Estimating the time period between infection and diagnosis based on CD4+ counts at first diagnosis among HIV-1 antiretroviral naïve patients in nigeria

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

Volumn 4, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 662-667

  Forbi, Joseph C ^a   Forbi, Thanda D ^a   Agwale, Simon M ^a  

^a Innovative Biotech   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Delayed diagnosis; HIV 1; Nigeria

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; NIGERIA; PATHOLOGY; TIME;

CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; NIGERIA; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 79957784216     PISSN: 20366590     EISSN: 19722680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.1015     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. th October 2010.
2. United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (2007) Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Sub- Saharan Africa AIDS epidemic update Regional Summary 2007. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Page 18.Available: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/JC1526_epibriefs_subsaharanafrica_en.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2010.
3. Alikor DE, Erhabor NO (2006) Trend of HIV-seropositivity among children in a tertiary health institution in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Afr J Health Sci 13: 80-85.
4. Raufa A (2000) Rising HIV infection through blood transfusion worries Nigerian health experts. AIDS Ann Afr 11: 15.
5. Udonwa NE, Ekpo M, Ekanem IA, Inem VA, Etokidem A (2004) Oil doom and AIDS boom in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Rural Remote Health 4: 273:12.
6. Lawn SD (2004) AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfection on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 48: 1-12.
7. Gallo RC (2002) Human retroviruses after 20 years: a perspective from the past and prospects for their future control. Immunol Rev 185: 236-265.
8. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) - Abuja (2001) Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Nigeria.
9. Weidle P, Mastro T, Grant A, Nkengasong J, Macharia D (2002) HIV/AIDS treatment and HIV vaccines for Africa. The Lancet 359: 2261-2267.
10. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) - Abuja (2004) Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Nigeria.
11. Forbi JC and Agwale SM (2009) Inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratio associated with AIDS event and death in HIV- type 1 infected individual at first entry in an African nation. Tan J Health Res 11: 144-148.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992) 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 41: 1-19. Available: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm. Accessed 1 March 2010.
13. Volberding P (1992) Clinical spectrum of HIV disease. In Devita T, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. AIDS: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 123-140.
14. Schneider MF, Gange SJ, Williams CM (2005) Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984-2004. AIDS 19: 2009-2018.
15. World Health Organization, UNAIDS, UNICEF (2008) Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report: Geneva: World Health Organization.
16. Lamptey PR (2002) Reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV in poor countries. BMJ 324: 207-211.
17. WHO (2005) Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS case definitions for surveillance, African region. Referencenumber. Available: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/clinicalstaging.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2010.
18. Oladepo DK, Idigbe EO, Audu RA, Inyang US, Imade GE, Philip AO, Okafor GO, Olaleye D, Mohammed SB, Odunukwe NN, Harry TO, Edyong-Ekpa M, Idoko J, Musa AZ, Adedeji A, Nasidi A, Ya' aba Y, Ibrahim K (2009) Establishment of reference values of CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subsets in healthy Nigerian adults. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 1374-1377.
19. Chama CM, Morrupa JY, Abja UA, Kayode A (2009) Normal CD4 T-lymphocyte baseline in healthy HIV- negative pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol 29: 702-704.
20. Saag MS (1994) Natural History of HIV disease. In Broader S, Merigan TCJr, Bolognesi D. Text Book of AIDS Medicine, Baltimore. Williams & Wilkin. 45-53.
21. Kiwanuka N, Robb M, Laeyendecker O, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Makumbi FE, Nalugoda F, Kagaayi J, Eller M, Eller LA, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Reynolds SJ, Quinn TC, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Whalen CC (2010) HIV-1 Viral Subtype Differences in the Rate of CD4+ T- Cell Decline Among HIV Seroincident Antiretroviral Naïve Persons in Rakai District, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 54: 180-184.
22. CD4 Collaborative Group (1992) Use of monitored CD4 cell counts: predictions of the AIDS epidemic in Scotland. AIDS 6: 213-222.
23. Porter K, Wall PG, Evans BG (1993) Factors associated with lack of awareness of HIV infection before diagnosis of AIDS. BMJ 307: 20-23.
24. Valdiserri RO (2007) Late HIV diagnosis: Bad medicine and worse public health. PLoS Med 4: e.200.
25. Marks G, Crepaz N, Janssen RS (2006) Estimating sexual transmission of HIV from persons aware and unaware that they are infected with the virus in the USA. AIDS 20: 1447-1450.
26. Mkanta WN, Mejia MC, Duncan RP (2010) Race, outpatient mental health service use, and survival after an AIDS diagnosis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 24: 31-37.
27. Delmas MC, Jadand C, De Vincenzi I, Deveau C, Persoz A, Sobel A, Kazatchkine M, Brunet JB, Meyer L (1997) Gender difference in CD4+ cell counts persist after HIV-1 infection. SEROCO Study Group. AIDS 11: 1071-1073.
28. Camara M, Dieye TN, Seydi M, Diallo AA, Fall M, Diaw PA, Sow PS, Mboup S, Kestens L, Jennes W (2010) Low- level CD4+ T cell activation in HIV-exposed seronegative subjects: influence of gender and condom use. J Infect 201: 835-842.
29. Kitahata, M. M., Gange, S. J., Abraham, A. G., et al. (2009). Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on Survival. N Eng J Med 360: 1815-1826.
30. Sanders GD, Bayourmi AM, Sundaram V, Bilir SP, Neukermans CP, Rydzak CE, Douglass LR, Lazzeroni LC, Holodniy M, Owens DK (2005) Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Eng J Med 352: 570-585.
31. Dosekun O, Kober C, Richardson D, Parkhouse A, Fisher M (2010) It's not all swine flu are we missing opportunities to diagnose primary HIV infection in patients with flu symptoms? Int J STD AIDS 21: 145-146.
32. Hendriks JC, Satten GA, van Ameijden EJ, van Druten HA, Coutinho RA, van Griensven GJ (1998) The incubation period to AIDS in injecting drug users estimated from prevalent cohort data, accounting for death prior to an AIDS diagnosis. AIDS 12: 1537-1544.
33. Touloumi G, Karafoulidou A, Gialeraki A, Katsarou O, Milona I, Kapsimali V, Mandalaki T, Hatzakis A (1998) Determinants of progression of HIV infection in a Greek hemophilia cohort followed for up to 16 years after seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 19: 89-97.
34. Benthem BH, Veugelers PJ, Cornelisse PG, Strathdee SA, Kaldor JM, Shafer KA, Coutinho RA, van Griensven GJ (1998)Is AIDS a floating point between HIV seroconversion and death? Insights from the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study. AIDS 12: 1039-1045.
35. Kiwanuka N, Laeyendecker O, Robb M, Kigozi G, Arroyo M, McCutchan F, Eller LA, Eller M, Makumbi F, Birx D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Quinn TC, Wawer M, Gray R. J Infect Dis. (2008) Effect of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype on disease progression in persons from Rakai, Uganda, with incident HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 197: 638-639.
36. Morgan D and Whitworth J (2001) The natural history of HIV-1 infection in Africa. Nat Med 7: 143-145.
37. Morgan D, Malamba SS, Orem J, Mayanja B, Okongo M, Whitworth JA (2000) Survival by AIDS defining condition in rural Uganda. Sex Transm Infect 76: 193-197.
38. Isingo R, Zaba B, Marston M, Ndege M, Mngara J, Mwita W, Wringe A, Beckles D, Changalucha J, Urassa M (2007) Survival after HIV infection in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era in a rural Tanzanian cohort AIDS 6: S5-S13.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR 55(RR- 14): 1-17.