The invention of sustainability

Modern Intellectual History

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 153-170

  Warde, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 79958082829     PISSN: 14792443     EISSN: 14792451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1479244311000096     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. H. C. von Carlowitz, Sylvicultura oeconimica (Leipzig, 1713);
2. P.-M. Steinsiek, Nachhaltigkeit auf Zeit. Waldschutz im Westharz vor 1800 (Münster, 1999), 78.
3. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford, 1987). See http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm.
4. See discussions in J. Sieglerschmidt, "Die virtuelle Landwirtschaft derHausväterliteratur", in R. P. Sieferle and H. Brueninger, eds., Natur-Bilder. Wahrnehmungen von Natur und Umwelt in der Geschichte (Frankfurt a.M, 1999), 223-54;
5. A. McRae, God Speed the Plough. The Representation of Agrarian England, 1500-1660 (Cambridge, 1996);
6. G. E. Fussell, The Old English FarmingBooks fromFitzherbert toTull 1523-1730 (London, 1949);
7. M.Ambrosoli, The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1350-1850 (Cambridge, 1997).
8. C. von Heresbach, Foure bookes of husbandry, trans. B. Googe (London, 1577), iv-v.
9. See Sieglerschmidt, "Die virtuelle Landwirtschaft".
10. C. Estienne, Maison rustique, or The countrey farme, trans R. Surflet, revised G. Markham (London, 1616), 1-2.
11. J. Fitzherbert, The boke of husbandry (1533), 71;
12. T. Tusser, Fiue hundred pointes of good husbandrie (London, 1573), 7v.-12v.
13. Estienne, Maison rustique, 24.
14. G. Markham, Markhams farwell to husbandry (London, 1620).
15. Markham, Markhams farwell, 1620, 7-8;
16. idem, The English husbandman (London, 1635), 95.
17. Sir H. Plat, The iewell house of art and nature (London, 1594), 3.
18. Plat, The iewell house, 14-5.
19. Fitzherbert, Boke of husbandry, 23;
20. Ambrosoli, The Wild and the Sown, 231.
21. C. Webster, The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform, 1626-1660 (London, 1975).
22. Sir R.Weston, A Discours of Husbandrie Used in Brabant and Flanders (London, 1650), 15.
23. Weston, Discours of husbandrie, 16-9.
24. W. Blith, The English improver improved (London, 1652), 17.
25. J. Worlidge, Systema agriculturae (London, 1669), 179.
26. T. Nourse, Campania Foelix (London, 1706), 37.
27. J. O. Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton, 1978), 69-70.
28. G. Plattes cited in Webster, The Great Instauration, 356-7.
29. S. Hartlib, The compleat husband-man (London, 1659), 80-81.
30. M. H. Nicolson, Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory. The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (Ithaca, 1959), 233-70;
31. S. Schaffer, "The Earth's Fertility as a Social Fact in Early Modern Britain", in M. Teich, R. Porter and B. Gustafsson, eds., Nature and Society in Historical Context (Cambridge, 1997), 131-4;
32. C. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley, 1967), 408-11.
33. N.Meurer, VomforstlicherOberherrligkeit und Gerechtigkeit (Pforzheim, 1560);
34. N.Meurer, Jag und Forstrecht (Frankfurt a.M, 1576).
35. See, for example, P. Warde, "Fear of Wood Shortage and the Reality of the Woodland in Europe, c.1450-1850", HistoryWorkshop Journal 62 (2006), 28-57;
36. A. Corvol, "La décadence des forêts. Leitmotiv", inA.Corvol, La forêt malade.Debats anciens et phénomènes nouveaux XVIIe-XXe siècles (Paris, 1994), 3-17.
37. Warde, "Fear ofWood Shortage", 42.
38. Henry VIII c.17;W. Harrison, An historical description of the Island of Britain (London, 1577), 91;
39. A. Standish, The commons complaint (London, 1611), 1.
40. See also idem, New directions of experience (London, 1614).
41. Meurer, Jag und Forstrecht, 5;
42. P. Warde, Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 2006), 325.
43. Standish, New directions, 2.
44. J. Evelyn, Sylva, or, A discourse of forest-trees (London, 1664), 111.
45. For a German example see K. Mantel, Forstgeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts unter dem Einfluß der Forstordnungen und Noe Meurers (Hambrurg, 1980), 70.
46. Evelyn, Sylva;
47. Worlidge, Systema, f.4v.
48. On the leasing of the Crown estates see R. Hoyle, ed., The Estates of the English Crown, 1558-1640 (Cambridge, 1992);
49. on coal use see P. Warde, Energy Consumption in England and Wales, 1560-2000 (Naples, 2007).
50. From Seckendorff's Der Christen Staat of 1685, cited in A. W. Small, The Cameralists: The Pioneers of German Social Policy (New York, 1909), 48;
51. see also K. Tribe, Governing Economy: The Reformation of German Economic Discourse 1750-1840 (Cambridge, 1989).
52. There is a voluminous literature on these matters. See for example W. Schenk, Waldnuztung, Waldzustand und regionale Entwicklung in vorindustrieller Zeit im mittleren Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1996);
53. U. E. Schmidt, Der Wald in Deutschland im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (Saarbrücken, 2002);
54. L. Sporhan and W. Stromer, "Die Nadelholzsaat in den Nürnberger Reichswäldern zwischen 1469 und 1600", Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie 17 (1969), 79.
55. H. E. Lowood, "The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany", in T. Frangsmäyer, J. L. Heilbron and R. R. Rider, eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), 315-42.
56. J. H. G. von Justi, Politische und Finanzschriften über wichtige Gegenstände der Stattskunst, der Kriegswissenschaften und des Cameral- und Finanzwesens (Kopenhagen und Leipzig, 1761), 440-44.
57. Fussell, The Old English Farming Books, 82-111;
58. idem, More Old English Farming Books from Tull to the Board of Agriculture, 1731 to 1793 (London, 1950), 1-12;
59. D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History (London, 1976), 16.
60. See Bradley's Dictionary of National Biography entry at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3189.
61. W. Ellis, Chiltern and vale farming explained (London, 1733), 48, 372.
62. R. Bradley, A General Treatise of Agriculture (London, 1757), 97;
63. T. Hale, A compleat body of husbandry (London, 1758), 107.
64. J. Tull, Horse-hoeing husbandry (London, 1732)
65. Hale, A compleat body of husbandry, 84;
66. see Schaffer, "Earth's Fertility", 133.
67. A. D. Young, Rural oeconomy (London, 1770), 2-4. Young was an extraordinarily prolific author and by no means trod the same narrow line in all of his works.
68. See G. E. Mingay, Arthur Young and His Times (London, 1975);
69. J. G. Gazeley, The Life of Arthur Young 1741-1820 (Philadelphia, 1973).
70. Albrecht Thaer, The Principles of Agriculture, trans. W. Shaw (London, 1844), 3, 232-3.
71. For an account of the interaction of chemistry and agriculture, see A. Clow and N. L. Clow, The Chemical Revolution: A Contribution to Social Technology (New York, 1952), 458-502.
72. Young, Rural oeconomy, 12.
73. Mingay, Arthur Young, 13.
74. Thaer, Principles of Agriculture, 24, 130-33, 138-9, 141.
75. R.-P. Sieferle, The Subterranean Forest: Energy Systems and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 2001).
76. J. G. von Thünen, Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonmie (Rostock, 1842), 243, 49-56, 83-7, 123, 56, 71-80.
77. J. von Liebig, Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie (Braunschweig, 1862), 135.
78. H. Rubner, Forstgeschichte im Zeitalter der industriellen Revolution (Berlin, 1967), 126, 142.
79. W. H. Brock, Justus von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper (Cambridge, 2002);
80. also see dedication in Liebig, Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung.
81. Thaer, Principles of Agriculture, 336;
82. D.Woodward, "'Gooding the Earth': Manuring Practices in Britain 1500-1800", in S. Foster and T. C. Smout, The History of Soils and Field Systems (Aberdeen, 1994), 106.
83. Farmer, An essay on the theory of agriculture (London, 1760), 5, 47.