Mechanisms controlling seasonal mixed layer temperature and salinity in the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean

Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 77-93

  Halkides, Daria ^a,b   Lee, Tong ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Indian Ocean; Mixed layer budgets; Thermocline ridge

Indexed keywords

DIRECT RESPONSE; EKMAN TRANSPORT; INDIAN OCEAN; INTERANNUAL; MIXED LAYER; MIXED LAYER TEMPERATURE; MONSOON WINDS; OCEAN PROCESS; OCEAN-STATE ESTIMATION; PROCESS EFFECTS; SALINITY GRADIENTS; SEASONAL CYCLE; SUBSURFACE WATERS; SURFACE HEAT FLUXES; THERMOCLINE DEPTH; THERMOCLINE RIDGE; THERMOCLINE SHOALING; TIME-SCALES; TRANSITION PERIOD; TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN; VERTICAL ADVECTION; VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITY; VERTICAL MIXING; VERTICAL STRATIFICATION; WIND-DRIVEN VERTICAL MIXING;

ADVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; HEAT FLUX; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; STREAM FLOW; WIND;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

ADVECTION; EKMAN TRANSPORT; HEAT FLUX; MIXED LAYER; MONSOON; SALINITY; SEASONAL VARIATION; STRATIFICATION; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; THERMOCLINE; VERTICAL MIXING;

INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN (TROPICAL);

EID: 79958007913     PISSN: 03770265     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2011.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Annamalai H., Liu P., Xie S.-P. Southwest Indian Ocean SST variability: Its local effect and remote influence on Asian monsoons. J. Clim. 2005, 18:4150-4167.
2. Annamalai H., Okajima H., Watanabe M. Possible impact of the Indian Ocean SST on the northern-hemisphere circulation during El Nino. J. Clim. 2007, 20:3164-3189.
3. Antonov, J.I., Seidov, D., Boyer, T.P., Locarnini, R.A., Mishonov, A.V., Garcia, H.E., Baranova, O.K., Zweng, M.M., Johnson, D.R., 2010. World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 2: Salinity. Levitus, S. (Ed). NOAA Atlas NESDIS 69, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 184.
4. Barnier B., Siefridt L., Marchesiello P. Thermal forcing for a global ocean circulation model using a 3-year climatology of ECMWF analyses. J. Mar. Syst. 1995, 6:363-380.
5. Bonjean F., Lagerloef G.S.E. Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32(10):2938-2954.
6. Boyer, T.P., Levitus, S., 1998. Objective Analysis of Temperature and Salinity for the World Ocean on a 1/4° Grid, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 27, pp. 62.
7. Chang-Seng D., Jury M. Tropical cyclones in the SW Indian Ocean. Part 1: inter-annual variability and statistical prediction. Met. Atmos. Phys. 2010, 106(3-4):149-162.
8. Chang-Seng D., Jury M. Tropical cyclones in the SW Indian Ocean. Part 2: structure and impacts at the event scale. Met. Atmos. Phys. 2010, 106(3-4):163-178.
9. Chirokova G., Webster P.J. Interannual variability of Indian Ocean heat transport. J. Clim. 2006, 19(6):1013-1031.
10. da Silva, A., Young, A.C., Levitus, S., 1994. Atlas of Surface Marine Data. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1994.
11. Duvel J.P., Roca R., Vialard J. Ocean mixed layer temperature variations induced by intraseasonal convective perturbations over the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci. 2004, 61:1004-1023.
12. Foltz G., Vialard J., Kumar P., McPhaden M.J. Seasonal mixed layer heat balance of the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean. J. Clim. 2010, 23. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3268.1.
13. Fukumori I. A partitioned Kalman filter and smoother. Mon. Weather Rev. 2002, 130(5):1370-1383.
14. Gent P., McWilliams J. isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1990, 20:150-155.
15. Halkides D.J., Lee T. Mechanisms controlling seasonal-to-interannual mixed layer temperature variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. C02012, doi:10.1029/2008JC004949.
16. Halkides D.J., Han W., Lee T., Yukio Masumoto Effects of sub-seasonal variability on seasonal-to interannual Indian Ocean meridional heat transport. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34. L12605, doi:10.1029/2007GL030150.
17. Halkides, D.J., Lee, T., Kida, S., 2011. Mechanisms controlling seasonal mixed-layer temperature and salinity of the Indonesian Seas. Ocean Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0374-3.
18. Han W., Yuan D., Liu W.T., Halkides D.J. Intraseasonal variability of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature during boreal winter: Madden-Julian Oscillation versus submonthly forcing and processes. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. C04001, doi:10.1029/2006JC003791.
19. Harrison D.E., Vecchi G. January 1999 Indian Ocean cooling event. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:3717-3720.
20. Hermes J.C., Reason C.J.C. Annual cycle of the South Indian Ocean (Seychelles-Chagos) thermocline ridge in a regional ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. C04035, doi:10.1029/2007JC004363.
21. Jayakumar, A., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Gnanaseelan, C., McCreary, J.P., Kumar, P., 2010. Processes controlling the surface temperature signature of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean, Clim. Dynam., doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0953-5.
22. Jochum M., Murtugudde R. Internal variability of Indian Ocean SST. J. Clim. 2005, 18:3726-3738.
23. Johnson E.S., Bonjean F., Lagerloef G.S.E., Gunn J.T. Validation and error analysis of OSCAR sea surface currents. J. Atm. Ocean. Technol. 2007, 24:688-701.
24. Jury M.R., Pathack B., Parker B. Climatic determinants and statistical prediction of tropical cyclone days in the southwest Indian Ocean. J. Clim. 1999, 12:1738-1746.
25. Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R., et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 1996, 77:437-471.
26. Kessler W.S., Rothstein L.M., Chen D. The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific, diagnosed in an ocean GCM. J. Clim. 1998, 11:777-799. 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011.
27. Kim S.-B., Lee T., Fukumori I. The 1997-99 abrupt change of the upper ocean temperature in the northcentral Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31. L22304, doi:10.1029/2004GL021142.
28. Kim S.-B., Fukumori I., Lee T. The closure of the ocean mixed layer temperature budget using level-coordinate model fields. J. Ocean. Atmos. Technol. 2006, 23:840-853.
29. Kim S.-B., Lee T., Fukumori I. Mechanisms controlling the interannual variation of mixed layer temperature averaged over the NINO3 region. J. Clim. 2007, 20:3822-3843.
30. Large W.G., McWilliams J.C., Doney S.C. Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary-layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys. 1994, 32:363-403.
31. Lee T. Decadal weakening of the shallow overturning circulation in the South Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31. L18305, doi:10.1029/2004GL020884.
32. Lee T., Marotzke J. Seasonal cycles of meridional overturning and heat transport of the Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1998, 28:923-943.
33. Lee T., McPhaden M.J. Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35. L01605, doi:10.1029/2007GL032419.
34. Lee T., Fukumori I., Menemenlis D., Xing Z., Fu L.-L. Effects of the Indonesian through flow on the Pacific and Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:1404-1429.
35. Locarnini, R.A., Mishonov, A.V., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., Garcia, H.E., Baranova, O.K., Zweng, M.M., Johnson, D.R., 2010. World Ocean Atlas 2009, vol. 1: Temperature. Levitus, S., (Ed) NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 184.
36. Marshall J.C., et al. A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:5753-5766.
37. Masumoto Y., Meyers G. Forced Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(C12):27589-27602.
38. McCreary J.P., Kundu P.K., Molinari R.L. A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 1993, 31:181-244.
39. McCreary J.P., Murtugudde R., Vialard J., Vinayachandran P.N., Wiggert J.D., Hood R.R., Shankar D., Shetye S.R. Biophysical processes in the Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability 2009, 9-32. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. J.D. Wiggert, R.R. Hood, S.W.A. Naqvi, S.L. Smith, K.H. Brink (Eds.).
40. Mignot J., de Boyer Montégut C., Lazar A., Cravatte S. Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean: 2. Tropical areas. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. C10010, doi:10.1029/2006JC003954.
41. Murtugudde R., Busalacchi A.J. Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Clim. 1999, 12:2300-2326.
42. Murtugudde R., Signorini S.R., Christian J.R., et al. Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:18351-18366.
43. Paulson C.A., Simpson J.J. Irradiance measurements in the Upper Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1977, 7:952-956.
44. Perigaud C., Delecluse P. Annual sea level variations in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean from GEOSAT and shallow-water simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97(C12):20169-20178.
45. Perigaud C., Delecluse P. Interannual sea-level variations in the Tropical Indian Ocean from GEOSAT and shallow-water simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 23(9):1916-1934.
46. Resplandy L., Vialard J., Dandonneau Y., Aumont O., Levy M. Seasonal and intraseasonal biogeochemical variability in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:C07024. 10.1029/2008JC005246.
47. Saji N.H., Xie S.-P., Tam C.-Y. Satellite observations of intense intraseasonal cooling events in the tropical south Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33. L14704, doi:10.1029/2006GL026525.
48. Schiller A., Godfrey J.S. Indian Ocean Intraseasonal variability in an ocean general circulation model. J. Clim. 2003, 16:21-39.
49. Schott F.A., McCreary J.P. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 2001, 51:1-123.
50. Schott F.A., Xie S.-P., McCreary J.P. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Rev. Geophys. 2009, 47. RG1002, doi:10.1029/2007RG000245.
51. 2 difference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94:8292-8299.
52. Trenary L., Han W. Causes of decadal subsurface cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean during 1961-2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35. L17602, doi:10.1029/2008GL034687.
53. Vecchi, G.A., Harrison, D.E., 2004. Interannual Indian rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 247-260.
54. Vialard J., Foltz G.R., McPhaden M.J., et al. Strong Indian Ocean sea surface temperature signals associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation in late 2007 and early 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35. L19608, doi:10.1029/2008GL035238.
55. Vialard J., Duvel J.P., McPhaden M.J., et al. CIRENE air-sea interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge region. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2009, 90:45-61.
56. Vinayachandran P.N., Saji N.H. Mechanisms of South Indian Ocean intraseasonal cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L23607. 10.1029/2008GL035733.
57. Vosjan J.H., Siezen R.J. Relation between primary production and salinity of algal cultures. Neth. J. Sea Res. 1968, 4(1):11-20.
58. Waliser D., Murtugudde R., Lucas L. Indo-Pacific Ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability: 1. Austral summer and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(C5):3160. doi:10.1029/2002JC001620.
59. Wang L., Koblinsky C.J., Howden S. Annual Rossby wave in the Southern Indian Ocean: why does it " appear" to break down in the middle ocean?. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2001, 31:54-74.
60. Wiggert J.D., Vialard J., Behrenfeld M.J. Basin-wide modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes by the Indian Ocean Dipole. Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability 2009, 385-408. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. J.D. Wiggert, R.R. Hood, S.W.A. Naqvi, S.L. Smith, K.H. Brink (Eds.).
61. Woodberry K.E., Luther M.E., O'Brien J. The wind-driven seasonal circulation in the southern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:17985-18002.
62. Xie S.-P., Annamalai H., Schott F.A., McCreary J.P. Structure and mechanism of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J. Clim. 2002, 15:864-878.
63. Yokoi T., Tozuka T., Yamagata T. Seasonal variation of the Seychelles dome. J. Clim. 2008, 21:3740-3754. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1957.1.
64. Zhou L., Murtugudde R., Jochum M. Seasonal influence of Indonesian throughflow in the southwestern Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:1529-1541.