Sexual violence during war and forced migration

Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 173-199

  Leaning, Jennifer ^a   Bartels, Susan ^b   Mowafi, Hani ^b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958096503     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2825-9_9     Document Type: Chapter

References (64)

1. Alvarado M, Paul B. (2007) "Involving men on the Thai-Burma border." Forced Migration Review 27:56"57.
2. Amnesty International. (2004a) "Marked for death", rape survivors living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda. [cited January 14, 2007]; Available from: http://web. amnesty. org/library/pdf/AFR470072004ENGLISH/File/AFR4700704. pdf
3. Amnesty International. (2004b) "Sudan, Darfur: Rape as a weapon of war " sexual violence and its consequences." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://web. amnesty. org/library/pdf/AFR540762004ENGLISH/File/ AFR5407604. pdf
4. Amnesty International. (2000) "Sierra Leone: rape and other forms of sexual violence against girls and women." [cited January 14, 2007]; Available from: http://web. amnesty. org/library/pdf/AFR510352000ENGLISH/File/ AFR5103500. pdf.
5. Amowitz L, Reis C, Hare Lyons K, Vann B, Mansaray B, Akinsulure-Smith A, et al. (2002) "Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone." Journal of the American Medical Association 287:513.
6. Askin K. (2003) "Prosecuting wartime rape and other gender-related crimes under international law: extraordinary advances, enduring obstacles." Berkeley Journal of International Law 21:288"349.
7. Beevor A. (2003) The fall of Berlin 1945: Penguin.
8. Brownmiller S. (1975) Against our will: men, women, rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
9. Carpenter RC. (2006) "Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations." Security Dialogue; 37:83"103.
10. Chang I. (1997) The rape of Nanking: the forgotten holocaust of World War II. New York: Basic Books.
11. de Jong K, Mulhem M, Ford N, Van der Kam S, Kleber R. (2000) "The trauma of war in Sierra Leone." The Lancet; 355(9220):2067
12. Depoortere E, Checchi F, Broillet F, Gerstl S, Minetti A, Gayraud O, et al. (2004) "Violence and mortality in West Darfur, Sudan (2003"2004): epidemiological evidence from four surveys." The Lancet; 364(9442):1290.
13. Drug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, (eds. ) (2002) "World report on violence and health." Geneva: World Health Organization.
14. Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements 6: 3516 Article 27; August 12, 1949.
15. Gingerich T, Leaning J. (2004) "The use of rape as a weapon of war in the conflict in Darfur, Sudan." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://www. physiciansforhumanrights. org/library/documents/reports/the-use-of- rape-as-a-weapon. pdf
16. Goodwin J. (2004) "Silence = rape." The Nation March 8 [cited January 8, 2007]; Available from: http://www. thenation. com/doc/20040308/ goodwin
17. Hampton T. (2005) "Agencies speak out on rape in Darfur." Journal of the American Medical Association; 294(5):542.
18. Holleufer G, Briton N, Leaning J. (2001) "Report on people on war. Overview and country reports prepared for the International Committee of the Red Cross." Francois Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, unpublished.
19. Human Rights Watch (June 11, 2008) "Congolese Women Appeal to the UN Security Council to Help End Sexual Violence" http://www. hrw. org/pub/2008/women/sec. coun. women. drc. en. pdf
20. Human Rights Watch (2005) "D. R. Congo: Tens of Thousands Raped, Few Prosecuted" Available at: http://www. hrw. org/english/docs/2005/03/07/ congo10258. htm
21. Human Rights Watch. (2004) "Struggling to survive: barriers to justice for rape victims in Rwanda." Human Rights Watch;16(10(A)).
22. Human Rights Watch. (2003) "We-ll kill you if you cry: sexual violenceintheSierraLeoneconflict."[citedJanuary14,2007];Availablefrom:http: //hrw.org/reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103.pdf.
23. Human Rights Watch. (2002) "The war within the war " sexual violence against women and girls in Eastern Congo." [cited January 8, 2007]; Available from: http://www. hrw. org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602. pdf
24. Human Rights Watch. (2001) "Sexual violence within the Sierra Leone Conflict." [cited January 14, 2007]; Available from: http://www. hrw. org/backgrounder/africa/sl-bck0226. htm
25. Human Rights Watch. (1996) "Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath." [cited January 14, 2007]; Available from: http://www. hrw. org/backgrounder/eca/kos0510. htm
26. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (December 2001) "Report: The Responsibility to Protect." International Development Research Centre. Ottawa, Canada.
27. International Committee of the Red Cross. (2004) "Women and war." ICRC, Geneva.
28. International Committee of the Red Cross (June 8, 1977a) "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)." 1125 United States Treaty Series 3.
29. International Committee of the Red Cross (June 8, 1977b) "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflict (Protocol II)." 1125 United States Treaty Series 609.
30. International Criminal Court (1998) "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, " entered into force July 1, 2002, United Nations Document A/CONF. 183. 9.
31. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, (October 10, 2002) Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladic: Indictment(IT-95-5/18-I, paras. 25a and 34b.
32. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, (April 28, 2000) Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic: Judgement, para. 17b.
33. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, (September 2, 1998) Prosecutor v. Akayesu: JudgementICTR-96-4-T, para. 688 and 731.
34. International Rescue Committee. "Special Report: Congo." http://www. theirc. org/special -report/congo-forgotten-crisis. html'gclid=CKzAh4Ol4ZYCFQETGgodjjGDOQ
35. Kellah A. T. (2007) "Establishing services in post-conflict Sierra Leone." Forced Migration Review 27:53.
36. Kirchner S. (06 Aug 2007) "DR Congo: Hell on earth " systematic rape in Eastern Congo" The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. http://www. reliefweb. int/rw/rwb. nsf/db900sid/AMMF-75XDCR"OpenDocument
37. Klot J. , DeLargy P. (2007) "Sexual violence and HIV/AIDS transmission." Forced Migration Review 27:23"24.
38. Lebrun C, Derderian K. (2007) "Creating safe spaces: lessons from South Africa and Burundi." Forced Migration Review 27:50"51.
39. Lindsey C. (October 2001) "Women facing war. ICRC study of the impact of armed conflict on women." International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva 51"65.
40. Loncar M, Medved V, Jovanovic N, Ljubomir H. (2006) "Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991"1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Croatian Medical Journal 47:67"75.
41. LowryC.(2007)"Women-scentres:spacesofempowermentinDarfur. "ForcedMigrationReview27:43.
42. Medecins Sans Frontieres. (2005) "The crushing burden of rape " sexual violence in Darfur." [cited January 3, 2007].
43. Medecins Sans Frontieres (2004a) Emergency in Darfur, Sudan: noreliefinsight.[citedJanuary14,2007];Availablefrom:http://www. doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2004/darfur-06-2004.pdf.
44. Medecins Sans Frontieres. (2004b) " "I have no joy, no peace of mind" " Medical, psychological and socio-economic consequences of sexualviolenceinEasternDRC."[citedJanuary3,2007];Availablefrom:http://www. doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2004/sexualviolence-2004.pdf.
45. Office of the Chief of Staff (1863) "Instructions for the Government of the United States in the field by order of the Secretary of War." War Department No 467, Washington, DC.
46. Patrick E. (2007) "Sexual violence and firewood collection in Darfur." Forced Migration Review 27:40"41.
47. Physicians for Human Rights. (2006) "Darfur: Assault on survival. A call for security, justice and restitution." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://www. physiciansforhumanrights. org/library/documents/ reports/darfur-assault-on-survival. pdfPhysicians for
48. Human Rights. (2002) "War-related sexual violence in Sierra Leone: a population based assessment." [cited January 13, 2007]; Available from: http://www. physiciansforhumanrights. org/library/documents/reports/sexual- violence-sierra-leone. pdf
49. Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study (September 2008) "Report from Exploratory Seminar on Gender-Based Violence in War." Forthcoming.
50. Reseau des Femmes pour un Developpement Associatif, Reseau des Femmes pour la Defense des Droit et la Paix, International Alert. (2005) "Women-s bodies as a battleground: sexual violence against women and girls during the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo." [cited February 24, 2009]; Available from: http://www. internationalalert. org/pdf/sexual-violence-congo-english. pdf ReportoftheSecretaryGeneralonProtectionofCiviliansinWar.(28November2005)S/ 2005/740.
51. Rodriguez C. (2007) "Sexual violence in South Kivu, Congo." Forced Migration Review 27.
52. Rumble L, Mehta S. B. (2007) "Assisting children born of sexual exploitation and abuse." Forced Migration Review 27:20"21.
53. Shanks L, Schull M. J. (2000) "Rape in war: the humanitarian response." [CMAJ]163:1152"1156. Canadian Medical Association Journal
54. Social Science Research Council (2005) "Methods and systems for the assessment and monitoring of sexual violence andexploitationinconflictsituations."[citedJanuary27,2007];Availablefrom: http://www.ssrc.org/programs/HIV/publications/SVE-Report.pdf.
55. Swiss S, Giller J. (1993) "Rape as a crime of war: a medical perspective." Journal of the American Medical Association; 270(5): 612-615.
56. Thomas K. (2007) "Sexual violence: weapon of war." Forced Migration Review 27:15"16.
57. United Nations General Assembly. (29 January 2001) "The role of diamonds in fueling conflict." UN A/RES/55/56. United Nations, New York.
58. US State Department. (2004) "Documenting Atrocities in Darfur." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://www. state. gov/g/drl/rls/36028. htm
59. UN News Center (2006) "Annan welcomes extension of African Union mission in Darfur." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://www. un. org/apps/news/story. asp"NewsID=19948&Cr=sudan&Cr1
60. UN News Center (2003) "Humanitarian and security situations in western Sudan reach new lows, UN agency says." [cited January 3, 2007]; Available from: http://www. un. org/apps/news/storyAr. asp"NewsID= 9094&Cr=sudan&Cr1=#
61. Women for Women International (2008) "Notes from the field: Paralyzed by fear " women hope for the violence to end." News from women in Goma, Congo. November 19, 2008. http://wfwnotesfromthefield. wordpress. com/tag/rape/
62. Women for Women International (2008) "Voice of America: Both women and men victims of rape in Eastern DRC. November 26, 2008. Goma." http://www. womenforwomen. org/globalinitiatives-helping-women/help-women-congo. php
63. Women forWomen International (2008) "Crisis in Congo:Women as weapons of war", (November 26, 2008) [Transcript of Voice of America interview by Joe De Capua with Christine Karumba, country director of Women for Women].
64. http://www. voanews. com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-26-voa57. cfm"CFID=124530468&CFTOKEN=32913462&jsessionid= 883090a3546f0095b20f186f4f6c456a6b49.