Cryopreservation of Embryos: An Overview

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 710, Issue , 2011, Pages 155-184

  Engelmann, Florent ^a,b  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^b BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Conservation; Cryopreservation; Genetic resources; Somatic embryos; Zygotic embryos

Indexed keywords

CRYOPRESERVATION; METHODOLOGY; PLANT SEED; REVIEW; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; TISSUE SURVIVAL; VITRIFICATION;

CRYOPRESERVATION; PLANT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS TECHNIQUES; SEEDS; TISSUE SURVIVAL; VITRIFICATION;

EID: 79957785946     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: 19406029     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-988-8_13     Document Type: Chapter

References (183)

1. Roberts EH (1973) Predicting the viability of seeds. Seed Sci Technol 1:499–514
2. FAO (1996) Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
3. FAO and IPGRI (1994) Genebank Standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, IPGRI, Rome
4. Cromarty AS, Ellis RH, Roberts EH (1982) The design of seed storage facilities for genetic conservation. Handbooks for Genebanks No 1. IPGRI, Rome
5. Ellis RH, Hong TD, Roberts EH (1985) Handbook of seed technology for genebanks Vol. I: principles and methodology. Handbooks for Genebanks No. 2. IPGRI, Rome
6. Ellis RH, Hong TD, Roberts EH (1985) Handbook of seed technology for genebanks Vol. II: compendium of specific germination information and test recommendations. Handbooks for Genebanks No. 3. IPGRI, Rome, Italy
7. Kameswara Rao N, Hanson J, Dulloo ME, Ghosh K, Nowell D, Larinde M (2006) Manual of seed handling in genebanks. Handbooks for Genebanks No. 8. IPGRI, Rome
8. Walters C (ed) (1998) Ultra-dry technology: perspective from the National Seed Storage Laboratory, USA. Seed Sci Res 8, Suppl. No 1:11–14
9. Chin HF (1988) Recalcitrant seeds: a status report. IPGRI, Rome
10. Chin HF, Roberts EH (eds) (1980) Recalcitrant crop seeds. Tropical Press Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur
11. Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH (1996) Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI, Rome
12. Ellis RH, Hong T, Roberts EH (1990) An intermediate category of seed storage behaviour? I. Coffee. J Exp Bot 41:1167–1174
13. Ellis RH, Hong T, Roberts EH, Soetisna U (1991) Seed storage behaviour in Elaeis guineensis. Seed Sci Res 1:99–104
14. Engelmann F (1997) In vitro conservation methods. In: Ford-Lloyd BV, Newburry JH, Callow JA (eds) Biotechnology and plant genetic resources: conservation and use. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 119–162
15. Withers LA, Engelmann F (1998) In vitro conservation of plant genetic resources. In: Altman A (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 57–88
16. Engelmann F (2003) Current research status and utilization of plant cryopreservation. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cryopreservation of Bio-genetic Resources, International Technical Cooperation Center, RDA, Suwon, Korea, 3–5 June 2003, pp 19–40
17. Mazur P (1984) Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and applications. Am J Physiol 143:C125–C142
18. Fahy GM, MacFarlane DR, Angell CA, Meryman HT (1984) Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation. Cryobiology 21:407–426
19. Engelmann F, Takagi H (eds) (2000) Cryopreservation of tropical plant germplasm – current research progress and applications. Japan International Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, IPGRI, Rome
20. Reed BM (2008) Plant cryopreservation – a practical guide. Springer, New York
21. Gonzalez-Arnao MT, Panta A, Roca WM, Escobar RE, Engelmann F (2008) Development and large scale application of cryopreservation techniques for shoot and somatic embryo cultures of tropical crops. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 92:1–13
22. Reed BM, Chang Y (1997) Medium-and long-term storage of in vitro cultures of temperate fruit and nut crops. In: Razdan MK, Cocking EC (eds) Conservation of plant genetic resources in vitro, vol 1, General aspects. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 67–105
23. Sakai A, Kobayashi S, Oiyama I (1990) Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb. var. brasiliensis Tanaka) by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep 9:30–33
24. Engelmann F (1997) In vitro conservation methods. In: Ford-Lloyd BV, Newburry JH, Callow JA (eds) Biotechnology and plant genetic resources: conservation and use. CABI, Wellingford, pp 119–162
25. Sakai A, Engelmann F (2007) Vitrification, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet-vitri-fication: a review. Cryo Letters 28:151–172
26. Engelmann F (1997) Importance of desiccation for the cryopreservation of recalcitrant seed and vegetatively propagated species. Plant Genet Res Newslett 112:9–18
27. Engelmann F (2000) Importance of cryopreservation for the conservation of plant genetic resources. In: Engelmann F, Takagi H (eds) Cryopreservation of tropical plant germplasm – current research progress and applications. Japan International Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, IPGRI, Rome, pp 8–20
28. Engelmann F (1999) Alternative methods for the storage of recalcitrant seeds – an update. In: Marzalina M, Khoo KC, Tsan FY, Krishnapillay B (eds) IUFRO Seed Symposium 1998 “Recalcitrant Seeds”. FRIM, Kuala Lumpur, pp 159–170
29. Panis B, Strosse H, Van den Henda S, Swennen R (2002) Sucrose preculture to simplify cryopreservation of banana meristem cultures. Cryo Letters 23:375–384
30. Berjak P, Pammenter NW, Goveia M, Sershen ED (2009) Cryo-conservation of genetic diversity of recalcitrant-seeded species via zygotic embryonic axes: successes and problems. In: 1st International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 33 (abstract)
31. Kim HH, Cho KS, Cho KT, Cha YS, Baek HJ, Gwag JK, Cho HJ (1998) Cryopreservation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seed embryos by flash drying method. RDA J Indust Crop Sci 40:18–24
32. Assy-Bah B, Engelmann F (1992) Cryopreservation of mature embryos of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and subsequent regeneration of plantlets. Cryo Letters 13:117–126
33. Kim HH, Cha YS, Baek HJ, Cho EG, Chae YA, Engelmann F (2002) Cryopreservation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seeds and embryonic axes. Cryo Letters 23:209–216
34. Engelmann F (1992) Cryopreservation of embryos. In: Dattée Y, Dumas C, Gallais A (eds) Reproductive biology and plant breeding. Springer, Berlin, pp 281–290
35. Chandel KPS, Chaudhury R, Radhamani J, Malik SK (1995) Desiccation and freezing sensitivity in recalcitrant seeds of tea, cocoa and jackfruit. Ann Bot 76:443–450
36. Nadarajan J, Staines HJ, Benson EE, Marzalina M, Krishnapillay B, Harding K (2006) Optimization of cryopreservation protocol for Sterculia cordata zygotic embryos using Taguchi experiments. J Tropical Forest Sci 18:222–230
37. Normah MN, Marzalina M (1995) Achievements and prospects of in vitro conservation for tree germplasm. In: Normah MN, Narimah MK, Clyde MM (eds) In vitro conservation of plant genetic resources. Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, pp 253–261
38. Chai Y, Marzalina M, Krishnapillay B (1994) Effect of sucrose as a cryoprotective agent in the cryopreservation of some Dipterocarp species. In: Proceedings of VIth National Symposium, Kuala Lumpur
39. Hor YL, Stanwood PC, Chin HF (1990) Effects of dehydration on freezing characteristics and survival in liquid nitrogen of three recalcitrant seeds. Pertanika 13:309–314
40. Krishnapillay B (1989) Towards the development of a protocol for cryopreservation of embryos of a recalcitrant seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia
41. Berjak P, Farrant JM, Mycock DJ, Pammenter NW (1989) Homoiohydrous (recalcitrant) seeds: the enigma of their desiccation sensitivity and the state of water in axes of Landolphia kirkii Dyer. Planta 186:249–261
42. Mroginski LA, Sansberro PA, Scocchi AM, Luna C, Rey HYA (2008) Cryopreservation protocol for immature zygotic embryos of species of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae). Biocell 32:33–39
43. Kim HM, Shin JH, Sohn JK (2004) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) by encapsulation-dehydration. Korean J Crop Sci 49:354–357
44. Steinmacher DA, Saldanha CW, Clement CR, Guerra MP (2007) Cryopreservation of peach palm zygotic embryos. Cryo Letters 28:13–22
45. San-Jose MC, Jorquera L, Vidal N, Corredoira E, Sanchez C (2005) Cryopreservation of European chestnut germplasm. Acta Hortic 693:225–231
46. Sam YY, Hor YL (1999) Effects of vitrification solution on survival of zygotic embryos of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in liquid nitrogen. In: Marzalina M, Khoo KC, Jayanthi N, Tsan FY, Krishnapillay B (eds) IUFRO Seed Symposium 1998 “Recalcitrant seeds”. Proceedings of the Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12–15 October 1998, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 146–152
47. Nadarajan J, Staines HJ, Benson EE, Marzalina M, Krishnapillay B, Harding K (2007) Optimization of cryopreservation for Sterculia cordata zygotic embryos using vitrification techniques. J Tropical Forest Sci 19:79–85
48. Cho EG, Hor YL, Kim HH, Rao VR, Engelmann F (2001) Cryopreservation of Citrus madurensis zygotic embryonic axes by vitrification: importance of pregrowth and preculture conditions. Cryo Letters 22:391–396
49. Yap LV, Hor YL, Normah MN (1999) Effects of sucrose preculture and subsequent desiccation on cryopreservation of alginate-encap-sulated Hevea brasiliensis embryo. In: Marzalina M, Khoo KC, Jayanthi N, Tsan FY, Krishnapillay B (eds) IUFRO Seed Symposium 1998 “Recalcitrant seeds”. Proceedings of the Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12–15 October 1998, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp 140–145
50. Cho EG, Hor YL, Kim HH, Ramanatha Rao V, Engelmann F (2002) Cryopreservation of Citrus madurensis embryonic axes by encapsulation-dehydration. Cryo Letters 23:325–332
51. Wesley-Smith J, Vertucci CW, Berjak P, Pammenter NW, Crane J (1992) Cryopreservation of desiccation-sensitive axes of Camellia sinensis in relation to dehydration, freezing rate and the thermal properties of tissue water. J Plant Physiol 140:596–604
52. Chaudhury R, Radhamani J, Chandel KPS (1991) Preliminary observations on the cryopreservation of desiccated embryonic axes of tea (Camellia sinensis L., O. Kuntze) seeds for genetic conservation. Cryo Letters 12:31–36
53. Kaviani B (2009) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of Melia azedarach L. and Camellia sinensis L. by encapsulation-dehydration. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 95 (abstract)
54. Engelmann F, Dumet D, Chabrillange N, Abdelnour-Esquivel A, Assy-Bah B, Dereuddre J, Duval Y (1995) Factors affecting the cryopreservation of coffee, coconut and oil palm embryos. Plant Genet Res Newslett 103:27–31
55. Dussert S, Chabrillange N, Roquelin G, Engelmann F, Lopez M, Hamon S (2001) Tolerance of coffee (Coffea spp.) seeds to ultra-low temperature exposure in relation to calorimetric properties of tissue water, lipid composition and cooling procedure. Physiol Plant 112:495–505
56. Hor YC, Kim YJ, Ugap A, Chabrillange N, Sinniah UR, Engelmann F, Dussert S (2005) Optimal hydration status for cryopreservation of intermediate oily seeds: Citrus as a case study. Ann Bot 95:1153–1161
57. Pence VC (1995) Cryopreservation of recalcitrant seeds. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 32, Cryopreservation of plant germplasm I. Springer, Berlin, pp 29–52
58. Mycock D (1999) Addition of calcium and magnesium to a glycerol and sucrose cryoprotectant solution improves the quality of plant embryo recovery from cryostorage. Cryo Letters 20:77–82
59. Uchendu EE, Muminova M, Traber MG, Reed BM (2009) Antioxidants improve regrowth of cryopreserved in vitro shoot tips. In: CRYO 2009, 46th Annual meeting of the Society for Cryobiology, 19–23 July 2009, Sapporo, Japan, p 53 (abstract)
60. Dussert S, Engelmann F (2006) New determinants of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seed tolerance to liquid nitrogen exposure. Cryo Letters 27:169–178
61. Varghese D, Berjak P, Pammenter NW (2009) Cryopreservation of shoot tips of Trichilia emetica, a tropical recalcitrant-seeded species. Cryo Letters 30:280–290
62. Kioko JI, Berjak P, Pammenter NW, Watt P, Wesley-Smith J (1998) Desiccation and cryopreservation of embryonic axes of Trichilia dregeana. Cryo Letters 19:5–11
63. Florin B, Ducos JP, Firmin L, Meschine MC, Thierry C, Pétiard V, Deshayes A (1995) Preservation of coffee somatic embryos through desiccation and cryopreservation. In: Association Scinetique Inernationale du Café (ed) 16th Int. Sci. Colloquium Coffee, A.S.I.C., Paris, pp 542–547
64. Fang JY, Wetten A, Hadley P (2004) Cryopreservation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) somatic embryos for long-term germplasm storage. Plant Sci 166:669–675
65. Kim HM, Shin JH, Sohn JK (2006) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos of the herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) by air drying. Cryobiology 53:69–74
66. Engelmann F, Dereuddre J (1988) Cryopreservation of oil palm somatic embryos: importance of the freezing process. Cryo Letters 9:220–235
67. Dereuddre J, Hassen N, Blandin S, Kaminski M (1991) Resistance of alginate-coated somatic embryos of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to desiccation and freezing in liquid nitrogen: 2 thermal analysis. Cryo Letters 12:135–148
68. de Boucaud MT, Brison M, Negrier P (1994) Cryopreservation of walnut somatic embryos. Cryo Letters 15:151–160
69. Tanino KK, Chen THH, Fughigami LH, Weiser CJ (1990) Metabolic alterations associated with abscisic acid-induced frost hardiness in bromegrass suspension culture cells. Plant Cell Physiol 31:505–511
70. Lee SP, Chen THH, Fuchigami LH (1991) Changes in the translatable RNA population during abscisis acid induced freezing tolerance in bromegrass suspension culture. Plant Cell Physiol 32:45–56
71. Tessereau H, Florin B, Meschine MC, Thierry C, Pétiard V (1994) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos: a tool for germplasm storage and commercial delivery of selected plants. Ann Bot 74:547–555
72. Bertrand-Desbrunais A, Fabre J, Engelmann F, Dereuddre J, Charrier A (1998) Adventitious embryogenesis recovery from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) somatic embryos after freezing in liquid nitrogen. C R Acad Sci Paris 307:795–801
73. Marin ML, Gogorcena Y, Ortiz J, Duran-Vila N (1993) Recovery of whole plants of sweet orange from somatic embryos subjected to freezing thawing treatments. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 34:27–33
74. Shimonishi K, Ishikawa M, Suzuki S, Oosawa K (2000) Cryopreservation of melon somatic embryos by desiccation method. In: Engelmann F, Takagi H (eds) Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm: Current Research Progress and Application. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan, October 1998, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, pp 167–171
75. Engelmann F, Duval Y, Dereuddre J (1985) Survie et prolifération d’embryons soma-tiques de palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) après congélation dans l’azote liquide. C R Acad Sci Paris 301:111–116
76. Dumet D, Engelmann F, Chabrillange N, Duval Y (1993) Cryopreservation of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) somatic embryos involving a desiccation step. Plant Cell Rep 12:352–355
77. Gonzalez-Arnao MT, Juarez J, Ortega C, Navarro L, Duran-Villa N (2003) Cryopreservation of ovules and somatic embryos of citrus using the encapsulation-dehydration technique. Cryo Letters 24:85–94
78. Scocchi A, Vila S, Mroginski L, Engelmann F (2007) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos of paradise tree (Melia azedarach L.). Cryo Letters 28:281–290
79. Dereuddre J, Tannoury M, Hassen N, Kaminski M, Vintejoux C (1991) Application of the technique of encapsulation of somatic embryos of carrot (Daucus carota L.) when freezing in liquid nitrogen: cytological study. Bull Soc Bot Fr 139:15–33
80. Shibli RA, Al-Juboory KH (2000) Cryopreservation of ‘Nabali’ olive (Olea europea L.) somatic embryos by encapsulation-dehydration and encapsulation-vitrification. Cryo Letters 21:357–366
81. Fang JY, Wetten A, Adu-Gyamfi R, Wilkinson M, Rodriguez-Lopez C (2009) Use of secondary somatic embryos promotes genetic fidelity in cryopreservation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Agric Food Sci 18:152–159
82. Hatanaka T, Yasuda T, Yamaguchi T, Sakai A (1994) Direct regrowth of encapsulated somatic embryos of coffee (Coffea caneph-ora) after cooling in liquid nitrogen. Cryo Letters 15:47–52
83. Turner SR, Tan B, Senaratna T, Bunn E, Dixon KW, Touchell D (2000) Cryopreservation of the Australian species Macropidia fuliginosa (Haemodoraceae) by vitrification. Cryo Letters 21:379–388
84. Corredoira E, San-José MC, Ballester A, Vieitez AM (2004) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryo axes and somatic embryos of European chestnut. Cryo Letters 25:33–42
85. Adu-Gyamfi R, Wetten A (2009) Cryopreservation of cocoa somatic embryos by vitrification. In: Application of Cryopreservation from Human Tissue to Plant Genebank Integration, Society for Low temperature Biology Annual meeting, University Hannover, Germany, 7–9 Sept 2009, p 34 (abstract)
86. Martinez-Montero ME, Martinez J, Engelmann F (2008) Cryopreservation of sugarcane somatic embryos. Cryo Letters 29:229–242
87. Bertrand-Desbrunais A (1991) La conservation des ressources génétiques des caféiers, Ph.D. Thesis, University Paris 6, France
88. Mycock DJ, Wesley-Smith J, Berjak P (1995) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos of four species with and without cryoprotectant pretreatment. Ann Bot 75:331–336
89. Florin B, Brulard B (2008) Examples of integration of cryopreservation in different plant biotechnology programmes. In: Laamanen J, Uosukainen M, Häggman H, Nukari A, Rantala S (eds) Agrifood Research Working papers 153. Proceedings of COST Action 871 meeting, Oulu, Finland, 20–23 Feb 2008
90. Dulloo ME, Ebert AW, Dussert S, Gotor E, Astorga C, Vasquez N, Rakotomalala JJ, Rabemiafara A, Eira M, Bellachew B, Omondi C, Engelmann F, Anthony F, Watts J, Qamar Z, Snook L (2009) Cost efficiency of cryopreservation as a long term conservation method for coffee genetic resources. Crop Sci 49:1–16
91. Pukacki PM, Jarzabech M, Pukacka M (2009) Characterization of cryoprotective activity of proteins in Acer, Fagus and Quercus embryonic axes. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 117 (abstract)
92. Pence VC, Dresser BL (1988) Embryo cryostorage as a technique for germplasm preservation of several large-seeded tree species. In: Beltsville Symp in Agric Res XIII Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation – Global Imperatives, 9–11 May 1988, p 24 (abstract)
93. Pence VC (1992) Desiccation and the survival of Aesculus, Castanea, and Quercus embryo axes through cryopreservation. Cryobiology 29:391–399
94. Sershen PNW, Berjak P, Wesley-Smith J (2007) Cryopreservation of selected Amaryllid species. Cryo Letters 28:387–399
95. Nery FC, Paiva R, Campos ACAL, Nogueira GF, Stein VC, Alvarenga AA (2009) Cryopreservation of Anadenanthera colubrine (Vell.) Brenan embryonic axes. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 67 (abstract)
96. Gagliardi RF, Pacheco GP, Valls JFM, Mansur E (2002) Cryopreservation of cultivated and wild Arachis species embryonic axes using desiccation and vitrification methods. Cryo Letters 23:61–68
97. Pritchard HW, Prendergast FG (1986) Effects of desiccation on the in vitro viability of embryos of the recalcitrant seed species Araucaria hunstenii K. Schum. J Plant Physiol 37:1388–1397
98. Thammasiri K (1999) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of jackfruit. Cryo Letters 20:21–28
99. Berjak P, Dumet D (1996) Cryopreservation of seeds and isolated embryonic axes of neem (Azadirachta indica). Cryo Letters 17:99–104
100. Chandel KPS, Chaudhury R, Radhamani J (1996) Cryopreservation of embryos/ embryonic axes – a novel method for the long-term conservation of recalcitrant seed species. In: Normah MN, Narimah MK, Clyde MM (eds) In vitro conservation of plant genetic resources. Percetakan Watan Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 53–71
101. Normah MN, Mainah G, Saraswathy R (2000) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of tropical fruit trees – a study on Lansium domesticum and baccaurea species. In: Engelmann F, Takagi H (eds) Cryopreservation of tropical plant germplasm: current research progress and application. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan, October 1998, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 156–160
102. Ishikawa K, Harata K, Mii M, Sakai A, Yoshimatsu K, Shimomura K (1997) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of a Japanese terrestrial orchid (Bletilla striata) by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep 16:754–757
103. Withers LA (1982) The development of cryopreservation techniques for plant cell, tissue and organ culture. In: Fujiwara A (ed) Proceedings 5th International Congress Plant Cell Tissue Culture, Tokyo, Japan, pp 793–794
104. Nogueira GF, Paiva R, Carvalho MA de F, da Silva DPC, Silva LC, Nogueira RC (2009) Cryopreservation of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. embryos using different moisture contents. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 76
105. Krishnapillay B, Marzalina M, Aziah MY (1992) Cryopreservation of excised embryos of rattan manau. In: Proceedings 3rd National Biotechnological Research Conference of National Universities of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 325–330
106. Janeiro LV, Vieitez AM, Ballester A (1996) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos and embryonic axes of Camellia japonica L. Plant Cell Rep 15:699–703
107. Kim HH, Yoon JW, Park SU, Kim JH, Cho EG, Engelmann F (2005) Assessment of desiccation sensitivity of tea embryos for cryopreservation. Cryo Letters 26:269–276
108. Monnier M, Leddet C (1980) Action du sac-charose sur la résistance au gel des embryons immatures de capselle. Bull Soc Bot Fr 127:71–77
109. Abou Taleb S, Yates I, Wood BW, Fouad MM (1992) Cryogenics and tissue culture for preserving pecan germplasm. HortScience 27:693
110. Cho EG, Normah MN, Kim HH, Ramanatha Rao V, Engelmann F (2002) Cryopreservation of Citrus aurantifolia seeds and embryonic axes using a desiccation protocol. Cryo Letters 23:309–316
111. Malik SK, Chaudhury R (2006) The cryopreservation of embryonic axes of two wild and endangered Citrus species. Plant Genet Res Charact Utiliz 4:204–209
112. Cho EG, Hor YL, Kim HH, Gwag JG, Ramanatha Rao V, Engelmann F (2003) Cryopreservation of Citrus madurensis zygotic embryos by encapsulation-dehydration. Korean J Breed 35:148–153
113. Santos IRI, Stushnoff C (2002) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of Citrus species by encapsulation-dehydration. Plant Genet Res Newslett 131:36–41
114. Santos IRI, Stushnoff C (2003) Desiccation and freezing tolerance of embryonic axes from Citrus sinensis (L.) OSB. pretreated with sucrose. Cryo Letters 24:281–292
115. Makeen MA, Noor NM, Dussert S, Clyde MM (2006) Cryopreservation of whole seeds and excised embryonic axes of Citrus suhuiensis cv. limau langkat in accordance to their desiccation sensitivity. Cryo Letters 26:259–268
116. Chin HF, Krishnapillay B, Hor YL (1989) A note on the cryopreservation of embryos from young coconuts (Cocos nucifera var. Mawa). Pertanika 12:183–186
117. Assy-Bah B, Engelmann F (1992) Cryopreservation of immature embryos of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Cryo Letters 13:67–74
118. Sajini KK, Karun A, Kumaran PM (2006) Cryopreservation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) zygotic embryos after pre-growth desiccation. J Plantation Crops 34:576–581
119. Abdelnour A, Villalobos V, Engelmann F (1992) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of Coffea spp. Cryo Letters 13:297–302
120. Dussert S, Chabrillange N, Engelmann F, Anthony F, Hamon S (1997) Cryopreservation of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds: importance of the precooling temperature. Cryo Letters 18:269–276
121. Dussert S, Chabrillange N, Engelmann F, Hamon S (1999) Quantitative estimation of seed desiccation sensitivity using a quantal response model: application to nine species of the genus Coffea. Seed Sci Res 9:135–144
122. Martinez M, Gonzalez-Arnao MT, Urra C, Rojas R, Cuba M, Garcia D (1996) Preliminary studies on the cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of Coffea arabica variety 972. Cultivos Tropicales 17:79–81
123. Normah MN, Vengadasalam M (1992) Effects of moisture content on cryopreservation of Coffea and Vigna seeds and embryos. Cryo Letters 13:199–208
124. Gonzales-Benito ME, Perez C (1994) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of two cultivars of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Cryo Letters 15:41–46
125. Reed BM, Normah MN, Yu XL (1994) Stratification is necessary for successful cryopreservation of axes from stored hazelnut seed. Cryo Letters 15:377–384
126. Peran R, Berjak P, Pammenter NW, Kioko JI (2006) Cryopreservation, encapsulation and promotion of shoot production of embryonic axes of a recalcitrant species Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. Cryo Letters 27:5–16
127. Grout BWW, Shelton K, Pritchard HW (1983) Orthodox behaviour of oil palm seed and cryopreservation of the excised embryo for genetic conservation. Ann Bot 52:381–384
128. Engelmann F, Chabrillange N, Dussert S, Duval Y (1995) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos and kernels of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Seed Sci Res 5:81–86
129. Villa AL, Jimenez PE, Valbuena RI, Bastidas S, Nunez VM (2007) Preliminary study of the establishment of cryoconservation protocol for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Agronomia Colombiana 25:215–223
130. Zaimah NAN, Benson EE, Marzalina M (2007) Viability of Elateriospermum tapos (perah) embryo after storage in liquid nitrogen. J Tropical Forest Sci 19:1–5
131. Fu JR, Zhang BZ, Wang XP, Qiao YZ, Huang XL (1990) Physiological studies on desiccation, wet storage and cryopreservation of recalcitrant seeds of three fruit tree species and their excised embryonic axis. Seed Sci Technol 18:743–754
132. Brearley J, Henshaw GG, Davey C, Taylor NJ, Blakesley D (1997) Cryopreservation of Fraxinus excelsior L. zygotic embryos. Cryo Letters 16:215–218
133. Normah MN, Chin HF, Hor YL (1986) Desiccation and cryopreservation of embryonic axes of Hevea brasiliensis, Muell-Arg. Pertanika 9:99–303
134. Chin HF, Krishnapillay B, Alang ZC (1988) Cryopreservation of Veitchia and Howea palm embryo: non-development of the haustorium. Cryo Letters 9:372–379
135. Wen B, Song SQ (2007) Acquisition and loss of cryotolerance in Livistonia chinensis embryos during seed development. Cryo Letters 28:291–302
136. Marin ML, Mafla G, Roca WM, Withers LA (1990) Cryopreservation of cassava zygotic embryos and whole seeds in liquid nitrogen. Cryo Letters 11:257–264
137. Abdelnour-Esquivel A, Mora A, Villalobos V (1992) Cryopreservation of zygotic embryos of Musa acuminata (AA) and M. balbisiana (BB). Cryo Letters 13:159–164
138. Gonzalez-Rio F, Gurriaran MJ, Gonzalez-Benito E, Revilla MA (1994) Desiccation and cryopreservation of olive (Olea euro-paea L.) embryos. Cryo Letters 15:337–342
139. Zavala ME, Sussex IM (1986) Survival of developing wheat embryos and bean axes following cryoprotection and freezing in liquid nitrogen. J Plant Physiol 122:193–197
140. Hargreaves CL, Grace LJ, van der Maas SA, Menzies MI, Kumar S, Holden DG, Foggo MN, Low CB, Dibley MJ (2005) Comparative in vitro and early nursery performance of adventitious shoots from cryopreserved cotyledons and axillary shoots from epicotyls of the same zygotic embryo of control-polli-nated Pinus radiata. Can J Forest Res 35:2629–2641
141. Wesley-Smith J, Walters C, Berjak P, Pammenter NW (2004) Non-equilibrium cooling of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) embryonic axes at various water contents. Cryo Letters 25:121–128
142. Wesley-Smith J, Walters C, Berjak P, Pammenter NW (2004) The influence of water content, cooling and warming rate upon survival of embryonic axes of Poncirus trifoliata (L.). Cryo Letters 25:129–138
143. Chaudhury R, Chandel KPS (1995) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) seeds. Cryo Letters 16:51–56
144. de Boucaud MT, Helliot B, Brison M (1996) Desiccation and cryopreservation of embryonic axes of peach. Cryo Letters 17:379–390
145. Gonzales-Benito ME, Perez-Ruiz C (1992) Cryopreservation of Quercus faginea embryonic axes. Cryobiology 29:685–690
146. Gonzalez-Benito ME, Prieto RM, Herradon E, Martin C (2002) Cryopreservation of Quercus suber and Quercus ilex embryonic axes: in vitro culture, desiccation and cooling factor. Cryo Letters 23:283–290
147. Berjak P, Walker M, Mycock DJ, Wesley-Smith J, Watt P, Pammenter NW (2000) Cryopreservation of recalcitrant zygotic embryos. In: Engelmann F, Takagi H (eds) Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm: Current Research Progress and Application. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan, October 1998. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 140–155
148. Nogueira GF, Paiva R, Campos ACAL, Nery FC, Vargas DP, Paiva PD de O (2009) Cryopreservation of embryonic axes of castor bean cv Al-Guarani 2002. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 108
149. Abdelnour-Esquivel A, Engelmann F (2002) Cryopreservation of chayote (Sechium edule Jacq. Sw.) zygotic embryos and shoot-tips from in vitro plantlets. Cryo Letters 23:299–308
150. Marzalina M (1995) Pemyimpanan biji benih mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.). Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
151. Pence VC (1991) Cryopreservation of immature embryos of Theobroma cacao. Plant Cell Rep 10:144–147
152. Kendall EJ, Kartha KK, Qureshi JA, Chermak P (1993) Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment. Plant Cell Rep 12:89–94
153. Delvallée I, Guillaud J, Beckert M, Dumas C (1989) Cryopreservation of immature maize embryos after freeze-hardening in the ear and in vitro. Plant Sci 60:129–136
154. Wen B, Song SQ (2007) Acquisition of cryotolerance in maize embryos during seed development. Cryo Letters 28:109–118
155. Touchell D, Walters C (2000) Recovery of embryos of Zizania palustris following exposure to liquid nitrogen. Cryo Letters 21:261–270
156. Walters C, Touchell DH, Power P, Wesley-Smith J, Antolin MF (2002) A cryopreservation protocol for embryos of the endangered species Zizania texana. Cryo Letters 23:291–298
157. Misson JP, Druart P, Panis B, Watillon B (2006) Contribution to the study of the maintenance of somatic embryos of Abies nordmanniana LK: culture media and cryopreservation method. Propag Ornamental Plants 6:17–23
158. Jekkel Z, Gyulai G, Kiss J, Kiss E, Heszky LE (1998) Cryopreservation of horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) somatic embryos using three different freezing methods. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 52:193–197
159. Uragami A, Sakai A, Nagai M, Takahashi T (1989) Survival of cultured cells and somatic embryos of Asparagus officinalis cryopreserved by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep 8:418–421
160. Uragami A, Sakai A, Nagai M, Takahashi T (1990) Cryopreservation by vitrification of cultured cells and somatic embryos from mesophyll tissue of asparagus. Acta Hortic 271:109–116
161. Li CR, Loh CS, Sun WQ (1999) An improved dehydration protocol for cryopreservation of Brassica napus somatic embryos. Cryo Letters 20:263–268
162. Deepu V, John MKM, Balasaravanan T, Pius PK, Kumar RR (2005) Influence of dehydration methods for cryopreservation of somatic embryos of tea. J Plantation Crops 33:156–159
163. Kumar S, Sharma S (2005) Somatic embryogenesis and cryopreservation of walnut (Juglans regia L.) and pecan (Carya illinoen-sis Koch). Acta Hortic 696:143–147
164. Oh SD (1997) The effect of prefreezing treatment and cryoprotectants on the survival of cryopreserved somatic embryos and plant regeneration in Korean native citrus species. Acta Hortic 447:499–505
165. Marin ML, Duran-Vila N (1988) Survival of somatic embryos and recovery of plants of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) after immersion in liquid nitrogen. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 14:51–57
166. Nair DS, Reghunath BR (2007) Effective use of encapsulation-dehydration technique in cryopreserving somatic embryos of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.). J Herbs Spices Med Plants 13:83–95
167. Cho HJ, Yang WY, Jeong MG, Kim HH, Ma KH (1998) Survival of somatic embryo of Cnidium officinale Makino cryopreserved by vitrification. RDA J Indust Crop Sci 40:41–46
168. Popova EV, Lu ZW, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2009) Cryopreservation of Coriandrum sativum somatic embryos and plant regeneration. In: First International Symposium “Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species”, Leuven, Belgium, 5–8 April 2009, p 116
169. Shimonishi K, Ishikawa M, Suzuki S, Oosawa K (1991) Cryopreservation of melon somatic embryos by desiccation method. Jap J Breed 41:347–351
170. Lecouteux C, Florin B, Tessereau H, Bollon H, Pétiard V (1991) Cryopreservation of carrot somatic embryos using a simplified freezing process. Cryo Letters 12:319–328
171. Thierry C, Florin B, Pétiard V (1999) Changes in protein metabolism during the acquisition of tolerance to cryopreservation of carrot somatic embryos. Plant Physiol Biochem 37:145–154
172. Dumet D, Engelmann F, Chabrillange N, Duval Y (1994) Effect of desiccation and storage temperature on the conservation of cultures of oil palm somatic embryos. Cryo Letters 15:85–90
173. Shibli RA (2000) Cryopreservation of black iris (Iris nigricans) somatic embryos by encapsulation-dehydration. Cryo Letters 21:39–46
174. Lee BC (1989) Survival and regeneration of somatic embryos of Juglans regia L. (English walnut) after being frozen in liquid nitrogen. Res Rep Inst For Genet 25:159–165
175. Danso KE, Ford-Lloyd BV (2002) Induction of high-frequency somatic embryos in cassava for cryopreservation. Plant Cell Rep 2:226–232
176. Deb CR (2002) Cryopreservation of somatic embryos and artificial seeds of Melia azedarach by vitrification. J Plant Biol 29:71–76
177. Bomal C, Tremblay FM (2000) Dried cryopreserved somatic embryos of two Picea species provide suitable material for direct plantlet regeneration and germplasm storage. Ann Bot 86:177–183
178. Percy REL, Livingston NJ, Moran JA, von Aderkas P (2001) Desiccation, cryopreservation and water relations parameters of white spruce (Picea glauca) and interior spruce (Picea glauca x engelmannii complex) somatic embryos. Tree Physiol 21:1303–1310
179. Ford CS, Jones NB, van Staden J (2000) Cryopreservation and plant regeneration from somatic embryos of Pinus patula. Plant Cell Rep 19:610–615
180. Gale S, John A, Harding K, Benson EE (2008) Developing cryopreservation for Picea sitchensis (sitka spruce) somatic embryos: a comparison of vitrification protocols. Cryo Letters 29:135–144
181. Fernandes P, Rodriguez E, Pinto G, Roldan-Ruiz I, Loose M, de Santos C (2008) Cryopreservation of Quercus suber somatic embryos by encapsulation-dehydration and evaluation of genetic stability. Tree Physiol 28:1841–1850
182. Fang JY, Sacandé M, Pritchard H, Wetten A (2009) Influence of freezable/non-freezable water and sucrose on the viability of Theobroma cacao somatic embryos following desiccation and freezing. Plant Cell Rep 28:883–889
183. Miaja ML, Gambino G, Vallania R, Gribaudo I (2004) Cryopreservation of Vitis vinifera L. somatic embryos by vitrification or encapsulation-dehydration. Acta Hort 663:599–603