Decreased heart rate variability in HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: Importance of blood glucose and cholesterol

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2011, Pages

  Askgaard, Gro ^a   Kristoffersen, Ulrik Sloth ^b,c   Mehlsen, Jesper ^d   Kronborg, Gitte ^a   Kjaer, Andreas ^b,c   Lebech, Anne Mette ^a  

^a HVIDOVRE HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d FREDERIKSBERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; 2',3' DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; ABACAVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; VIRUS LOAD; BLOOD; HEART RATE; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CHOLESTEROL; DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES; HEART RATE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 79957840658     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020196     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Cheng YJ, Lauer MS, Earnest CP, Church TS, Kampert JB, et al. (2003) Heart rate recovery following maximal exercise testing as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men with diabetes. Diabetes Care 26: 2052-2057.
2. Lauer MS, Francis GS, Okin PM, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, et al. (1999) Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality. JAMA 281: 524-529.
3. Lipinski MJ, Vetrovec GW, Froelicher VF, (2004) Importance of the first two minutes of heart rate recovery after exercise treadmill testing in predicting mortality and the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Am J Cardiol 93: 445-449.
4. Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ Jr, Manders ES, Evans JC, et al. (1996) Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 94: 2850-2855.
5. Freeman R, Roberts MS, Friedman LS, Broadbridge C, (1990) Autonomic function and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 40: 575-580.
6. Lebech AM, Kristoffersen US, Mehlsen J, Wiinberg N, Petersen CL, et al. (2007) Autonomic dysfunction in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: studies of heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 27: 363-367.
7. Mittal CM, Wig N, Mishra S, Deepak KK, (2004) Heart rate variability in human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. Int J Cardiol 94: 1-6.
8. Neild PJ, Amadi A, Ponikowski P, Coats AJ, Gazzard BG, (2000) Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in AIDS is not secondary to heart failure. Int J Cardiol 74: 133-137.
9. Nzuobontane D, Ngu BK, Christopher K, (2002) Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Africans infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J R Soc Med 95: 445-447.
10. Cade WT, Reeds DN, Lassa-Claxton S, Davila-Roman VG, Waggoner AD, et al. (2008) Post-exercise heart rate recovery in HIV-positive individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Early indicator of cardiovascular disease? HIV Med 9: 96-100.
11. Gluck T, Degenhardt E, Scholmerich J, Lang B, Grossmann J, et al. (2000) Autonomic neuropathy in patients with HIV: course, impact of disease stage, and medication. Clin Auton Res 10: 17-22.
12. Ruttimann S, Hilti P, Spinas GA, Dubach UC, (1991) High frequency of human immunodeficiency virus-associated autonomic neuropathy and more severe involvement in advanced stages of human immunodeficiency virus disease. Arch Intern Med 151: 2441-2443.
13. Welby SB, Rogerson SJ, Beeching NJ, (1991) Autonomic neuropathy is common in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect 23: 123-128.
14. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, et al. (1998) Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338: 853-860.
15. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, Law M, Freund J, et al. (1998) A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 12: F51-F58.
16. Dube MP, Sattler FR, (1998) Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapies. AIDS Clin Care 10: 41-44.
17. SoRelle R, (1998) Vascular and lipid syndromes in selected HIV-infected patients. Circulation 98: 829-830.
18. Peltier AC, Russell JW, (2002) Recent advances in drug-induced neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 15: 633-638.
19. Dalakas MC, Semino-Mora C, Leon-Monzon M, (2001) Mitochondrial alterations with mitochondrial DNA depletion in the nerves of AIDS patients with peripheral neuropathy induced by 2′3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Lab Invest 81: 1537-1544.
20. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use (1996) Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 17: 354-381.
21. Melli G, Keswani SC, Fischer A, Chen W, Hoke A, (2006) Spatially distinct and functionally independent mechanisms of axonal degeneration in a model of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Brain 129: 1330-1338.
22. Compostella C, Compostella L, D'Elia R, (2008) The symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in HIV-positive Africans. Clin Auton Res 18: 6-12.
23. Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, et al. (2003) Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients-association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS 17: 1179-1193.
24. Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, et al. (2008) Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet 371: 1417-1426.
25. Pop-Busui R, (2010) Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care 33: 434-441.