Screening for distress and depression in cancer settings: 10 lessons from 40 years of primary-care research

Psycho-Oncology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 572-584

  Mitchell, Alex J ^a,b,f   Vahabzadeh, Arshya ^c   Magruder, Kathryn ^d,e  

^a Leicestershire Partnership Trust   (United Kingdom)

^b LEICESTER ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^f LEICESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cancer; depression; distress; primary care; screening

Indexed keywords

AFTERCARE; CANCER CENTER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; DEPRESSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; ONCOLOGY; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SCREENING;

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS; AFTERCARE; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FORECASTING; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MASS SCREENING; NEOPLASMS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RESEARCH;

EID: 79957814324     PISSN: 10579249     EISSN: 10991611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pon.1943     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Linn LS, Yager J,. The effect of screening, sensitization, and feedback on notation of depression. J Med Educ 1980; 55: 942-949. (Pubitemid 11171130)
2. Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Kessler LG, Burke Jr JD, Pierce WE,. The usefulness of screening for mental illness. Lancet 1984; 1: 33-35. (Pubitemid 14213490)
3. Kroenke K, Taylor-Vaisey A, Dietrich AJ, Oxman TE,. Interventions to improve provider diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care. A critical review of the literature. Psychosomatics 2000; 41: 39-52. (Pubitemid 30062896)
4. WHO/Wonca: Joint report: Integrating mental health into primary care-a global perspective Geneva Switzerland: WHO publication data; 2008.
5. Watson DE, Heppner P, Roos NP, Reid RJ, Katz A,. Population based use of mental health services and patterns of delivery among family physicians, 1992 to 2001. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50 (7): 398-406. (Pubitemid 43161810)
6. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al,. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289 (23): 3095-3105. (Pubitemid 37432885)
7. Harman JS, Veazie PJ, Lyness JM,. Primary care physician office visits for depression by older Americans. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21 (9): 926-930. (Pubitemid 44141760)
8. Mark TL, Levit KR, Buck JA,. Datapoints: psychotropic drug prescriptions by medical specialty. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60: 1167.
9. Rothman AA, Wagner EH,. Chronic illness management: what is the role of primary care? Ann Intern Med 2003; 138 (3): 256-262.
10. Kushner K, Diamond R, Beasley JW, Mundt M, Plane MB, Robbins K,. Primary care physicians' experience with mental health consultation. Psychiatr Serv 2001; 52 (6): 838-840. (Pubitemid 32577448)
11. Ustun TB, Von Korff M,. Primary mental health services. In Mental Illness in General Health Care: An International Study, Ustun TB, Sartorius N, (eds). Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1995; 347-360.
12. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, et al,. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004; 420: 21-27.
13. Alonso J, Lépine J-P,. Overview of key data from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68 (Suppl 2): 3-9. (Pubitemid 46333560)
14. Licht-Strunk E, van der Kooij KG, van Schaik DJF,. Prevalence of depression in older patients consulting their general practitioner in The Netherlands. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20 (11): 1013-1019. (Pubitemid 41723571)
15. Thompson C, Ostler K, Peveler RC, et al,. Dimensional perspective on the recognition of depressive symptoms in primary care. The Hampshire Depression Project 3. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: 317-323. (Pubitemid 32996040)
16. Olfson M, Gilbert T, Weissman M, Blacklow RS, Broadhead WE,. Recognition of emotional distress in physically healthy primary care patients who perceive poor physical health. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995; 17: 173-180.
17. Perez Stable E, Miranda J, Munoz RF,. Depression in medical outpatients: underrecognition and misdiagnosis. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1083-1088. (Pubitemid 20155335)
18. Unpublished data, personal communication.
19. Wells KB, Rogers W, Burnam A, Greenfield S, Ware Jr JE,. How the medical comorbidity of depressed patients differs across health care settings: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1688-1696.
20. *D. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26 (6): 421-429. (Pubitemid 39573319)
21. Aragones E, Pinol JL, Labad A,. Depression and physical comorbidity in primary care. J Psychosom Res 2007; 63 (2): 107-111. (Pubitemid 47088559)
22. Younes N, et al,. General Practitioners' opinions on their practice in mental health and their collaboration with mental health professionals. BMC Fam Pract 2005; 6: 18.
23. Vedavanam S, et al,. Recorded quality of care for depression in general practice: an observational study. Br J Gen Pract 2009; 59 (559): e32-e37.
24. Hillen MA, de Haes HC, Smets EM,. Cancer patients' trust in their physician-a review. Psycho-Oncology 2011; 20 (3): 227-241.
25. Ormel J, Koeter MWJ, van den Brink W, Willige G,. Recognition, management and course of anxiety and depression in general practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 700-706.
26. Norton J, De Roquefeuil G, Boulenger JP, et al,. Use of the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire for estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French primary care: comparison with family practitioner estimates and relationship to psychotropic medication use. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29 (4): 285-293. (Pubitemid 46970785)
27. Mitchell AJ, Rao S, Vaze A,. International comparison of clinicians' ability to identify depression in primary care: meta-analysis and meta-regression of predictors. Br J Gen Pract 2011; 61 (583): 72-80.
28. Mitchell AJ, Vaze A, Rao S,. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 374 (9690): 609-619. Epub.
29. Bushnell J,. Frequency of consultations and general practitioner recognition of psychological symptoms. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54 (508): 838-842. (Pubitemid 40003833)
30. Greer J, Halgin R, Harvey E,. Global versus specific symptom attributions: predicting the recognition and treatment of psychological distress in primary care. J Psychosom Res 2004; 57: 521-527. (Pubitemid 39642890)
31. Weissman MM, Neria Y, Gameroff MJ, et al,. Positive screens for psychiatric disorders in primary care: a long-term follow-up of patients who were not in treatment. Psychiatr Serv 2010; 61 (2): 151-159.
32. Maginn S, Boardman AP, Craig TKL, Haddad M, Heath G, Stott J,. The detection of psychological problems by General Practitioners. Influence of ethnicity and other demographic variables. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39: 464-471. (Pubitemid 39377794)
33. Ell K, Sanchez K, Vourlekis B, et al,. Depression, correlates of depression, and receipt of depression care among low-income women with breast or gynecologic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (13): 3052-3060. (Pubitemid 46224127)
34. Hewitt M, Rowland JH,. Mental health service use among adult cancer survivors: analyses of the National Health Interview Survey. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (23): 4581-4590. (Pubitemid 35402962)
35. Tiemens BG, Von Korff M, Lin EHB,. Diagnosis of depression by primary care physicians versus a structured diagnostic interview: understanding discordance. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1999; 21: 87-96. (Pubitemid 29200429)
36. Söllner W, DeVries A, Steixner E, et al,. How successful are oncologists in identifying patient distress, perceived social support, and need for psychosocial counselling? Br J Cancer 2001; 84 (2): 179-185. (Pubitemid 32113442)
37. Akechi T, Nakano T, Akizuki N, et al,. Somatic symptoms for diagnosing major depression in cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2003; 44 (3): 244-248. (Pubitemid 36514731)
38. Borowsky SJ, Rubenstein LV, Meredith LS, Camp P, Jackson-Triche M, Wells KB,. Who is at risk of nondetection of mental health problems in primary care? J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15 (6): 381-388. (Pubitemid 30431307)
39. Hickie IB, Davenport TA, Scott EM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Naismith SL, Koschera A,. Unmet need for recognition of common mental disorders in Australian general practice. Med J Aust 2001; 175: S18-S24. (Pubitemid 32700545)
40. Wittchen HU, Hofler M, Meister W,. Prevalence and recognition of depressive syndromes in German primary care settings: poorly recognized and treated? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16 (3): 121-135. (Pubitemid 32402357)
41. Pfaff JJ, Almeida OP,. A cross-sectional analysis of factors that influence the detection of depression in older primary care patients. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39 (4): 262-265. (Pubitemid 40601665)
42. Nuyen J, Volkers AC, Verhaak PFM, Schellevis FG, Groenewegen PP, Van den Bos GAM,. Accuracy of diagnosing depression in primary care: the impact of chronic somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med 2005; 35 (8): 1185-1195. (Pubitemid 41103010)
43. Mccall L, Clarke D, Trauer T, Piterman L, Ling MY,. Predictors of accuracy of recognition of emotional distress in general practice. Prim Care Community Psychiatry 2007; 12 (1): 1-5.
44. Greenberg DB,. Barriers to the treatment of depression in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2004; 32: 127-135.
45. Pincus HA, Patel SR,. Barriers to the delivery of psychosocial care for cancer patients: bridging mind and body. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (5): 661-662.
46. Endo C, Akechi T, Okuyama T, et al,. Patient-perceived barriers to the psychological care of Japanese patients with lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 38 (10): 653-660.
47. Aragones E, Pinol JL, Labad A,. The overdiagnosis of depression in non-depressed patients in primary care. Fam Pract 2006; 23 (3): 363-368.
48. Linden W, Andrea Vodermaier A, McKenzie R, Barroetavena MC, Yi D, Doll R,. The psychosocial screen for cancer (PSSCAN): further validation and normative data. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7: 16.
49. Thewes B, Butow P, Stuart-Harris R, et al,. Does routine psychological screening of newly diagnosed rural cancer patients lead to better patient outcomes? Results of a pilot study. Aust J Rural Health 2009; 17: 298-304.
50. Boyes A, Newell S, Girgis A, McElduff P, Sanson-Fisher R,. Does routine assessment and real-time feedback improve cancer patients' psychosocial well-being? Eur J Cancer Care 2006; 15: 163-171. (Pubitemid 43542758)
51. Ming TS, Bramson R, Drukker D, et al,. Understanding primary care physicians' propensity to assess elderly patients for depression using interaction and survey data. Med Care 2005; 43 (12): 1217-1224. (Pubitemid 43012179)
52. Bermejo I, Niebling W, Mathias B, Harter M,. Patients' and physicians' evaluation of the PHQ-D for depression screening. Prim Care Community Psychiatry 2005; 10 (4): 125-131. (Pubitemid 43891215)
53. Buist A, Ellwood D, Brooks J, et al,. National program for depression associated with childbirth: the Australian experience. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21 (2): 193-206. (Pubitemid 46478034)
54. Valenstein M, Dalack G, Blow F, Figueroa S, Standiford C, Douglass A,. Screening for psychiatric illness with a combined screening and diagnostic instrument. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 679-685. (Pubitemid 27495366)
55. Leon AC, Portera L, Olfson M, et al,. Diagnostic errors of primary care screens for depression and panic disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 1999; 29: 1-11. (Pubitemid 29249762)
56. Cathebras P, Mosnier C, Levy M, Bouchou K, Rousset H,. [Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire][Article in French]. Encephale 1994; 20 (3): 311-317. (Pubitemid 24224948)
57. Mitchell AJ,. Short screening tools for cancer-related distress: a review and diagnostic validity meta-analysis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8: 487-494.
58. US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: culture race, and ethnicity: a supplement to mental health: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse, Rockville, MD.
59. Probst JC, Laditka SB, Moore CG, et al,. Race and ethnicity differences in reporting of depressive symptoms. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res 2007; 34 (6): 519-529. (Pubitemid 350045080)
60. Miranda J, Duan N, Sherbourne C, et al,. Improving care for minorities: can quality improvement interventions improve care and outcomes for depressed minorities? Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Health Serv Res 2003; 38 (2): 613-630. (Pubitemid 36570031)
61. Fabrega Jr H, Mezzich J, Ulrich RF,. Black-white differences in psychopathology in an urban psychiatric population. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29: 285-297.
62. Schmaling KB, Hernandez DV,. Detection of depression among low-income Mexican Americans in primary care. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2005; 16 (4): 780-790. (Pubitemid 41826551)
63. Alegría M, Robles R, Freeman DH, Vera M, Jiménez AL, Ríos C, Ríos R,. Patterns of mental health utilization among island Puerto Rican poor. Am J Public Health 1991; 81 (7): 875-879.
64. Minsky S, Vega W, Miskimen T, Gara M, Escobar J,. Diagnostic patterns in Latino, African American, and European American psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60 (6): 637-644. (Pubitemid 36682321)
65. Marcos LR, Uruyo L, Kesselman M, Alpert M,. The language barrier in evaluating Spanish-American patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 29 (5): 655-659.
66. Mauksch LB, Reitz R, Tucker S, Hurd S, Russo J, Katon WJ,. Improving quality of care for mental illness in an uninsured, low-income primary care population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29 (4): 302-309. (Pubitemid 46962695)
67. Murali V, Oyebode F,. Poverty, Social Inequality and mental health. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2004; 10: 216-224. (Pubitemid 38628315)
68. Ayanian JZ, Weissman JS, Schneider EC, et al,. Unmet Health Needs of Uninsured Adults in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284 (16): 2061-2069.
69. Ell K, et al,. Improving treatment of depression among low-income patients with cancer: the design of the ADAPt-C study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29: 223-231. (Pubitemid 46678209)
70. Cooper LA, Brown C, Vu HT, et al,. Primary care patients' opinions regarding the importance of various aspects of care for depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2000; 22 (3): 163-173. (Pubitemid 30394710)
71. Kruse J, Schmitz N, Woller W, Heckrath C, Tress W,. Why does the general practitioner overlook psychological disorders in his patient? Determinates of physicians' identification with psychological disorders. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2004; 54 (2): 45-51. (Pubitemid 38293782)
72. Tylee A, Freeling P, Kerry S, Burns T,. How does the content of consultations affect the recognition by general practitioners of major depression in women? Br J Genl Pract 1995; 45: 575-578.
73. Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, et al,. Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. Br Med J 1999; 318: 436-439.
74. Yeung A, Chang D, Gresham RL, Nierenberg AA, Fava M,. Illness beliefs of depressed Chinese American patients in primary care. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004; 192 (4): 324-327. (Pubitemid 38445943)
75. Cornford CS, Hill A, Reilly J,. How patients with depressive symptoms view their condition: a qualitative study. Fam Pract 2007; 24 (4): 358-364. (Pubitemid 47399893)
76. Priest RG, Vize C, Roberts A, Roberts M, Tylee A,. Lay people's attitudes to treatment of depression: results of opinion poll for defeat depression campaign just before its launch. Br Med J 1996; 313: 858-859. (Pubitemid 26335211)
77. Prior L, Wood F, Lewis G, Pill R,. Stigma revisited, disclosure of emotional problems in primary care consultations in Wales. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56 (10): 2191-2200. (Pubitemid 36407708)
78. Cape J, McCullough Y,. Patients' reasons for not presenting emotional problems in general practice consultations. Br J Gen Pract 1999; 49 (448): 875-879. (Pubitemid 29504899)
79. Leaf PJ, Livingston MM, Tischler GL, Weissman MM, Holzer CE, Myers JK,. Contact with health professionals for the treatment of psychiatric and emotional problems. Med Care 1985; 23: 1322-1337. (Pubitemid 16210547)
80. O'Connor DW, Rosewarne R, Bruce A,. Depression in primary care. 1: elderly patients' disclosure of depressive symptoms to their doctors. Int Psychogeriatr 2001; 13 (3): 359-365. (Pubitemid 33101674)
81. Bushnell J, McLeod D, Dowell A, et al,. Do patients want to disclose psychological problems to GPs? Fam Pract 2005; 22 (6): 631-637. (Pubitemid 43091130)
82. Stromberg R, Wernering E, Aberg-Wistedt A, et al,. Screening and diagnosing depression in women visiting GPs' drop in clinic in Primary Health Care. BMC Fam Pract 2008; 9: 34.
83. Cape J, McCulloch Y,. Patients' reasons for not presenting emotional problems in general practice consultations. Br J Gen Pract 1999; 49 (448): 875-879. (Pubitemid 29504899)
84. Del Piccolo L, Saltini A, Zimmermann C,. Which patients talk about stressful life events and social problems to the general practitioner? Psychol Med 1998; 28 (6): 1289-1299. (Pubitemid 28521594)
85. Verhaak PF, Schellevis FG, Nuijen J, Volkers AC,. Patients with a psychiatric disorder in general practice: determinants of general practitioners' psychological diagnosis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006; 28: 125-132. (Pubitemid 43324674)
86. Menchetti M, Belvederi M, Murri B, Bertakis K, Bortolotti B, Berardi D,. Recognition and treatment of depression in primary care Effect of patients' presentation and frequency of consultation. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 66 (4): 335-341.
87. Rost K, Zhang M, Fortney J, et al,. Persistently poor outcomes of undetected major depression in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1998; 20: 12-20. (Pubitemid 28109984)
88. Kessler D, Bennewith O, Lewis G, et al,. Detection of depression and anxiety in primary care: follow up study. Br Med J 2002; 325: 1016-1017. (Pubitemid 35305154)
89. Hutton C, Gunn J,. Do longer consultations improve the management of psychological problems in general practice? A systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: Art. No. 71.
90. Fiscella K, Epstein RM,. So much to do, so little time-care for the socially disadvantaged and the 15-minute visit. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (17): 1843-1852.
91. Zantinge EM, Verhaak PFM, Kerssens JJ, Bensing JM,. The workload of general practitioners: consultations of patients with psychological or somatic problems compared. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 609-614. (Pubitemid 41149829)
92. Howie J, Porter A, Heaney D, Hopton J,. Long to short consultation ratio: a proxy measure of quality of care for general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1991; 41: 48-54.
93. Cape J,. How general practice patients with emotional problems presenting with somatic or psychological symptoms explain their improvement. Br J Gen Pract 2001; 51: 724-729. (Pubitemid 32834158)
94. Deveugele M, Derese A, van den Brink-Muinen A, Bensing J, de Maeseneer J,. Consultation length in general practice: cross sectional study in six European countries. Br Med J 2002; 325: 472-477.
95. Tai-Seale M, McGuire T, Colenda C, et al,. Two-minute mental health care for elderly patients: inside primary care visits. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55 (12): 1903-1911. (Pubitemid 350230966)
96. Verhaak PFM, Van Den Brink-Muinen A, Bensing JM, Gask L,. Demand and supply for psychological help in general practice in different European countries-access to primary mental health care in six European countries. Eur J Public Health 2004; 14 (2): 134-140. (Pubitemid 38821573)
97. Pollock K, Grime J,. GPs' perspectives on managing time in consultations with patients suffering from depression: a qualitative study. Fam Pract 2003; 20 (3): 262-269. (Pubitemid 36722462)
98. Millar T, Goldberg DP,. Link between the ability to detect and manage emotional disorders: a study of general practitioner trainees. Br J Gen Pract 1991; 41: 357-359.
99. Davenport TA, Hickie IB, Naismith SL, et al,. Variability and predictors of mental disorder rates and medical practitioner responses across Australian general practices. Med J Aust 2001; 175: S37-S41. (Pubitemid 32700548)
100. Goldberg D, Steele J, Johnson A, et al,. Ability of primary care physicians to make accurate ratings of psychiatric symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 829-833. (Pubitemid 12090307)
101. Callahan CM, Nienaber NA, Hendrie HC, Tierney WM,. Depression of elderly outpatients Primary care physicians' attitudes and practice patterns. J Gen Int Med 1992; 7 (1): 26-31.
102. Kaplan MS, Adamek ME, Martin JL,. Confidence of primary care physicians in assessing the suicidality of geriatric patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16 (7): 728-734. (Pubitemid 32754934)
103. Gallo JJ, Ryan SD, Ford DE,. Attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of family physicians regarding depression in late life. Arch Fam Med 1999; 8 (3): 249-256.
104. Shao WA, Williams JW, Lee S, Badgett RG,. Knowledge and attitudes about depression among non-generalists and generalists. J Fam Pract 1997; 44: 161-168. (Pubitemid 27087651)
105. Feldman MD, Franks P, Duberstein PR, et al,. Let's not talk about it: Suicide inquiry in primary care. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5 (5): 412-418. (Pubitemid 47535971)
106. Travado L, Grassi L, Gil F, Ventura C, Martins C, The Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study (SEPOS) Group. Physician-patient communication among Southern European cancer physicians: The influence of psychosocial orientation and burnout. Psycho-Oncology 2005; 14 (8): 661-670. (Pubitemid 41136559)
107. Fleury M-J, Bamvita J-M, Tremblay J,. Variables associated with general practitioners taking on serious mental disorder patients. BMC Fam Pract 2009; 10: 41; DOI: 10.1186/14712296-10-41
108. Levinson W, Roter D,. Physicians psychosocial beliefs correlate with their patient communication-skills. J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10 (7): 375-379.
109. Goldberg DP, Jenkins L, Millar T, Faragher EB,. The ability of trainee general practitioners to identify psychological distress among their patients. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 185-193. (Pubitemid 23250107)
110. Tobin M, Hickie I, Urbanc A,. Increasing general practitioner skills with patients with serious mental illness. Aust Health Rev 1997; 20: 55-67.
111. A report of the Joint Consultative Committee. Primary care psychiatry-the last frontier. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Canberra, 1997.
112. Van der Pasch M, Verhaak PFM,. Communication in general practice: recognition and treatment of mental illness. Patient Educ Couns 1998; 33: 97-112. (Pubitemid 28090058)
113. Bensing JM, Kerssens JJ, Van der Pasch M,. Patient directed gaze as a tool for discovering and handling psychosocial problems in general practice. J Nonverb Behav 1995; 19: 223-242. (Pubitemid 126006360)
114. Giron M, Manjon-Arce P, Puerto-Barber J, Sanchez-Garcia E, Gomez-Beneyto M,. Clinical interview skills and identification of emotional disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 530-535. (Pubitemid 28207450)
115. Arora NK,. Interacting with cancer patients: the significance of physicians' communication behavior. Soc Sci Med 2003; 57 (5): 791-806. (Pubitemid 36870719)
116. Merckaert I, et al,. Factors influencing physicians' detection of cancer patients' and relatives' distress: can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection? Psycho-Oncology 2008; 17: 260-269. (Pubitemid 351410764)
117. Gask L, McGrath G, Goldberg D, et al,. Improving the psychiatric skills of established general practitioners: evaluation of group teaching. Med Educ 1987; 21: 362-368.
118. Gask L, Usherwood T, Thompson H, et al,. Evaluation of a training package in the assessment and management of depression in primary care. Med Educ 1998; 32: 190-198. (Pubitemid 28258700)
119. Kaaya S, Goldberg D, Gask L,. Management of somatic presentations of psychiatric illness in general medical settings: evaluation of a new training course general practitioners. Med Educ 1992; 26: 138-144.
120. Thompson C, Kinmonth AL, Stevens L, et al,. Effects of a clinical-practice guideline and practice-based education on detection and outcome of depression in primary care: Hampshire Depression Project randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355 (9199): 185-191. (Pubitemid 30068217)
121. Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, Thomas R,. Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: a systematic review. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289 (23): 3145-3151. (Pubitemid 37432890)
122. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Gulliver A, Clack D, Kljakovic M, Wells L,. Models in the delivery of depression care: a systematic review of randomised and controlled intervention trials. BMC Fam Pract 2008; 9: 25.
123. Merckaert I, Libert Y, Razavi D,. Communication skills training in cancer care: where are we and where are we going? Curr Opin Oncol 2005; 17 (4): 319-330. (Pubitemid 40904415)
124. Johnstone A, Goldberg D,. Psychiatric screening in general practice: a controlled trial. Lancet 1976; 1: 605-608.
125. Zung WW, Magill M, Moore JT, George DT,. Recognition and treatment of depression in a family medicine practice. J Clin Psychiatry 1983; 44: 3-6. (Pubitemid 13173041)
126. Gold I, Baraff LJ,. Psychiatric screening in the emergency department: its effect on physician behavior. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 875-880. (Pubitemid 19194455)
127. Magruder-Habib K, Zung WWK, Feussner JR,. Improving physicians' recognition and treatment of depression in general medical care: results from a randomized clinical trial. Medical Care 1990; 28: 239-250.
128. Iliffe S, Mitchley S, Gould M, et al,. Evaluation of the use of brief screening instruments for dementia, depression, and problem drinking among elderly people in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1994; 44: 503-507. (Pubitemid 24363204)
129. Dowrick C, Buchan I,. Twelve-month outcome of depression in general practice: does detection or disclosure make a difference? Br Med J 1995; 311: 1274-1277.
130. Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Dittus RS, Brater DC, Hui SL, Tierney WM,. Improving treatment of late life depression in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 839-846. (Pubitemid 24249280)
131. Christensen KS, Toft T, Frostholm L, Ornbol E, Fink P, Olesen F,. Screening for common mental disorders: who will benefit? Results from a randomised clinical trial. Fam Pract 2005; 22 (4): 428-434. (Pubitemid 41487379)
132. Christensen KS, Toft T, Frostholm L, Ornbol E, Fink P, Olsen F,. The FIP Study: a randomised, controlled trial of screening and recognition of psychiatric disorders. Br J Gen Pract 2003; 53 (495): 758-763. (Pubitemid 37254119)
133. Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, et al,. Screening for depression in adults: A summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136 (10): 765-776. (Pubitemid 34525677)
134. Gilbody S, Sheldon T, House A,. Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: a meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J 2008; 178 (8): 997-1003. (Pubitemid 351533189)
135. Mangelli L, Fava GA, Grandi S, et al,. Assessing demoralization and depression in the setting of medical disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66 (3): 391-394. (Pubitemid 40476764)
136. Fava GA, Mangelli l, Ruini C,. Assessment of psychological distress in the setting of medical disease. Psychother Psychosom 2001; 70: 171-175. (Pubitemid 32620182)
137. Klabunde CN, Ambs A, Keating NL, et al,. the role of primary care physicians in cancer care. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24 (9): 1029-1036.
138. Haggstrom DA, Arora NK, Helft P, et al,. Follow-up care delivery among colorectal cancer survivors most often seen by primary and subspecialty care physicians. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24 (Suppl 2): 472-479.
139. Allgar VL, Neal RD, Pascoe SW,. Cancer patients consultation patterns in primary care and levels of psychological morbidity: findings from the Health Survey for England. Psycho-Oncology 2003; 12 (7): 736-740. (Pubitemid 37236026)
140. Pascoe SW, Neal RD, Allgar VL, Selby PJ, Wright EP,. Psychosocial care for cancer patients in primary care? Recognition of opportunities for cancer care. Fam Pract 2004; 21 (4): 437-442. (Pubitemid 39162013)
141. Rapp S, Davis K,. Geriatric depression: physicians' knowledge, perceptions and diagnostic practices. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 252-257. (Pubitemid 19102115)
142. Williams Jr JW, Rost K, Dietrich AJ, Ciotti MC, Zyzanski SJ, Cornell J,. Primary care physicians' approach to depressive disorders: effects of physician specialty and practice structure. Arch Fam Med 1999; 8 (1): 58-67.
143. Mitchell AJ, Rao S, Vaze A,. Can general practitioners identify people with distress and mild depression? A meta-analysis of clinical accuracy. J Affect Disord 2010; DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.028.
144. van Schaik DJF, Klijn AFJ, van Hout HPJ, et al,. Patients' preferences in the treatment of depressive disorder in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26 (3): 184-189. (Pubitemid 38581923)
145. Mitchell AJ,. High medication discontinuation rates in psychiatry: how often is it understandable? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26 (2): 109-112. (Pubitemid 43740332)
146. Gross R, Brammli-Greenberg S, Tabenkin H, et al,. Primary care physicians' discussion of emotional distress and patient satisfaction. Int J Psychiatry Med 2007; 37 (3): 331-345.
147. Shapiro S, German PS, Skinner EA, et al,. An experiment to change detection and management of mental morbidity in primary care. Med Care 1987; 25: 327-339. (Pubitemid 17060205)
148. Davenport TA, Hickie IB, Naismith SL, et al,. Variability and predictors of mental disorder rates and medical practitioner responses across Australian general practices. Med J Aust 2001; 175: S37-S41. (Pubitemid 32700548)
149. Simon GE,. Evidence review: efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2002; 24: 213-224. (Pubitemid 34718148)
150. Anthony JS, Baik SY, Bowers BJ, et al,. Conditions that influence a primary care clinician's decision to refer patients for depression care. Rehabil Nurs 2010; 35 (3): 113-122.
151. Pirraglia PA, Rosen AB, Hermann RC, Olchanski NV, Neumann P,. Cost-utility analysis studies of depression management: a systematic review. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 (12): 2155-2162. (Pubitemid 39587277)
152. Wood F, Pill R, Prior L, et al,. Patients' opinions of the use of psychiatric casefinding questionnaires in general practice. Health Expect 2002; 5 (4): 282-288. (Pubitemid 35447295)
153. Smolders M, Laurant M, Verhaak P, et al,. Which physician and practice characteristics are associated with adherence to evidence-based guidelines for depressive and anxiety disorders? Med Care 2010; 48 (3): 240-248.
154. Menchetti M, Cevenini N, De Ronchi D, et al,. Depression and frequent attendance in elderly primary care patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006; 28 (2): 119-124. (Pubitemid 43324673)