Freshwater ciliates as ecophysiological model organisms - Lessons from Daphnia, major achievements, and future perspectives

Archiv fur Hydrobiologie

Volumn 167, Issue 1-4, 2006, Pages 371-402

  Weisse, Thomas ^a  

^a ERICH SCHMID INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE   (Austria)

Author keywords

Ciliates; Daphnia; Ecophysiology; Food; Temperature

Indexed keywords

ALGAL BLOOM; ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION; CILIATE; CRUSTACEAN; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; NICHE PARTITIONING; POPULATION SIZE;

ALGAE; CILIOPHORA; DAPHNIA;

EID: 33750200291     PISSN: 00039136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0167-0371     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. ACHENBACH, L. & LAMPERT, W. (1997): Effects of elevated temperatures on threshold food concentrations and possible competitive abilities of differently sized cladoceran species. - Oikos 79: 469-476.
2. AMMERMANN, D., SCHLEGEL, M. & HELLMER, K. H. (1989): North American and Eurasian strains of Stylonychia lemnae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) have a high genetic identity but differ in the nuclear apparatus and in their mating behaviour. - Eur. J. Protistol. 25: 67-74.
3. ARNDT, H. (1993): Rotifers as predators on components of the microbial web (bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates) - a review. - Hydrobiologia 255/256: 231-246.
4. ARNDT, H. & NIXDORF, B. (1991): Spring-clearwater phase in a eutrophic lake: Control by herbivorous zooplankton enhanced by grazing on components of the microbial web. - Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24: 879-883.
5. ATKINSON, D. (1996): Ectotherm life-history responses to developmental temperature. - In: JOHNSTON, I. A. & BENNETT, A. F. (eds): Animals and temperature: phenotypic and evolutionary adaptation - University Press, Cambridge, pp. 183-204.
6. BARTH, D., KRENEK, S., FOKIN, S. I. & BERENDONK, T. U. (2006): Intraspecific genetic variation in Paramecium, revealed by mitochondrial COI sequences. - J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53: 20-25.
7. BÄUERLE, E. & GAEDKE, U. (eds) (1998): Lake Constance: characterization of an ecosystem in transition. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 53: 1-610.
8. BECKER, C. & BOERSMA, M. (2003): Resource quality effects on life histories of Daphnia. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 48: 700-706.
9. _ (2005): Differential effects of phosphorus and fatty acids on Daphnia magna growth and reproduction. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 50: 388-397.
10. BLEYMAN, L. K. (1996): Ciliate genetics. - In: HAUSMANN, K. & BRADBURY, P. C. (eds): Ciliates: cells as organisms - G. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp. 291-324.
11. BOENIGK, J. (2002): Variability of ingestion rates with stage in cell cycle of a heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Spumella sp.) measured by an individual-based approach. - Eur. J. Protistol. 38: 299-306.
12. BOENIGK, J. & ARNDT, H. (2000 a): Particle handling during interception feeding by four species of heterotrophic nanoflagellates. - J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47: 350-358.
13. BOENIGK, J. & ARNDT, H. (2000b): Comparative studies on the feeding behaviour of two heterotrophic nanoflagellates: the filter-feeding choanoflagellate Monosiga ovata and the raptorial-feeding kinetoplastid Rhynchomonas nasuta. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 22: 243-249.
14. _ (2002): Bacterivory by heterotrophic flagellates: community structure and feeding strategies. - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81: 465-480.
15. BOENIGK, J., ARNDT, H. & CLEVEN, E.-J. (2001): The problematic nature of fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB) in Spumella feeding experiments - an explanation by using video microscopy. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 152: 329-338.
16. BOERSMA, M. & VIJVERBERG, J. (1994): Seasonal variations in the condition of two Daphnia species and their hybrid in a eutrophic lakes: Evidence for food limitation under field conditions. - J. Plankton Res. 16: 1793-1809.
17. BRETT, M. T. & MULLER-NAVARRA, D. C. (1997): The role of highly unsaturated fatty acids in aquatic food-web processes. - Freshwat. Biol. 38: 483-499.
18. BRETT, M. T., MULLER-NAVARRA, D. C. & PARK, S.-K. (2000): Empirical analysis of the effect of phosphorus limitation on algal food quality for freshwater zooplankton. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 45: 1564-1575.
19. CAROTENUTO, Y. & LAMPERT, W. (2004): Ingestion and incorporation of freshwater diatoms by Daphnia pulicaria: do morphology and oxylipin production matter? - J. Plankton Res. 26: 563-569.
20. CLEVEN, E.-J. (1996): Indirectly fluorescently labelled flagellates (IFLF): a tool to estimate the predation on free-living heterotrophic flagellates. - J. Plankton Res. 18: 429-442.
21. DE MEESTER, L. (1996): Local genetic differentiation and adaptation in freshwater zooplankton populations: patterns and processes. - Ecoscience 3: 385-399.
22. DE MEESTER, L., VANOVERBEKE, J., DE GELAS, K., ORTELLS, K. & SPAAK, P. (2006): Genetic structure of cyclic parthenogenetic zooplankton populations - a conceptual framework. - Arch Hydrobiol. 167: 217-244, this issue.
23. DEMOTT, W. R., GULATI, R. D. & SIEWERTSEN, K. (1998): Effects of phosphorus-deficient diets on the carbon and phosphorus balance of Daphnia magna. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 43: 1147-1161.
24. DINI, F. & NYBERG, D. (1993): Sex in ciliates. - In: JONES, J. G. (ed.): Advances in Microb. Ecol., vol. 13 - Plenum Press, New York, London, pp. 129-144.
25. FOISSNER, W. (2005): The unusual, Lepidosome-coated resting cyst of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora: Oligotrichea): Transmission electron microscopy and phylogeny. - Acta Protozool. 44: 217-230.
26. FOISSNER, W., BERGER, H. & SCHAUMBURG, J. (1999): Identification and ecology of limnetic plankton ciliates. - Bayerisches Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft, Munich, pp. 1-793.
27. FOISSNER, W., MÜLLER, H. & WEISSE, T. (2005): The unusual, Lepidosome-coated resting cyst of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora: Oligotrichea): Light and scanning electron microscopy, cytochemistry. - Acta Protozool. 44: 201-215.
28. GAEDKE, U. & STRAILE, D. (1994): Seasonal changes of the quantitative importance of protozoans in a large lake. An ecosystem approach using mass-balanced carbon flow diagrams. - Mar. Microb. Food Webs 8: 163-188.
29. _ (1998): Daphnids: Keystone species for the pelagic food web structure and energy flow. - A body size-related analysis linking seasonal changes at the population and ecosystem levels. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 53: 587-610.
30. GAEDKE, U., STRAILE, D. & PAHL-WOSTL, C. (1995): Trophic structure and carbon flow dynamics in the pelagic community of a large lake. - In: POLIS, G. & WINEMILLER, K. (eds): Food Webs: Integration of Pattern and Dynamics - Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 60-71.
31. GAUSE, G. J. (1934): The struggle for existence. - Williams and Wilkins Baltimore. Reprinted edition, Hafner, New York, 1964, pp. 1-163.
32. GELLER, W., BERBEROVIC, U., GAEDKE, U., MÜLLER, H., PAULI, H.-R., TILZER, M. M. & WEISSE, T. (1991): Relations among the components of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton during the seasonal cycle 1987 in Lake Constance. - Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24: 831-836.
33. GIEBELHAUSEN, B. & LAMPERT, W. (2001): Temperature reaction norms of Daphnia magna: the effect of food concentration. - Freshwat. Biol. 46: 281-289.
34. GILBERT, J. J. (1989): The effect of Daphnia interference on a natural rotifer and ciliate community: Short-term bottle experiments. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 34: 606-617.
35. _ (1994): Jumping behavior in the oligotrich ciliates Strobilidium velox and Halteria grandinella and its significance as a defense against rotifers. - Microb. Ecol. 27: 189-200.
36. GILBERT, J. J. & JACK, J. D. (1993): Rotifers as predators on small ciliates. - Hydrobiologia 255/256: 247-253.
37. GISMERVIK, I. (2005): Numerical and functional responses of choreo- and oligotrich planktonic ciliates. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 40: 163-173.
38. GLIWICZ, Z. M. (1990): Food threshold and body size in cladocerans. - Nature 343: 638-640.
39. _ (2003 a): Between hazards of starvation and risk of predation: The ecology of off-shore animals. - Excellence in ecology, Book 12, International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, pp. 1-379.
40. _ (2003 b): Zooplankton. - In: O'SULLIVAN, P. & REYNOLDS, C. S. (eds): The lakes handbook, vol. 1. - Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 461-516.
41. GLIWICZ, Z. M. & BOAVIDA, M. J. (1996): Clutch size and body size at first reproduction in Daphnia pulicaria at different levels of food and predation. - J. Plankton Res. 18: 863-880.
42. GROVER, J. P. & CHRZANOWSKI, T. H. (2006): Stoichiometry and growth kinetics in the "smallest zooplankton" - phagotrophic flagellates. - Arch Hydrobiol. 167: 467-487, this issue.
43. GÜDE, H. (1988): Direct and indirect influences of crustacean Zooplankton on bacterioplankton of Lake Constance. - Hydrobiologia 159: 63-73.
44. GÜDE, H. & GRIES, T. (1998): Phosphorus fluxes in Lake Constance. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 53: 505-544.
45. GULATI, R. D. & DEMOTT, W. R. (1997): The role of food quality for zooplankton: Remarks on the state-of-the-art, perspectives and priorities. - Freshwat. Biol. 38: 753-768.
46. HAIRSTON, N. G. J. (1996): Zooplankton egg banks as biotic reservoirs in changing environments. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 1087-1092.
47. HAIRSTON, N. G. J., LAMPERT, W., CACERES, C. E., HOLTMEIER, C. L., WEIDER, L. J., GAEDKE, U., FISCHER, J. M., Fox, J. A. & POST, D. M. (1999): Rapid evolution revealed by dormant eggs. - Nature 401: 446.
48. HAUSMANN, K. & BRADBURY, P. C. (eds) (1996): Ciliates: cells as organisms - G. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp. 1-485.
49. HEBERT, P. D. N. (1974 a): Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. II. Genotypic frequencies in permanent populations. - Genetics 77: 323-334.
50. _ (1974 b): Ecological differences between genotypes in natural populations of Daphnia magna. - Heredity 33: 327-337.
51. HESSEN, D. O., ALSTAD, N. E. W. & SKARDAL, L. (2000): Ca limitation in Daphnia magna. - J. Plankton Res. 22: 553-568.
52. HOCHSTÄDTER, S. (1997): Erstellung und Analyse von Phosphornahrungsnetzen im pelagischen Kreislaufs des Bodensees. - Hartung-Gorre Verlag, Konstanz, pp. 1-158.
53. HUEY, R. B. & KINGSOLVER, J. G. (1989): Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 131-135.
54. JACK, J. D. & GILBERT, J. J. (1993): Susceptibilities of different-sized ciliates to direct suppression by small and large cladocerans. - Freshwat. Biol. 29: 19-29.
55. _ (1997): Effects of metazoan predators on ciliates in freshwater plankton communities. - J. Euk. Microbiol. 44: 194-199.
56. JEONG, H. J., SHIM, J. H., LEE, C. W., KIM, J. S. & KOH, S. M. (1999): Growth and grazing rates of the marine planktonic ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. on red-tide and toxic dinoflagellates. - J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46: 69-76.
57. JEYASINGH, P. D. & WEIDER, L. J. (2005): Phosphorus availability mediates plasticity in life-history traits and predator-prey interactions in Daphnia. - Ecol. Lett. 8: 1021-1028.
58. JONSSON, P. R. (1986): Particle size selection, feeding rates and growth dynamics of marine plankton oligotrichous ciliates (Ciliophora: Oligotrichina). - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 33: 265-277.
59. JÜRGENS, K. (1994): Impact of Daphnia on planktonic microbial food webs - A review. - Mar. Microb. Food Webs 8: 295-324.
60. JÜRGENS, K. & GÜDE, H. (1991): Seasonal changes in the grazing impact of phagotrophic flagellates on bacteria in Lake Constance. - Mar. Microb. Food Webs 5: 27-37.
61. JÜRGENS, K. & ŠIMEK, K. (2000): Functional response and particle size selection of Halteria cf. grandinella, a common freshwater oligotrichous ciliate. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 22: 57-68.
62. JÜRGENS, K., SKIBBE, O. & JEPPESEN, E. (1999): Impact of metazooplankton on the composition and population dynamics of planktonic ciliates in a shallow, hypertrophic lake. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 17: 61-75.
63. KRAINER, K.-H. & MÜLLER, H. (1995): Morphology, infraciliature and ecology of a new planktonic ciliate, Histiobalantium bodamicum n. sp. (Scuticociliatida: Histiobalantiidae). - Eur. J. Protistol. 31: 389-395.
64. KUSCH, J. (1998): Local and temporal distribution of different genotypes of pond-dwelling Stentor coeruleus. - Protist 149: 147-154.
65. KUSCH, J. & HECKMANN, K. (1996): Population structure of Euplotes ciliates revealed by RAPD fingerprinting. - Ecoscience 3: 378-384.
66. KUSCH, J., WELTER, H., STREMMEL, M. & SCHMIDT, H. J. (2000): Genetic diversity in populations of a freshwater ciliate. - Hydrobiologia 431: 185-192.
67. LAMPERT, W. (1977 a): Studies on the carbon balance of Daphnia pulex de Geer as related to environmental conditions. III. Production and production efficiency. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 48: 336-360.
68. _ (1977 b): Studies on the carbon balance of Daphnia pulex de Geer as related to environmental conditions. IV. Determination of the "threshold" concentration as a factor controlling the abundance of zooplankton species. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 48: 361-368.
69. _ (1978 a): Release of dissolved organic carbon by grazing zooplankton. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 831-834.
70. _ (1978 b): Climatic conditions and planktonic interactions as factors controlling the regular succession of spring algal blooms and extremely clear water in Lake Constance. - Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20: 969-974.
71. _ (1985): Food limitation and the structure of zooplankton communities. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 21: 1-497.
72. _ (2006): Daphnia: Model herbivore, predator and prey. - In: GLIWICZ, Z. M., MAZURKIEWICZ-BORON, G. & ROUEN, K. (eds): Reviewing European Freshwater Sciences, 2005 - Pol. J. Ecol. (in press).
73. LAMPERT, W. & SCHOBER, U. (1978): Das regelmäßige Auftreten von Frühjahrsalgen-Maximum und "Klarwasserstadium" im Bodensee als Folge von klimatischen Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Phyto- und Zooplankton. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 82: 364-386.
74. LARSSON, P. & WEIDER, L. J. (1995): Cladocera as model organisms in biology. - Dev. Hydrobiol. 107: 1-307.
75. LAYBOURN-PARRY, J. (1992): Protozoan plankton ecology. - Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 1-231.
76. LENNON, J. T., SMITH, V. H. & WILLIAMS, K. (2001): Influence of temperature on exotic Daphnia lumholtzi and implications for invasion success. - J. Plankton Res. 23: 425-433.
77. LINDSTRÖM, E. S., WEISSE, T. & STADLER, P. (2002): Enumeration of small ciliates in culture by flow cytometry and nucleic acid staining. - J. Microbiol. Meth. 49: 173-182.
78. _ (2003): Live sorting and survival of unstained and DAPI-stained ciliates by flow cytometry. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 157: 173-184.
79. LYNN, D. H. (1996): Systematics of ciliates. - In: HAUSMANN, K. & BRADBURY, P. C. (eds): Ciliates: cells as organisms - G. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp. 51-72.
80. MARIE, D., SIMON, N. & VAULOT, D. (2005): Phytoplankton cell counting by flow cytometry. - In: ANDERSEN, R. A. (ed.): Algal culturing techniques - Elsevier/Academic Press, pp. 145-155.
81. MITCHELL, S. E., HALVES, J. & LAMPERT, W. (2004): Coexistence of similar genotypes of Daphnia magna in intermittent populations: response to thermal stress. - Oikos 106: 469-478.
82. MITCHELL, S. E. & LAMPERT, W. (2000): Temperature adaptation in a geographically widespread zooplankter, Daphnia magna. - J. Evol. Biol. 13: 371-382.
83. MONTAGNES, D. J. S. (1996): Growth responses of planktonic ciliates in the genera Strobilidium and Strombidium.-Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 130: 241-254.
84. MONTAGNES, D. J. S., BERGER, J. D. & TAYLOR, F. J. R. (1996): Growth rate of the marine planktonic ciliate Strombidinopsis cheshiri Snyder and Ohman as a function of food concentration and interclonal variability. - J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 206: 121-132.
85. MONTAGNES, D. J. S., KIMMANCE, S. A. & ATKINSON, D. (2003): Using Q10: Can growth rates increase linearly with temperature? - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 32: 307-313.
86. MONTAGNES, D. J. S. & LESSARD, E. J. (1999): Population dynamics of the marine planktonic ciliate Strombidinopsis multiauris: its potential to control phytoplankton blooms. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 20: 167-181.
87. MONTAGNES, D. J. S. & WEISSE, T. (2000): Fluctuating temperatures affect growth and production rates of planktonic ciliates. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 21: 97-102.
88. MÜLLER, H. (1989): The relative importance of different ciliate taxa in the pelagic food web of Lake Constance. - Microb. Ecol. 18: 261-273.
89. _ (1991): Pseudobalanion planctonicum (Ciliophora, Prostomatida): ecological significance of an algivorous nanociliate in a deep meso-eutrophic lake. - J. Plankton Res. 13: 247-262.
90. _ (1996): Encystment of the freshwater ciliate Pelagostrombidium fallax (Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) in laboratory culture. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 11: 289-295.
91. _ (2002): Laboratory study of the life cycle of a freshwater strombidiid ciliate. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 29: 189-197.
92. MÜLLER, H., FOISSNER, W. & WEISSE, T. (2006): The role of soil in the life cycle of Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora: Oligotrichea): experiments with two clonal strains from the type locality, an astatic meadow pond. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 42: 199-208.
93. MÜLLER, H. & GELLER, W. (1993): Maximum growth rates of aquatic ciliated protozoa: the dependence on body size and temperature reconsidered. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 126: 315-327.
94. MÜLLER, H. & SCHLEGEL, A. (1999): Responses of three freshwater planktonic ciliates with different feeding modes to cryptophyte and diatom prey. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 17: 49-60.
95. MÜLLER, H., SCHÖNE, A., PINTO-COELHO, R. M., SCHWEIZER, A. & WEISSE, T. (1991): Seasonal succession of ciliates in Lake Constance. - Microb. Ecol. 21: 119-138.
96. MÜLLER, H., STADLER, P. & WEISSE, T. (2002): Seasonal dynamics of cyst formation of strombidiid ciliates in alpine Lake Mondsee, Austria. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 29: 181-188.
97. MÜLLER, H. & WEISSE, T. (1994): Laboratory and field observations on the scuticociliate Histiobalantium from the pelagic zone of Lake Constance, FRG. - J. Plankton Res. 16: 391-401.
98. MÜLLER, H. & WÜNSCH, C. (1999): Seasonal dynamics of cyst formation of pelagic strombidiid ciliates in a deep prealpine lake. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 17: 37-47.
99. MÜLLER-NAVARRA, D. C. (2006): The nutritional importance of ω-poly unsaturated fatty acids and their use as trophic markers: Does it contradict? - Arch Hydrobiol. 167: 501-513, this issue.
100. MÜLLER-NAVARRA, D. C., BRETT, M. T., LISTON, A. M. & GOLDMAN, C. R. (2000): A highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers. - Nature 403: 74-77.
101. MÜLLER-NAVARRA, D. C. & LAMPERT, W. (1996): Seasonal patterns of food limitation in Daphnia galeata: separating food quantity and food quality effects. - J. Plankton Res. 18: 1137-1157.
102. NANNEY, D. L. (1980): Experimental ciliatology. - Wiley, New York, pp. 1-303.
103. NANNEY, D. L., COOPER, L. E., SIMON, E. M. & WHITT, G. S. (1980): Isozymic characterization of three mating groups of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex. - J. Protozool. 27: 451-459.
104. NANNEY, D. L., MEYER, E. B., SIMON, E. M. & PREPARATA, R.-M. (1989): Comparison of ribosomal and isozymic phylogenies of tetrahymenine ciliates. - J. Protozool. 36: 1-8.
105. ORCUTT, J. D. & PORTER, K. G. (1984): The synergistic effects of temperature and food concentration on life history parameters of Daphnia. - Oecologia 63: 300-306.
106. PACE, M. L. & VAQUÉ, D. (1994): The importance of Daphnia in determining mortality rates of protozoans and rotifers in lakes. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 985-996.
107. PORTER, K. G., PEARL, H., HODSON, R., PACE, M., PRISCU, J., RIEMANN, B., SCAVIA, D. & STOCKNER, J. (1988): Microbial interactions in lake foodwebs. - In: CARPENTER, S. R. (ed.): Complex Interactions in Lake Communities - Springer, Berlin, pp. 234-255.
108. PRESCOTT, D. M. (2000): Genome gymnastics: unique modes of DNA evolution and processing in ciliates. - Nat. Rev. Genet. 1: 191-198.
109. RECKERMANN, M. & COLIJN, F. (eds) (2000): Aquatic flow cytometry: achievements and prospects. - Sci. Mar. 64: 117-268.
110. ROTHHAUPT, K. O. (1990): Population growth rates of two closely related rotifer species: effects of food quantity, particle size, and nutritional quality. - Freshwat. Biol. 23: 561-570.
111. SANDERS, R. W. & PORTER, K. G. (1990): Bacterivorous flagellates as food resources for the freshwater crustacean zooplankter Daphnia ambigua. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 188-191.
112. SANDERS, R. W., PORTER, K. G., BENNETT, S. J. & DEBIASE, A. E. (1989): Seasonal patterns of bacterivory by flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, and cladocerans in a freshwater plankton community. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 34: 673-687.
113. SAUNDERS, P. A., PORTER, K. G. & TAYLOR, B. E. (1999): Population dynamics of Daphnia spp. and implications for trophic interactions in a small, monomictic lake. - J. Plankton Res. 21: 1823-1845.
114. SCHEFFER, M., STRAILE, D., VAN NES, E. H. & HOSPER, H. (2001): Climate warming causes regime shifts in lake food webs. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 1780-1783.
115. SCHWENK, K., JUNTTILA, P., RAUTIO, M., BASIANSEN, F., KNAPP, J., DOVE, O., BILLIONES, R. & STREIT, B. (2004): Ecological, morphological, and genetic differentiation of Daphnia (Hyalodaphnia) from the Finnish and Russian subarctic. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 49: 532-539.
116. SHAPIRO, H. M. (2000): Microbial analysis at the single-cell level: tasks and techniques. - J. Microbiol. Methods 42: 3-16.
117. ŠIMEK, K., HARTMAN, P., NEDOMA, J., PERNTHALER, J., SPRINGMANN, D., VRBA, J. & PSENNER, R. (1997): Community structure, picoplankton grazing and zooplankton control of heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a eutrophic reservoir during the summer phytoplankton maximum. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 12: 49-63.
118. ŠIMEK, K., JÜRGENS, K., COMERMA, M., ARMENGOL, J. & NEDOMA, J. (2000): Ecological role and bacterial grazing of Halteria spp.: small freshwater oligotrichs as dominant pelagic ciliate bacterivores. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 22: 43-56.
119. ŠIMEK, K., MACEK, M., PERNTHALER, J., STRASKRABOVA, V. & PSENNER, R. (1996): Can freshwater planktonic ciliates survive on a diet of picoplankton? - J. Plankton Res. 18: 597-613.
120. ŠIMEK, K., MACEK, M., SEDA, J. & VYHNÁLEK, V. (1990): Possible food chain relationships between bacterioplankton, protozoans, and cladocerans in a reservoir. - Internat. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 75: 583-596.
121. SIMON, M., TILZER, M. M. & MÜLLER, H. (1998): Bacterioplankton dynamics in a large mesotrophic lake: I. Abundance, production and growth control. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 143: 385-407.
122. SKOGSTAD, A., GRANSKOG, L. & KLAVENESS, D. (1987): Growth of freshwater ciliates offered planktonic algae as food. - J. Plankton Res. 9: 503-512.
123. SOMERO, G. N., DAHLHOFF, E. & LIN, J. J. (1996): Stenotherms and eurytherms: mechanisms establishing thermal optima and tolerance ranges. - In: JOHNSTON, I. A. & BENNETT, A. F. (eds): Animals and temperature: phenotypic and evolutionary adaptation - University Press, Cambridge, pp. 53-78.
124. SOMMER, U. (ed.) (1989): Plankton ecology: succession in plankton communities. - Brock/Springer series in contemporary bioscience, Springer, Berlin, pp. 1-369.
125. SOMMER, U., GLIWICZ, Z. M., LAMPERT, W. & DUNCAN, A. (1986): The PEG-model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in fresh waters. - Arch. Hydrobiol. 106: 433-471.
126. SONNEBORN, T. M. (1937): Sex, sex inheritance and sex determination in Paramecium aurelia. - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 23: 378-385.
127. _ (1957): Breeding systems, reproductive methods, and species problems in protozoa. - In: MAYR, E. (ed.): The species problem - American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, pp. 155-324.
128. STELZER, C.-P. (1998): Population growth in planktonic rotifers. Does temperature shift the competitive advantage for different species? - Hydrobiologia 387/388: 349-353.
129. STEMBERGER, R. S. & GILBERT, J. J. (1985 a): Assessment of threshold food levels and population growth in planktonic rotifers. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 21: 269-275.
130. _ (1985 b): Body size, food concentration, and population growth in planktonic rotifers. - Ecology 66: 1151-1159.
131. _ (1987): Rotifer threshold food concentrations and the size-efficiency hypothesis. - Ecology 68: 181-187.
132. STENSON, J. A. E. & SVENSSON, J.-E. (1995): Food quality and population densities in Asplancha priodonta. - Limnologica 25: 43-47.
133. STERNER, R. W. (1989): The role of grazers in phytoplankton succession. - In: SOMMER, U. (ed.): Plankton Ecology. - Springer, Berlin, pp. 337-364.
134. _ (1993): Daphnia growth on varying quality of Scenedesmus - mineral limitation of zooplankton. - Ecology 74: 2351-2360.
135. STERNER, R. W., CLASEN, J., LAMPERT, W. & WEISSE, T. (1998): Carbon:phosphorus stoichiometry and food chain production. - Ecol. Lett. 1: 146-150.
136. STERNER, R. W. & ELSER, J. J. (2002): Ecological stoichiometry. - Princeton University Press, Princeton.
137. STERNER, R. W. & SCHULTZ, K. L. (1998): Zooplankton nutrition: recent progress and a reality check. - Aquat. Ecol. 32: 261-279.
138. STOECK, T. & SCHMIDT, H. J. (1998): Fast and accurate identification of European species of the Paramecium aurelia complex by RAPD-fingerprints. - Microb. Ecol. 35: 311-317.
139. STOECK, T., WELTER, H., SEITZ-BENDER, D., KUSCH, J. & SCHMIDT, H. J. (2000): ARDRA and RAPD-fingerprinting reject the sibling species concept for the ciliate Paramecium caudatum (Ciiophora, Protoctista). -Zool. Scr. 29: 75-82.
140. STRAILE, D. (1995): Die saisonale Entwicklung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufes im pelagischen Nahrungsnetz des Bodensees - Eine Analyse von massenbilanzierten Flußdiagrammen mit Hilfe der Netzwerktheorie. - Hartung-Gorre Verlag, Konstanz, pp. 1-143.
141. _ (1997): Gross growth efficiencies of protozoan and metazoan zooplankton and their dependence on food concentration, predator-prey weight ratio, and taxonomic group. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 42: 1375-1385.
142. _ (1998): Biomass allocation and carbon flow in the pelagic food web of Lake Constance. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 53: 545-563.
143. _ (2000): Meteorological forcing of plankton dynamics in a large and deep continental European lake. - Oecologia 122: 44-50.
144. STRAILE, D. & ADRIAN, R. (2000): The North Atlantic Oscillation and plankton dynamics in two European lakes - two variations on a general theme. - Glob. Change Biol. 6: 663-670.
145. STRAILE, D. & GELLER, W. (1998): Crustacean zooplankton in Lake Constance from 1920 to 1995: Response to eutrophication and re- oligotrophication. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Iss. Advanc. Limnol. 53: 255-274.
146. TIROK, K. & GAEDKE, U. (2006): Spring weather determines the relative importance of ciliates, rotifers and crustaceans for the initiation of the clear-water phase in a large, deep lake. - J. Plankton Res. 28: 361-373.
147. VAQUÉ, D. & PACE, L. M. (1992): Grazing on bacteria by flagellates and cladocerans in lakes of contrasting food-web structure. - J. Plankton Res. 14: 307-321.
148. VON ELERT, E. (2002): Determination of limiting polyunsaturated fatty acids in Daphnia galeata using a new method to enrich food algae with single fatty acids. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 1764-1773.
149. WEIDER, L. J. (1993): A test of the "general-purpose" genotype hypothesis: Differential tolerance to thermal and salinity stress among Daphnia clones. - Evolution 47: 965-969.
150. WEIDER, L. J., HOBÆK, A., CREASE, T. J. & STIBOR, H. (1996): Molecular characterization of clonal population structure and biogeography of arctic apomictic Daphnia from Greenland and Iceland. - Mol. Ecol. 5: 107-118.
151. WEISSE, T. (1990): Trophic interactions among heterotrophic microplankton, nanoplankton and bacteria in Lake Constance. - Hydrobiologia 191: 111-122.
152. _ (1991): The annual cycle of heterotrophic freshwater nanoflagellates: role of bottom-up versus top-down control. - J. Plankton Res. 13: 167-185.
153. _ (1997): Growth and production of heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a mesoeutrophic lake. - J. Plankton Res. 19: 703-722.
154. WEISSE, T. (2002): The significance of inter- and intraspecific variation in bacterivorous and herbivorous protists. - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81: 327-341.
155. _ (2003): Pelagic microbes - Protozoa and the microbial food web. In: O'SULLIVAN, P. & REYNOLDS, C. S. (eds): The lakes handbook, vol. 1 - Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 417-460.
156. _ (2004): Meseres corlissi: a rare oligotrich ciliate adapted to warm water and temporary habitats. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 37: 75-83.
157. _ (2006): Biodiversity of freshwater microorganisms - achievements, problems, and perspectives. - In: GLIWICZ, Z. M., MAZURKIEWICZ-BORON, G. & ROUEN, K. (eds): Reviewing European Freshwater Sciences, 2005 - Pol. J. Ecol. (in press).
158. WEISSE, T. & FRAHM, A. (2002): Direct and indirect impact of two common rotifer species (Keratella spp.) on two abundant ciliate species (Urotricha furcata, Balanion planctonicum). - Freshwat. Biol. 47: 53-64.
159. WEISSE, T., KARSTENS, N., MEYER, V. C. M., JANKE, L., LETTNER, S. & TEICHGRÄBER, K. (2001): Niche separation in common prostome freshwater ciliates: the effect of food and temperature. - Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 26: 167-179.
160. WEISSE, T. & LETTNER, S. (2002): The ecological significance of intraspecific variation among freshwater ciliates. - Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 28: 1880-1884.
161. WEISSE, T. & MCISAAC, E. A. (2000): Significance and fate of bacterial production in oligotrophic lakes in British Columbia. - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 96-105.
162. WEISSE, T. & MÜLLER, H. (1998): Planktonic protozoa and the microbial food web in Lake Constance. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Advanc. Limnol. 53: 223-254.
163. WEISSE, T., MÜLLER, H., PINTO-COELHO, R. M., SCHWEIZER, A., SPRINGMANN, D. & BALDRINGER, G. (1990): Response of the microbial loop to the phytoplankton spring bloom in a large prealpine lake. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 781-794.
164. WEISSE, T. & RAMMER, S. (2006): Pronounced ecophysiological clonal differences of two common freshwater ciliates, Coleps spetai (Prostomatida) and Rimostrombidium lacustris (Oligotrichida), challenge the morphospecies concept. - J. Plankton Res. 27: 55-63.
165. WEISSE, T. & STADLER, P. (2006): Effect of pH on growth, cell volume, and production of freshwater ciliates, and implications for their distribution. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: 1708-1715.
166. WEISSE, T., STADLER, P., LINDSTRÖM, E. S., KIMMANCE, S. A. & MONTAGNES, D. J. S. (2002): Interactive effect of temperature and food concentration on growth rate: A test case using the small freshwater ciliate Urotricha farcta. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 1447-1455.
167. WICKHAM, S. A. (1998): The direct and indirect impact of Daphnia and cyclops on a freshwater microbial food web. - J. Plankton Res. 20: 739-755.
168. WICKHAM, S. A. & GILBERT, J. J. (1991): Relative vulnerabilities of natural rotifer and ciliate communities in cladocerans: laboratory and field experiments. - Freshwat. Biol. 26: 77-86.