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Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 28-57

Fear of wood shortage and the reality of the Woodland in Europe, c.1450-1850

(1)  Warde, Paul a  

a NONE

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EID: 33750052271     PISSN: 13633554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dbl009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (109)

References (193)
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  • 3
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    • 'Von einen Rheinländer'
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    • Marx, as note 1, pp. 119-24.
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  • 10
    • 84982538727 scopus 로고
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  • 11
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    • 'The Price of Energy in Europe, 1400-1600'
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    • c.17
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  • 29
    • 0008666636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • ed. Keith Kirby and Carl Watkins, Wallingford
    • Joep Dirkx, 'Wood-pasture in Dutch Common Woodlands and the Deforestation of the Dutch Landscape', in The Ecological History of European Forests, ed. Keith Kirby and Carl Watkins, Wallingford, 1998, p. 53
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    • 'Scottish Woods and Sustainable Use'
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    • 'La crise de combustible dans l'industrie polonaise, au tournant du XVIe et XVIIe siècles'
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  • 34
    • 33750082484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Forests and Forestry Culture in Tuscany in the 18th and 19th centuries'
    • Local estimates however suggest that some of the Mediterranean lands were rather more wooded than is commonly thought: ed. Mauro Agnoletti and Steve Anderson, Wallingford
    • Local estimates however suggest that some of the Mediterranean lands were rather more wooded than is commonly thought: Paolo Nanni, 'Forests and Forestry Culture in Tuscany in the 18th and 19th centuries', in Methods and Approaches in Forest History, ed. Mauro Agnoletti and Steve Anderson, Wallingford, 2000, pp. 81-3.
    • (2000) Methods and Approaches in Forest History , pp. 81-83
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  • 37
    • 0002309565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende - en miljöhistorisk undersökning av den svenska eken under 1700- och 1800-talen'
    • Per Eliasson and Sven G. Nilsson, 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende - en miljöhistorisk undersökning av den svenska eken under 1700- och 1800-talen', Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift 37, 1999, p. 36
    • (1999) Bebyggelsehistorisk Tidskrift , vol.37 , pp. 36
    • Eliasson, P.1    Nilsson, S.G.2
  • 38
    • 33750050076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Espaces et paysages forestiers du nord-ouest de la France du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècles: L'apport de la biogéographique historique'
    • ed. Cavaciocchi
    • Jean-Jacques Dubois, 'Espaces et paysages forestiers du nord-ouest de la France du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècles: L'apport de la biogéographique historique', in L'uomo e la foresta, ed. Cavaciocchi, p. 270.
    • L'uomo E La Foresta , pp. 270
    • Dubois, J.-J.1
  • 40
    • 33750059278 scopus 로고
    • 'The LCC Burns Journal: A Manuscript Notebook containing Workings for several Projected Works'
    • ed. Peter Laslett, Farnborough
    • Gregory King, 'The LCC Burns Journal: A Manuscript Notebook containing Workings for several Projected Works', in Pioneers of Demography: The Earliest Classics, ed. Peter Laslett, Farnborough, 1973, p. 201
    • (1973) Pioneers of Demography: The Earliest Classics , pp. 201
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  • 45
    • 33750073937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende'
    • Eliasson and Nilsson, 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende'.
    • Eliasson1    Nilsson2
  • 54
    • 33750042059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Wood-Fuel Economy of eighteenth century England'
    • ed. Cavaciocchi
    • Edward John T. Collins, 'The Wood-Fuel Economy of eighteenth century England', in L'uomo e la foresta, ed. Cavaciocchi, p. 1,109.
    • L'uomo E La Foresta
    • Collins, E.J.T.1
  • 56
    • 33750084497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • c.17
    • 35 Henry VIII c.17
    • Henry VIII , vol.35
  • 68
    • 33750043862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Über Entwicklungs- und Verbreitungslinien der Forstwissenschaft und der Baumzucht in Nordwest Europa 1400-1800'
    • ed. Cavaciocchi
    • Jaap Buis, 'Über Entwicklungs- und Verbreitungslinien der Forstwissenschaft und der Baumzucht in Nordwest Europa 1400-1800', in L'uomo e la foresta, ed. Cavaciocchi, pp. 726-8
    • L'uomo E La Foresta , pp. 726-728
    • Buis, J.1
  • 70
    • 33750054207 scopus 로고
    • Markovitch gives a total yield of 22,610 tonnes a year for France in the 1780s, implying between 44.35 and 50.25 million cubic metres, or yields as high as five cubic metres per hectare. Rubner gives only 2.2 rm (raummeter) in the nineteenth century, or 1.32 cubic metres per hectare
    • Markovitch gives a total yield of 22,610 tonnes a year for France in the 1780s, implying between 44.35 and 50.25 million cubic metres, or yields as high as five cubic metres per hectare. Rubner gives only 2.2 rm (raummeter) in the nineteenth century, or 1.32 cubic metres per hectare. House of Commons Journal 43, 1788, p. 584
    • (1788) House of Commons Journal , vol.43 , pp. 584
  • 77
    • 33750079980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmidt provides the most recent general estimate of around two and a half to five cubic metres of solid timber per person per year, an estimate I would consider far too high. His work however provides an extensive selection of examples: 304, 29, 86, 124, 137, 178, 223, 244
    • Schmidt provides the most recent general estimate of around two and a half to five cubic metres of solid timber per person per year, an estimate I would consider far too high. His work however provides an extensive selection of examples: Schmidt, Der Wald in Deutschland, pp. 304, 29, 86, 124, 137, 178, 223, 244, 250, 364.
    • Der Wald in Deutschland , vol.250 , pp. 364
    • Schmidt1
  • 78
    • 33750070114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the other estimates on which this observation is based, see A572 Bü 25; A572 Bü 29; A227 Bü 1122
    • For the other estimates on which this observation is based, see Haupstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, A572 Bü 25; A572 Bü 29; A227 Bü 1122
    • Stuttgart, H.1
  • 80
    • 33750062971 scopus 로고
    • 'Le projet de flottage des Bois d'Évreux en 1725'
    • in Jean-Louis Biget, Jean Boissière and Jean-Claude Hervé, Fontenay/Saint-Cloud
    • Jean-François Belhoste, 'Le projet de flottage des Bois d'Évreux en 1725', in Jean-Louis Biget, Jean Boissière and Jean-Claude Hervé, Le bois et la ville du moyen age au XXe siècle, Fontenay/ Saint-Cloud, 1991, pp. 15-16
    • (1991) Le Bois Et La Ville Du Moyen Age Au XXe Siècle , pp. 15-16
    • Belhoste, J.-F.1
  • 81
    • 33750068685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'L'apprivisionnement en bois de chauffage d'une capitale provinciale au XVIIIe siècle. Le cas de Besançon'
    • in Biget, Boissière and Hervé
    • François Vion-Delphin, 'L'apprivisionnement en bois de chauffage d'une capitale provinciale au XVIIIe siècle. Le cas de Besançon', in Biget, Boissière and Hervé, Le bois et la ville, pp. 51-74
    • Le Bois Et La Ville , pp. 51-74
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  • 86
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    • 'Und immer wieder starben die Wälder; Ökosystem Wald, Waldnutzung und Energiewirtschaft in der Geschichte'
    • ed. Jörg Calliess, Jörn Rüsen, and Meinfried Striegnitz, Pfaffenweiler
    • Rolf-Jürgen Gleitsmann, 'Und immer wieder starben die Wälder; Ökosystem Wald, Waldnutzung und Energiewirtschaft in der Geschichte', in Mensch und Umwelt in der Geschichte, ed. Jörg Calliess, Jörn Rüsen, and Meinfried Striegnitz, Pfaffenweiler, 1989, p. 202
    • (1989) Mensch Und Umwelt in Der Geschichte , pp. 202
    • Gleitsmann, R.-J.1
  • 87
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    • 'Der Wald: Wirtschaftliche Grundlage der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt'
    • ed. Bernd Herrmann, Stuttgart
    • Ernst Schubert, 'Der Wald: Wirtschaftliche Grundlage der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt', in Mensch und Umwelt im Mittelalter, ed. Bernd Herrmann, Stuttgart, 1987, p. 61
    • (1987) Mensch Und Umwelt Im Mittelalter , pp. 61
    • Schubert, E.1
  • 95
    • 33750078788 scopus 로고
    • On local fuel supplies, see
    • On local fuel supplies, see House of Commons Journal 47, 1792, pp. 328-30
    • (1792) House of Commons Journal , vol.47 , pp. 328-330
  • 96
    • 33750090792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Wood-Fuel Economy'
    • Collins, 'The Wood-Fuel Economy', p. 1,107.
    • , vol.1 , pp. 107
    • Collins1
  • 98
    • 33750079979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal communication
    • Mar Rubio, personal communication
    • Rubio, M.1
  • 99
    • 33750067785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Energy Consumption in Italy in the last two centuries'
    • Unpublished paper
    • Paolo Malanima, 'Energy Consumption in Italy in the last two centuries', Unpublished paper, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Malanima, P.1
  • 100
    • 33750067785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Energy Consumption in Italy in the last two centuries'
    • Unpublished paper
    • Malanima, as previous note.
    • (2005)
    • Malanima1
  • 103
    • 33750064057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Price of Energy in Europe'
    • For data on energy prices, see
    • For data on energy prices, see Allen, 'The Price of Energy in Europe', p. 479
    • Allen1
  • 104
    • 33750066747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Woodland Fuel, Demand and Supply'
    • c.1500-c.1850, ed. John Langton and Graham Jones, Oxford
    • Paul Warde, 'Woodland Fuel, Demand and Supply', in Forests and Chases of England and Wales, c.1500-c.1850, ed. John Langton and Graham Jones, Oxford, 2005, pp. 80-6.
    • (2005) Forests and Chases of England and Wales , pp. 80-86
    • Warde, P.1
  • 105
    • 33750043285 scopus 로고
    • 'Aspekte der Ressourcenpolitik in historischer Sicht'
    • Rolf Jürgen Gleitsmann, 'Aspekte der Ressourcenpolitik in historischer Sicht', Scripta Mercaturae 15, 1981, pp. 33-89.
    • (1981) Scripta Mercaturae , vol.15 , pp. 33-89
    • Gleitsmann, R.J.1
  • 107
    • 33750075836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Salz und Kohle: Die Salinenbetriebe bei Inna in Westfalen als Förderer des märkischen Steinkohlenbergbaus im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert'
    • ed. Ekkehard Westermann, Stuttgart
    • Michael Fessner, 'Salz und Kohle: Die Salinenbetriebe bei Inna in Westfalen als Förderer des märkischen Steinkohlenbergbaus im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert', in Vom Bergbau- zum Industrierevier, ed. Ekkehard Westermann, Stuttgart, 1996, pp. 51-74
    • (1996) Vom Bergbau- Zum Industrierevier , pp. 51-74
    • Fessner, M.1
  • 109
    • 2342645556 scopus 로고
    • 'Europaïsches Eisen - Produktion-Verarbeitung-Handel (Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis ins 18. Jahrhundert)'
    • Estimates of the fuel consumption of iron production vary very greatly, partly because of the variable quality of the ore, level of processing, and efficiency of furnaces. Thus estimates can only be approximate. See ed. Helmut Kellenbenz, Cologne
    • Estimates of the fuel consumption of iron production vary very greatly, partly because of the variable quality of the ore, level of processing, and efficiency of furnaces. Thus estimates can only be approximate. See Helmut Kellenbenz, 'Europaïsches Eisen - Produktion-Verarbeitung-Handel (Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis ins 18. Jahrhundert)', in Schwerpunkte der Eisengewinnung und Eisenverarbeitung in Europea 1500-1650, ed. Helmut Kellenbenz, Cologne, 1974, pp. 397-452
    • (1974) Schwerpunkte Der Eisengewinnung Und Eisenverarbeitung in Europea 1500-1650 , pp. 397-452
    • Kellenbenz, H.1
  • 114
    • 84886057748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Blei und Holz für den Saalfelder Bergbau in der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts'
    • ed. Ekkehard Westermann, Stuttgart
    • Wieland Held, 'Blei und Holz für den Saalfelder Bergbau in der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts', in Bergbaureviere als Verbrauchszentrum, ed. Ekkehard Westermann, Stuttgart, 1997, pp. 85-109
    • (1997) Bergbaureviere Als Verbrauchszentrum , pp. 85-109
    • Held, W.1
  • 115
    • 0002791030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Early Modern Economic Growth: A Survey of the European Economy, 1500-1800'
    • other estimates of iron production are cited ed. Maarten Prak, London
    • other estimates of iron production are cited Jan Luiten van Zanden, 'Early Modern Economic Growth: A Survey of the European Economy, 1500-1800', in Early Modern Capitalism, ed. Maarten Prak, London 2000, p. 80.
    • (2000) Early Modern Capitalism , pp. 80
    • van Zanden, J.L.1
  • 116
    • 0002791030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Early Modern Economic Growth: A Survey of the European Economy, 1500-1800'
    • other estimates of iron production are cited ed. Maarten Prak, London
    • van Zanden, as previous note.
    • (2000) Early Modern Capitalism , pp. 80
    • van Zanden1
  • 117
    • 33750039279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Charcoal Iron Industry and its Fuel'
    • Hammersley, 'The Charcoal Iron Industry and its Fuel'
    • Hammersley1
  • 122
    • 33750086134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Early Modern Economic Growth'
    • van Zanden, 'Early Modern Economic Growth', p. 80.
    • van Zanden1
  • 124
    • 33750047016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Law, Forest Resources and Management of Territory in the late middle ages: Woodlands in Tuscan Municipal Statutes'
    • ed. Agnoletti and Anderson
    • Salvestrini, 'Law, Forest Resources and Management of Territory in the late middle ages: Woodlands in Tuscan Municipal Statutes', in Methods and Approaches in Forest History, ed. Agnoletti and Anderson, p. 280
    • Methods and Approaches in Forest History , pp. 280
    • Salvestrini1
  • 125
    • 33750042352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Les communautés d'habitants et l'approvisionnement énergetique: Les combustibles ligneux'
    • ed. Cavaciocchi
    • Andrée Corvol-Dessert, 'Les communautés d'habitants et l'approvisionnement énergetique: Les combustibles ligneux', in Economia ed energia, ed. Cavaciocchi, pp. 738-64.
    • Economia Ed Energia , pp. 738-764
    • Corvol-Dessert, A.1
  • 129
    • 33750053951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Law, Forest Resources and Management of Territory'
    • Salvestrini, 'Law, Forest Resources and Management of Territory', pp. 286-8
    • Salvestrini1
  • 130
    • 84937342530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Inventing Nature: Forests, Forestry and State Power in Renaissance Venice'
    • Karl Appuhn, 'Inventing Nature: Forests, Forestry and State Power in Renaissance Venice', Journal of Modern History 72, 2000, pp. 871-2
    • (2000) Journal of Modern History , vol.72 , pp. 871-872
    • Appuhn, K.1
  • 134
    • 33750061112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Autres regards, autres perspectives'
    • in Corvol
    • Andrée Corvol, 'Autres regards, autres perspectives', in Corvol, La forêt malade, p. 35
    • La Forêt Malade , pp. 35
    • Corvol, A.1
  • 135
    • 33750040948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'La décadence des forêts. Leitmotiv'
    • in Corvol
    • Andrée Corvol, 'La décadence des forêts. Leitmotiv', in Corvol, La forêt malade, pp. 7-8.
    • La Forêt Malade , pp. 7-8
    • Corvol, A.1
  • 136
    • 33750069538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • c.17
    • 35 Henry VIII c.17
    • Henry VIII , vol.35
  • 137
    • 33750040949 scopus 로고
    • 'Landlords in England'
    • ed. Joan Thirsk, Cambridge 271
    • Christopher Clay, 'Landlords in England', in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, ed. Joan Thirsk, vol. 4, Cambridge, 1967, pp. 271, 677-8.
    • (1967) The Agrarian History of England and Wales , vol.4 , pp. 677-678
    • Clay, C.1
  • 142
    • 33750061111 scopus 로고
    • Jag Und Forstrecht. Das Ist: Undericht Chur: Und Fürstlicher Land, Auch Graff Und Herrschafften Und Anderen Obrigkeiten, Gebiet, Von Verhawung Und Widerhawung Der Wäld Und Gehöltz, Auch Den Wildtbänen, Fischereyen
    • Frankfurt am Main
    • Noé MeuUer, Jag und Forstrecht. Das ist: Undericht Chur: und Fürstlicher Land, auch Graff und Herrschafften und anderen Obrigkeiten, Gebiet, von verhawung und widerhawung der Wäld und Gehöltz, Auch den Wildtbänen, Fischereyen, und was solchen anhangt, wie die nach Kesyerlichen und Fürslichem gemeinen Rechten Gebrauch und gelegenheit, in guter Ordnung zu halten, und in besser form anzurichten, Frankfurt am Main, 1576
    • (1576)
    • Meurer, N.1
  • 147
    • 33750065501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Les communautés'
    • Corvol, 'Les communautés', p. 740.
    • Corvol1
  • 150
    • 33750073937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende'
    • Eliasson and Nilsson, 'Rättat efter skogarnes auftagende', pp. 46-51
    • Eliasson1    Nilsson2
  • 153
    • 33750056475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Und immer wieder'
    • Gleitsmann, 'Und immer wieder', p. 191.
    • Gleitsmann1
  • 155
    • 33750075835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Wirtschaftliches Wachstum und Holzmangel im bergisch-märkischen Gewerberaum vor der Industrialisierung'
    • Burkhard Dietz, 'Wirtschaftliches Wachstum und Holzmangel im bergisch-märkischen Gewerberaum vor der Industrialisierung', http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~MW/Hardenstein/Dietz.htm, pp. 6-8.
    • Dietz, B.1
  • 159
  • 160
    • 0003060341 scopus 로고
    • 'The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany'
    • in Tore Frangsmäyer, John L. Heilbron and Robin R. Rider, Oxford
    • Henry E. Lowood, 'The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany', in Tore Frangsmäyer, John L. Heilbron and Robin R. Rider, The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford, 1990, pp. 315-42.
    • (1990) The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century , pp. 315-342
    • Lowood, H.E.1
  • 163
    • 33750088772 scopus 로고
    • These figures have been calculated using government forestry statistics collected by Endres along with current estimates of woodland area, weighted by the proportion of woodland in each state, in part based on the observation that there is more variation between regions than between property types within each state. Berlin
    • These figures have been calculated using government forestry statistics collected by Endres along with current estimates of woodland area, weighted by the proportion of woodland in each state, in part based on the observation that there is more variation between regions than between property types within each state. Max Endres, Handbuch der Forstpolitik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gesetzgebung und Statistik, Berlin, 1905, pp. 94-110
    • (1905) Handbuch Der Forstpolitik Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung Der Gesetzgebung Und Statistik , pp. 94-110
    • Endres, M.1
  • 172
    • 33750044970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Forests and Forestry Culture in Tuscany'
    • Nanni, 'Forests and Forestry Culture in Tuscany', pp. 85-7.
    • Nanni1
  • 185
    • 33750072108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of use of wood of course varied and different figures are available. In the discussion on [p. 23 XX] above I have given figures tending to exaggerate wood consumption. Efficiency appears to have greatly increased over time. Here I have used English results. 156
    • The efficiency of use of wood of course varied and different figures are available. In the discussion on [p. 23 XX] above I have given figures tending to exaggerate wood consumption. Efficiency appears to have greatly increased over time. Here I have used English results. James, English Forestry, pp. 147-8, 156
    • English Forestry , pp. 147-148
    • James1
  • 193
    • 0003958437 scopus 로고
    • London throughout
    • William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question, London, 1906, pp. 15-39, throughout.
    • (1906) The Coal Question , pp. 15-39
    • Jevons, W.S.1


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