136:213-236.
29. Jonsson PR. 1994. Tidal rhythm of cyst formation in the rock pool ciliate Strombidium oculatum Gruber (Ciliophora, Oligotrichea): A description of the functional biology and analysis of the tidal synchronization of encystment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 175:77-103.
30. Kahl A. 1930-1935. Urtiere, oder Protozoa. I. In: Dahl F, editor. Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Jena: Gustav Fischer.
31. Keilin D. 1959. The Leeuwenhoek lecture: The problem of anabiosis or latent life. History and current concept. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Science150:149-191.
32. Kim YO, Taniguchi A. 1995. Excystment of the oligothric ciliate Strombidium conicum. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 9:149-156.
33. Lynn DH. 2007. The life cycle of the histophagous ciliate Tetrahymena corlissi Thompson, 1955. Journal Eukaryotic Microbiology 22:188-195.
34. Lynn DH. 2008. The ciliated Protozoa. Springer. 605 pp.
35. Montagnes DJS, Lowe CD, Poulton A, Jonsson P. 2002. Redescription of Strombidium oculatum Gruber 1884 (Ciliophora, Olitrichia). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 49:329-337.
36. Muller H. 2007. Live observation of excystment in the spirotrich ciliate Meseres corlissi European Journal of Protistology 43:95-100.
37. Muller H, Foissner W, Weisse T. 2006. Role of soil in the life cycle of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora Oligotrichea): Experiment with two clonal strains from the type locality, an astatic meadows pond. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 42:199-208.
38. Mueller JA, Mueller WP. 1970. Colpoda cucullus: A terrestrial aquatic. American Midland Naturalist 84:1-12.
39. Repak AJ, Pfister RM. 1967. Electron microscopical observations on the extracellular structures of the resting cyst of Blepharisma stoltei. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 86:417-421.
40. Ricci N, Verni F, Rosati G. 1985. The cyst of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata: Hypotrichida). I. Morphology and significance. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 104:70-78.
41. Rosati G, Modeo L, Verni F. 2008. Micro-game hunting: Predatory behavior and defensive strategies in ciliates. In: Van Dijk T, editor. Microbial ecology research trend. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 65-86.
42. Rosati G, Verni F, Nieri L. 1983. Investigation on the cyst wall of the hypotrich ciliate Gastrostyla steini Engelmann. Monitore Zoologico Italiano 17:19-26.
43. Rosati G, Verni F, Nobili R, Angeli M. 1981. Starvation in Euplotes crassus (Ciliata, Hypotrichida): Ultrastructure modifications and effects on production. Acta Protozoologica 20: 225-231.
44. Rosati G, Verni F, Ricci N. 1984 The cyst of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata: Hypotrichida). III. Cytochemical investigation. Protistologica 20:197-204.
45. Ruthmann A, Kuck A. 1985. Formation of the cystwall of the ciliate Colpoda steinii Journal of Protozoology 32: 677-682.
46. Sugimoto H, Endoh H. 2008. Differentially expressed genes during fruiting body development in the aggregative ciliate Sorogene stoianovitchae (Ciliophora: Colpodea). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 55:110-116.
47. Verni F, Gualtieri P. 1997 Feeding behaviour in ciliated Protists. Micron 28:487-504.
48. Verni F, Rosati G, Ricci N. 1984. The cyst of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata: Hypotrichida). II. The ultrastructure. Protistologica 20:87-95.
49. Walker GK, Maugel TK. 1980. Encystment and excystement in hypotrich ciliates. II Diophrys scutum and remarks on comparative features. Protistologica 16:525-531.
50. Walker GK, Maugel TK, Goode D. 1975 Some ultrastructural observations on encystment in Stylonychia mytilus (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida). Transactions of the American Microscopy Society 94:147-154.
51. Weisse T. 2004. Meseres corlissi: Rare oligotrich ciliate adapted to warm water and temporary habitats. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 37:75-83.
52. Weisse T. 2006. Freshwater ciliates as ecophysiological model organism-Lesson from Daphnia, major achievements and future perspectives. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 167: 371-402.