The annexin A2 system and vascular homeostasis

Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 54, Issue 3-6, 2011, Pages 59-67

  Flood, Elle C ^a   Hajjar, Katherine A ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Annexin A2; Endothelial cells; Fibrinolysis; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

FIBRIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; LIPOCORTIN 2; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RETINOIC ACID; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL SURFACE; CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS; DERIVATIZATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBRINOLYSIS; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR DISEASE; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANNEXIN A2; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; FIBRIN; FIBRINOLYSIN; FIBRINOLYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 79957955929     PISSN: 15371891     EISSN: 18793649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Andronicus N.M., Chen E.I., Baik N., Bai H., Parmer C.M., Kiosses W.B., Kamps M.P., Yates J.R., Parmer R.J., Miles L.A. Proteomics-based discovery of a novel, structurally unique, and developmentally regulated plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, a major regulator of cell surface plasminogen activation. Blood 2010, 115:1319-1330.
2. Arbuthnot C., Wilde J.T. Haemostatic problems in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Blood Rev. 2006, 20:289-297.
3. Beaton A.R., Rodriguez J., Reddy Y.K., Roy P. The membrane trafficking protein calpactin forms a complex with bluetongue virus protein NS3 and mediates virus release. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99:13154-13159.
4. Becker T., Weber K., Johnsson N. Protein-protein recognition via short amphiphilic helices; a mutational analysis of the binding site of annexin II for p11. EMBO J. 1990, 9:4204-4213.
5. Bellagamba C., Hubaishy I., Bjorge J.D., Fitzpatrick S.L., Fujita D.J., Waisman D.M. Tyrosine phosphorylation of annexin II tetramer is stimulated by membrane binding. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:3195-3199.
6. Blasi F., Conese M., Moller L.B., Pedersen N., Cavallaro U., Cubellis M.V., Fazioli F., Hernandez-Marrero L., Limongi P., Munoz-Canoves P., et al. The urokinase receptor: structure, regulation and inhibitor-mediated internalization. Fibrinolysis 1994, 8:182-188.
7. Brownstein C., Deora A.B., Jacovina A.T., Weintraub R., Gertler M., Faisal Khan K.M., Falcone D.J., Hajjar K.A. Annexin II mediates plasminogen-dependent matrix invasion by human monocytes: enhanced expression by macrophages. Blood 2004, 103:317-324.
8. Burger A., Berendes R., Liemann S., Benz J., Hofmann A., Gottig P., Huber R., Gerke V., Thiel C., Romisch J., et al. The crystal structure and ion channel activity of human annexin II, a peripheral membrane protein. J. Mol. Biol. 1996, 257:839-847.
9. Cervera R., Boffa M., Khamashta M.A., Hughes G.R. The euro-phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe. Lupus 2009, 18:889-893.
10. Cesarman G.M., Guevara C.A., Hajjar K.A. An endothelial cell receptor for plasminogen/tissue plasminogen activator: II. Annexin II-mediated enhancement of t-PA-dependent plasminogen activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:21198-21203.
11. Cesarman-Maus G., Hajjar K.A. The molecular basis of fibrinolysis. Br. J. Haematol. 2005, 129:307-321.
12. Cesarman-Maus G., Rios-Luna N.P., Deora A.B., Huang B., Villa R., Cravioto M.C., Alarcon-Segovia D., Sanchez-Guerrero J., Hajjar K.A. Autoantibodies against the fibrinolytic receptor, annexin 2, in antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2006, 107:4375-4382.
13. Cesarman-Maus G., Cantu-Brito C., Barinagarrementeria F., Villa R., Reyes E., Sanchez-Guerrerp J., Hajjar K., Latorre E.G. Autoantibodies against the fibrinolytic receptor, annexin A2, in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2011, 42:501-503.
14. Cohen D., Berger S.P., Steup-Beekman G.M., Bloemenkamp K.W.M., Bajema I.M. Diagnosis and management of the antiphosphlipid syndrome. Br. Med. J. 2010, 340:1125-1132.
15. Cooper J.A., King C.S. Dephosphorylation or antibody binding to the carboxy terminus stimulates pp 60c-src. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1986, 6:4467-4477.
16. Das R., Burke T., Plow E.F. Histone H2B as a functionally important plasminogen receptor on macrophages. Blood 2007, 110:3763-3772.
17. Dassah M., Deora A., He K. The endothelial cell annexin A2 system and vascular fibrinolysis. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2009, 28:F20-F28.
18. Deora A.B., Kreitzer G., Jacovina A.T., Hajjar K.A. An annexin 2 phosphorylation switch mediates its p11-dependent translocation to the cell surface. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:43411-43418.
19. Donato R. S100: A multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2001, 33:637-668.
20. Donier E., Rugiero F., Okuse K., Wood J.N. Annexin II light chain p11 promotes functional expression of acid-sensing ion channel ASICa. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:38666-38672.
21. Erikson E., Erikson R.L. Identification of a cellular protein substrate phosphorylated by the avian sarcoma virus-transforming gene product. Cell 1980, 21:829-836.
22. Fan X., Zhanyang Y., Liu J., Liu N., Hajjar K.A., Furie K.L., Lo E.H., Wang X. Annexin A2: a tissue plasminogen activator amplifier for thrombolytic stroke therapy. Stroke 2010, 41:S54-S58.
23. Fassbender K., Mielke O., Bertsch T., Nafe B., Froschen S., Hennerici M. Homocysteine in cerebral macroangiography and microangiopathy. Lancet 1999, 353:1586-1587.
24. Ferro J.M., Canhao P., Stam J., Bousser M.G., Barinagarrementeria F., Investigators I. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke 2004, 35:664-670.
25. Folstein M., Liu T., Peter I., Buel J., Arsenault L., Scott T., Qiu W.W. The homocysteine hypothesis of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:861-867.
26. Foulkes T., Nassar M.A., Lane T., Matthews E.A., Baker M.D., Gerke V., Okuse K., Dickenson A.H., Wood J.N. Deletion of annexin 2 light chain p11 in nociceptors causes deficits in somatosensory coding and pain behavior. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:10499-19507.
27. Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2003, 102:2717-2723.
28. Gerke V., Moss S.E. Annexins: from structure to function. Physiol. Rev. 2002, 82:331-371.
29. Gerke V., Weber K. The regulatory chain in the p36-kd substrate complex of viral tyrosine-specific protein kinases is related in sequence to the S-100 protein of glial cells. EMBO J. 1985, 4:2917-2920.
30. Gerke V., Creutz C.E., Moss S.E. Annexins: linking Ca++ signalling to membrane dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 6:449-461.
31. Girard C., Tinel N., Terrenoire C., Romey G., Lazdunski M., Borsotto M. p11, an annexin II subunit, an auxiliary protein associated with the background K+ channel, TASK-1. EMBO J. 2002, 21:4439-4448.
32. Glenney J.R., Tack B.F. Amino-terminal sequence of p36 and associated p10: identification of the site of tyrosine phosphorylation and homology with S-100. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985, 82:7884-7888.
33. Hajjar K.A. The endothelial cell tissue plasminogen activator receptor. Specific interaction with plasminogen. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:21962-21970.
34. Hajjar K.A. Homocysteine-induced modulation of tissue plasminogen activator binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 91:2873-2879.
35. Hajjar K.A. The endothelium in thrombosis and hemorrhage. Thrombosis and Hemorrhage 2003, 206-219. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. J. Loscalzo, A.I. Schaefer (Eds.).
36. Hajjar K.A. The molecular basis of fibrinolysis. Nathan and Oski's Hematology of Infancy and Childhood 2009, 1425-1447. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. S.H. Orkin, D.G. Nathan, D. Ginsburg, A.T. Look, D.E. Fisher, S.E. Lux (Eds.).
37. Hajjar K.A., Hamel N.M. Identification and characterization of human endothelial cell membrane binding sites for tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:2908-2916.
38. Hajjar K.A., Nachman R.L. Endothelial cell-mediated conversion of glu-plasminogen to lys-plasminogen: further evidence for assembly of the fibrinolytic system on the endothelial cell surface. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 82:1769-1778.
39. Hajjar K.A., Harpel P.C., Jaffe E.A., Nachman R.L. Binding of plasminogen to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 261:11656-11662.
40. Hajjar K.A., Hamel N.M., Harpel P.C., Nachman R.L. Binding of tissue plasminogen activator to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1987, 80:1712-1719.
41. Hajjar K.A., Gavish D., Breslow J., Nachman R.L. Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis. Nature 1989, 339:303-305.
42. Hajjar K.A., Jacovina A.T., Chacko J. An endothelial cell receptor for plasminogen/tissue plasminogen activator: I. Identity with annexin II. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:21191-21197.
43. Hajjar K.A., Guevara C.A., Lev E., Dowling K., Chacko J. Interaction of the fibrinolytic receptor, annexin II, with the endothelial cell surface. Essential role of endonexin repeat 2. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:21652-21659.
44. Hajjar K.A., Mauri L., Jacovina A.T., Zhong F., Mirza U.A., Padovan J.C., Chait B.T. Tissue plasminogen activator binding to the annexin II tail domain. Direct modulation by homocysteine. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:9987-9993.
45. Harvey W. De Motu Cordis: on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals 1628, Vol. 38. P.F. Collier & Son, New York. 1910 edn.
46. Hassan A., Hunt B.J., O'Sullivan M., Bell R., D'Souza R., Jeffery S., Bamford J.M., Markus H.S. Homocysteine is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, acting via endothelial dysfunction. Brain 2003, 127:212-219.
47. He K., Deora A.B., Xiong H., Ling Q., Weksler B.B., Niesvizky R., Hajjar K.A. Endothelial cell annexin A2 regulates polyubiquitination and degradation of its binding partner, S100A10/p11. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:19192-19200. 19192-19200.
48. He K., Sui G., Xiong H., Broekman M.J., Huang B., Marcus A.J., Hajjar K.A. Feedback regulation of endothelial cell surface plasmin generation by PKC dependent phosphorylation of annexin A2. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, (Electronic version is available at: http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M110.185058).
49. Humphrey L.L., Rongwei F., Rogers K., Freeman M., Helfand M. Homocysteine level and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2008, 83:1203-1212.
50. Ishii H., Yoshida M., Hiraoka M., Hajjar K.A., Tanaka A., Yasukochi Y., Numano F. Recombinant annexin II modulates impaired fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in rat carotid artery. Circ. Res. 2001, 89:1240-1245.
51. Jacovina A.T., Deora A.B., Ling Q., Broekman M.J., Almeida D., Greenberg C.B., Marcus A.J., Smith J.D., Hajjar K.A. Homocysteine inhibits neoangiogenesis in mice through blockade of annexin A2-dependent fibrinolysis. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119:3384-3394.
52. Johnsson N., Marriott G., Weber K. p36, the major cytoplasmic substrate of src tyrosine protein kinase, binds to its p11 regulatory subunit via a short amino-terminal amphipathic helix. EMBO J. 1988, 7:2435-2442.
53. Jost M., Gerke V. Mapping of a regulatory important site for protein kinase C phosphorylation in the N-terminal domain of annexin II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1313:283-289.
54. Krone K.A., Allen K.L., McCrae K.R. Impaired fibrinolysis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2010, 12:53-57.
55. Kube E., Becker T., Weber K., Gerke V. Protein-protein interactions studied by site-directed mutagenesis: characterization of the annexin II-binding site on p11, a member of the S100 protein family. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:14175-14182.
56. Kwaan H.C., Wang J., Weiss I. Expression of receptors for plasminogen activators on the endothelial cell surface depends on their origin. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2004, 2:306-312.
57. Kwon M., MacLeod T.J., Zhang Y., Waisman D.M. S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin A2 heterotetramer as candidate plasmnogen receptors. Front. Biosci. 2005, 10:300-325.
58. Law A.L., Ling Q., Hajjar K.A., Futter C., Greenwood J., Adamson P., Wavre-Shapton S.T., Moss S.E., Hayes M.J. Annexin A2 regulates phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments in the mouse retina. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:3896-3904.
59. Ling Q., Jacovina A.T., Deora A.B., Febbraio M., Simantov R., Silverstein R.L., Hempstead B.L., Mark W., Hajjar K.A. Annexin II is a key regulator of fibrin homeostasis and neoangiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 113:38-48.
60. Lloyd-Jones D., Adams R., Carnethon M., De Simone G., Ferguson T.B., Flegal K., Ford E., Furie K., Go A., Greenlund K., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2009, 119:480-486.
61. Malinow M.R., Bostom A.G., Krauss R.M. Homocyst(e)ine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 1999, 99:178-182.
62. Markus H.S. Genes, endothelial function and cerebral small vessel disease in man. Exp. Physiol. 2007, 93:121-127.
63. Marler J.R., Goldstein L.B. Stroke - tPA and the clinic. Science 2003, 301:1677.
64. Martin-Belmonte F., Gassama A., Datta A., Yu W., Rescher U., Gerke V., Mostov K. PTEN-mediated apical segregation of phosphoinositides controls epithelial morphogenesis through Cdc42. Cell 2007, 128:383-397.
65. McCully K.S. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 1969, 56:111-128.
66. Menell J.S., Cesarman G.M., Jacovina A.T., McLaughlin M.A., Lev E.A., Hajjar K.A. Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:994-1004.
67. Miles L.A., Fless G.M., Levin E.G., Scanu A.M., Plow E.F. A potential basis for the thrombotic risks associated with lipoprotein(a). Nature 1989, 339:301-303.
68. Miles L.A., Dahlberg C.M., Plescia J., Felez J., Kato K., Plow E.F. Role of cell surface lysines in plasminogen binding to cells: identification of alpha-enolase as a candidate plasminogen receptor. Biochemistry 1991, 30:1682-1691.
69. Miles L.A., Castellino F.J., Gong Y. Critical role for conversion of Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen for optimal stimulation of plasminogen activation on cell surfaces. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2003, 13:21-30.
70. Miles L.A., Hawley S.B., Baik N., Andronicus N.M., Castellino F., Parmer R.J. Plasminogen receptors: the sine qua non of cell surface plasminogen activation. Front. Biosci. 2005, 10:1754-1762.
71. Moat S.J., Lang D., McDowell I.F.W., Clarke Z.L., Madhavan A.K., Lewis M.J., Goodfellow J. Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2004, 15:64-79.
72. Montaville P., Neumann J.M., Russo-Marie F., Ochsenbein F., Sanson A. A new consensus sequence for phosphatidylserine recognition by annexins. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:24684-24693.
73. Moss S.E., Morgan R.O. The annexins. Genome Biol. 2004, 5:219 211-219 218.
74. Nygard O., Nordrehaug J.E., Refsum H., Ueland P.M., Farstad M., Vollset S.E. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337:230-236.
75. O'Connell P.A., Surette A.P., Liwski R.S., Svenningsson P., Waisman D.M. S100A10 regulates plasminogen-dependent macrophage invasion. Blood 2010, 116:1136-1146.
76. O'Connell P.A., Madureira P.A., Berman J.N., Liwski R.S., Waisman D.M. Regulation of S100A10 by the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein. Blood 2011, (Electronic version is available at http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/early/2011/02/10/blood-2010-07-298851.long. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-298851.).
77. Okuse K., Malik-Hall M., Baker M.D., Poon W.Y.L., Kong H., Chao M.V., Wood J.N. Annexin II light chain regulates sensory neuron-specific sodium channel expression. Nature 2002, 417:653-656.
78. Pepper M.S., Sappino A.P., Stocklin R., Montesano R., Orci L., Vassalli J.D. Upregulation of urokinase receptor expression on migrating endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 1993, 122:673-684.
79. Petersen E.A., Sutherland M.R., Nesheim M.E., Pryzdial E.L. Thrombin induces endothelial cell-surface exposure of the plasminogen receptor annexin 2. J. Cell Sci. 2003, 116:2399-2408.
80. Rand J.H. "Annexinopathies" - a new class of diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:1035-1036.
81. Ratnoff O.D., Forbes C.D. Evolution of knowledge about hemostasis. Disorders of Hemostasis 1984, 1-21. Grune & Stratton, Inc., New York. O.D. Ratnoff, C.D. Forbes (Eds.).
82. Rety S., Sopkova J., Renouard M., Osterloh D., Gerke V., Tabaries S., Russo-Marie F., Lewit-Bentley A. The crystal structure of a complex of p11 with the annexin II N-terminal peptide. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1999, 6:85-89.
83. Rijken D.C., Lijnen H.R. New insights into teh molecular mechanism of the fibrinolytic system. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2009, 7:4-13.
84. Romay-Penabad Z., Montiel-Manzano M.G., Pappalardo E., Vargas G., Deora A.B., Wang M., Jacovina A.T., Garcia-Latorre E., Reyes-Maldonado E., Hajjar K.A. Pathogenic effects of antiphospholipid antibodies are ameliorated in annexin A2 deficient mice. Blood 2009, i114:3074-3083.
85. Selhub J. Homocysteine metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1999, 19:217-246.
86. Selhub J. Public health significance of elevated homocysteine. Food Nutr. Bull. 2008, 29:S116-S125.
87. Sharma M.C., Sharma M. The role of annexin II in angiogenesis and tumor progression: a potential therapeutic target. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2007, 13:3568-3575.
88. Silverstein R.L., Friedlander R.J., Nicholas R.L., Nachman R.L. Binding of lys-plasminogen to monocytes and macrophages. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 82:1948-1955.
89. Smith D.A. The worldwide challenge of the dementias: a role for B vitamins and homocysteine?. Food Nutr. Bull. 2008, 29:S143-S172.
90. Splaver A., Lamas G.A., Hennekens C.H. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: biological mechanisms, observational epidemiology, and the need for randomized trials. Am. Heart J. 2004, 148:34-40.
91. Stein E., McMahon B., Kwaan H., Altman J.K., Frankfurt O., Tallman M.S. The coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia revisited. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2009, 22:152-163.
92. Svenningsson P., Greengard P. p11 (S100A10) - an inducible adaptor protein that modulates neuronal functions. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2007, 7:27-32.
93. Svenningsson P., Chergui K., Rachleff I., Flajolet M., Zhang X., Yacoubi M.E., Vaugeois J.M., Nomikos G.G., Greengard P. Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states. Science 2006, 311:77-80.
94. Tallman M.S., Abutalib S.A., Altman J.K. The double hazard of thrombophilia and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2007, 33:330-338.
95. Tanaka Y., Ishii H., Hiraoka M., Miyasaka N., Kuroiwa T., Hajjar K.A., Nagaoka T., Duong T.Q., Ohno K., Yoshida M. Efficacy of recombinant annexin 2 for fibrinolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Res. 2007, 1165:135-143.
96. Todd A.S. Fibrinolysis autographs. Nature 1958, 181:495-496.
97. Todd A.S. Localization of fibrinolytic activity in tissues. Br. Med. Bull. 1964, 20:210-212.
98. Van de Graaf S.F.J., Hoenderop J.G.J., Gkika D., Lamers D., Prenen J., Rescher U., Gerke V., Stub O., Nilius B., Bindels R.J.M. Functional expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channels (TRPV5 and TRPV6) requires association of the S100A10-annexin 2 complex. EMBO J. 2003, 22:1478-1487.
99. Waisman D.M. Annexin II tetramer: structure and function. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1995, 149(150):301-322.
100. Wong A., Mok V., Fan Y.H., Lam W.W.M., Liang K.S., Wong K.S. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with volumetric white matter change in patients with small vessel disease. J. Neurol. 2006, 253:441-447.
101. Zhang J., McCrae K.R. Annexin A2 mediates endothelial cell activation by antiphospholipid/anti-{beta}2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Blood 2005, 105:1964-1969.
102. Zhu H., Fan J., Liu J., Murata Y., Yu Z., Hajjar K., Lo E.H., Wang X. Annexin A2 combined with low dose tPA improves thrombolytic therapy in a rat model of focal embolic stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2010, 30:1137-1146.
103. Zobiack N., Gerke V., Rescher U. Complex formation and submembranous localization of annexin 2 and S100A10 in live HepG2 cells. FEBS Lett. 2001, 500:137-140.