Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review

American Journal of Therapeutics

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Maharjan, Najindra ^a   Bedi, Updesh ^a   Arora, Rohit ^a   Bhandari, Sanjay ^a   Dahal, Pradeep ^a   Khosla, Sandeep ^a  

^a Chicago Medical School NCVAMC 133 B   (United States)

Author keywords

ALERT trial; cardiovascular outcomes; dyslipidemia; renal transplant recipients; statins

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RAPAMYCIN; SIMVASTATIN; TACROLIMUS; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CORONARY DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79958023303     PISSN: 10752765     EISSN: 15363686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181cec203     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Kundhal K, Lok CE. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2005;101:C47-C52. (Pubitemid 41208890)
2. Culleton BF, Larson MG,Wilson PW, et al. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 1999;56:2214-2219. (Pubitemid 30004750)
3. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:853-906. (Pubitemid 28516321)
4. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schvolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in cardiovascular disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108: 2154-2169. (Pubitemid 37337595)
5. Herbert PR, Gaziono JM, Chan KS, et al. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials. JAMA. 1997; 270:313-321. (Pubitemid 27339660)
6. Byington RP, Jukema JW, Salonen JT, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy. Pooled analysis of clinical events of the Pravastatin Atherosclerosis Intervention Program. Circulation. 1995;92:2419-2425.
7. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on the risk of coronary disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282:2340-2346. (Pubitemid 30013066)
8. Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Carinei F, et al. Meta-analysis, clinical trials and transferability of research results into practice. The case of cholesterol-lowering intervention in the secondary prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1158-1172. (Pubitemid 26196244)
9. Cheung AK, Sarnak MJ, Yan G, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2000;58:353-362. (Pubitemid 30429882)
10. Longenecker JC, Coresh J, Powe NR, et al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: the CHOICE study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1918-1927. (Pubitemid 34700618)
11. Arici M, Walls J. End stage renal disease, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality: is CRP the missing risk? Kidney Int. 2001;59:407-414.
12. Himmelforb J, Stenvinkel P, Ikizler TA, et al. The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in Uremia. Kidney Int. 2002;62: 1524-1538. (Pubitemid 35286260)
13. Ojo AO. Cardiovascular complications after renal transplantation and their prevention. Transplantation. 2006;82: 603-611. (Pubitemid 44403693)
14. Kasiske B, Cosio FG, Beto J, et al. National Kidney Foundation: Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients: a report from the Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease Work Group of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(Suppl 7):13-53. (Pubitemid 38436863)
15. de Mattos AM, Prather J, Olyaei AJ, et al. Cardiovascular events following renal transplantation: role of traditional and transplant-specific risk factors. Kidney Int. 2006;70: 757-764. (Pubitemid 44215352)
16. Jardine AG, Fellstrom B, Logan JO, et al. Cardiovascular risk and renal transplant: post hoc analyses of the assessment of Lescol renal transplantation (ALERT) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:529-536. (Pubitemid 41208190)
17. Vanrenterghem YF, Claes K, Montagnino G, et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular events after successful renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2008;85:209-216. (Pubitemid 351222383)
18. Kasiske BL. Risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Med. 1988;84:985-992.
19. Ducloux D, Kazory A, Chalopin JM. Predicting coronary heart disease in renal transplant recipients: a prospective study. Kidney Int. 2004;66:441-447. (Pubitemid 38870123)
20. Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T, et al. Atherogenic lipoprotein changes in the absence of hyperlipidemia in patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis. Atherosclerosis. 1997;131:229-236. (Pubitemid 27232445)
21. Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Nishitani H, et al. Impaired metabolism of high density lipoprotein in uremic patients. Kidney Int. 1992;41:1653-1661.
22. Hricik DE, Mayes JT, Schulak JA. Independent effects of cyclosporine and prednisone on post transplant hypercholesterolemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18:353-358.
23. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.
24. Rosenson RS, Stein JH. Lipoprotein (a) metabolism and approach to the patient with high lipoprotein (a) levels. In: Rose BD, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2005.
25. Zioncheck TF, Powell LM, Rice GC, et al. Interaction of recombinant apolipoprotein (a) and lipoprotein (a) with macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:767-771.
26. Levine DM, Gordon BR. Lipoprotein(a) levels in patients receiving renal replacement therapy: methodological issues and clinical implications. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995; 26:162-169.
27. Amann K, Neususs R, Ritz E, et al. Changes of vascular architecture independent of blood pressure in experimental uremia. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:409-417.
28. Tornig J, Amann K, Ritz E, et al. Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure: the effects of ramipril, nifedipine and moxonidine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:667-675. (Pubitemid 27465998)
29. Amann K, Wolf B, Nichols C, et al. Aortic changes in experimental renal failure: hyperplasia or hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells? Hypertension. 1997;29:770-775. (Pubitemid 27097983)
30. Tornig J, Gross ML, Simonaviciene A, et al. Hypertrophy of intramyocardial arteriolar smooth muscle cells in experimental renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:77-83. (Pubitemid 29034945)
31. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al. Coronaryartery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342:1478-1483. (Pubitemid 30318271)
32. Guerin AP, London GM, Marchais SJ, et al. Arterial stiffening and vascular calcifications in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1014-1021. (Pubitemid 30410374)
33. Raggi P, Boulay A, Chasan-Taber S, et al. Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:695-701. (Pubitemid 34158168)
34. Ahmed S, O'Neill KD, Hood, et al. Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:1267.
35. Moe SM, O'Neill KD, Duan D, et al. Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins. Kidney Int. 2002;61: 638-647. (Pubitemid 34102607)
36. Fukagawa M, Kazama JJ. The making of a bone in blood vessels: from the soft shell to the hard bone. Kidney Int. 2007;72:533-534. (Pubitemid 47312803)
37. Annuk M, Lind L, Linde T, et al. Impaired endothelium dependent vasodilatation in renal failure in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:302-306. (Pubitemid 32123918)
38. Annuk M, Zilmer M, Lind L, et al. Oxidative stress and endothelium function and chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2747-2752. (Pubitemid 33115422)
39. Passauer J, Pistrosch F, Bussemaker E, et al. Reduced agonist induced endothelium dependent vasodilatation in uremia is attributable to an impairment of vascular nitric oxide. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:959-965. (Pubitemid 41710306)
40. Valkonen VP, Paiva H, Salonen JT, et al. Risk of acute coronary events and serum concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine. Lancet. 2001;358:2127-2128. (Pubitemid 34094905)
41. Zocalli C, Bode-Boger S, Mallamaci F, et al. Plasma concentration of assymetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:2113-2117. (Pubitemid 34094901)
42. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, et al. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet. 1992;339:572-575.
43. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341: 410-418. (Pubitemid 29362514)
44. Whitney EJ, Krasuski RA, Personius BE, et al. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:95-104.
45. Byington RP, Jukema JW, Salonen JT, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy. Pooled analysis of clinical events of the Pravastatin Atherosclerosis Intervention Program. Circulation. 1995;92:2419-2425.
46. Park JW, Siekmeier R, Lattke P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluvastatin in heart transplant recipients taking cyclosporine A. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2001;6:351-361. (Pubitemid 34141820)
47. Olbricht C, Wanner C, Eisenhaver T, et al. Accumulation of lovastatin, but not pravastatin in the blood of cyclosporine treated kidney graft patients after multiple dose. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;62:311-321. (Pubitemid 27417797)
48. Hatanaka T. Clinical pharmacokinetics of pravastatin: mechanisms of pharmacokinetic events. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39:397-412. (Pubitemid 32099468)
49. Holdaas H, Fellström B, Jardine A, et al.Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2024-2031. (Pubitemid 36695044)
50. Arnadottir M, Eriksson LO, Germershausen JI, et al. Low-dose simvastatin is a well-tolerated and efficacious cholesterol-lowering agent in cyclosporin-treated kidney transplant recipients: double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study in 40 patients. Nephron. 1994;68:57-62. (Pubitemid 24251189)
51. Bill M, Paczek L, Gaciong Z, et al. Low dose lovastatin does not improve kidney allograft function during 6-month observation. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 1995;10:1061.
52. Cofan F, Gilabert R, Zambon D, et al. Effect of pravastatin treatment on the evolution of extracoronary atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients. Transpl Proc. 2002;34:384-388. (Pubitemid 34311722)
53. Holdaas H, Jardine A, Holme I, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on acute renal allograft rejection: a randomized multicentre trial. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1990-1997. (Pubitemid 33000006)
54. Katzenelson S, Wilkinson AH, Kobashigawa JA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on acute rejection after kidney transplantation-a pilot study. Transplantation. 1996;61: 1469-1474. (Pubitemid 26172708)
55. Kasiske BL, Heim-Duthoy KL, Singer GG. The effect of lipid-lowering agents on acute renal allograft rejection. Transplantation. 2001;72:223-227. (Pubitemid 32729338)
56. Kosch M, Barenbrock M, Suwelack B, et al. Effect of a 3-year therapy with the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutamyl coenzyme A reductase-inhibitor fluvastatin on endothelial function and distensibility of large arteries in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1088-1096. (Pubitemid 36532144)
57. Lepre F, Rigby R, Hawley C, et al. A double blind placebo controlled trial of simvastatin for the treatment of dyslipidemia in renal allograft recipients. Clin Transpl. 1999;13:520-525. (Pubitemid 30011430)
58. Matninez-Hernandez B, Persuad JW, Varghese Z, et al. Low dose simvastatin is safe in hyperlipidemic transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 1993;8:637-641. (Pubitemid 23231148)
59. Renders L, Mayer-Kadner I, Koch C. Efficacy and drug interactions of the new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors cerivastatin and atorvastatin in CsA-treated renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2001;16:141-146. (Pubitemid 32051488)
60. Sahu K, Sharma R, Gupta A. Effect of lovastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, on acute renal allograft rejection. Clin Transpl. 2001;15:173-175. (Pubitemid 32487443)
61. Santos AF, Keitel E, Bittar AE, et al. Safety and efficacy of simvastatin for hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Transpl Proc. 2001;33:1194-1195. (Pubitemid 32237809)
62. Tuncer M, Suleymanlar G, Ersoy FF, et al. Comparison of the effects of simvastatin and pravastatin on acute rejection episodes in renal transplant patients. Transpl Proc. 2000;32:622-625. (Pubitemid 30254431)
63. Baigent C, Landray M, Leaper C, et al. First United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-1) study: biochemical efficacy and safety of simvastatin and safety of low dose aspirin in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:473-484. (Pubitemid 40341326)
64. Castelao AM, Grino JM, Andreas E, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia after renal transplantation. Transpl Proc. 1993;25:1043-1046. (Pubitemid 23078889)
65. Navaneethan SD, Perkevic V, Johnson DW, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD005019.
66. Jardin AG, Holdaas H, Fellstrom BB. Fluvastatin prevents cardiac death and myocardial infarction in renal transplant recipients: post-hoc subgroup analysis of ALERT study. Am J Transpl. 2004;4:988-995. (Pubitemid 38745598)
67. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Cole E, et al. Long-term cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients receiving fluvastatin: the ALERT extension study. Am J Transpl. 2005;5: 2929-2936. (Pubitemid 43923954)
68. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardin AG. Beneficial effects of early initiation of lipid-lowering therapy following renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2005;20: 974-980. (Pubitemid 40704036)
69. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(Suppl 3):S1-S91.
70. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the third report of NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285: 2486-2497.