메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 615-628

The schmidt hammer as a holocene calibrated-age dating technique: Testing the form of the R-value-age relationship and defining the predicted-age errors

Author keywords

calibrated age dating; Holocene; raised shoreline; rock weathering; Schmidt hammer exposure age dating (SHD); Sweden; weighted least squares regression (WTLS)

Indexed keywords

BEACH; CALIBRATION; DATING METHOD; ERROR ANALYSIS; GRANITE; HOLOCENE; LITHOLOGY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PALEOENVIRONMENT; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SHORELINE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WEATHERING;

EID: 79957666943     PISSN: 09596836     EISSN: 14770911     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0959683610391322     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 0034089890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmidt hammer age evaluation of the moraine sequence in front of Bøyabreen, western Norway
    • Aa AR and Sjåstad JA (2000) Schmidt hammer age evaluation of the moraine sequence in front of Bøyabreen, western Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 80: 27-32.
    • (2000) Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , vol.80 , pp. 27-32
    • Aa, A.R.1    Sjåstad, J.A.2
  • 2
    • 0032470148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphic evidence of Younger Dryas glaciation in the Macgillycuddy's Reeks, south west Ireland
    • Anderson E., Harrison S., Passmore DG and Mighall TM (1998) Geomorphic evidence of Younger Dryas glaciation in the Macgillycuddy's Reeks, south west Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 13: 75-90 (Supplement1).
    • (1998) Journal of Quaternary Science , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 75-90
    • Anderson, E.1    Harrison, S.2    Passmore, D.G.3    Mighall, T.M.4
  • 3
    • 0030425320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rock weathering rates in arctic and subarctic environments (Abisko Mts, Swedish Lappland)
    • André M.-F(1996) Rock weathering rates in arctic and subarctic environments (Abisko Mts, Swedish Lappland). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 40: 499-517.
    • (1996) Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie , vol.40 , pp. 499-517
    • André, M.-F.1
  • 4
    • 0036970094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of postglacial rock weathering on glacially scoured outcrops (Abisko-Riksgränsen area, 68°N)
    • André M.-F(2002) Rates of postglacial rock weathering on glacially scoured outcrops (Abisko-Riksgränsen area, 68°N). Geografiska Annaler 84A: 139-150.
    • (2002) Geografiska Annaler , vol.84 A , pp. 139-150
    • André, M.-F.1
  • 5
    • 79957659139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative dating of moraines by lichenometric and Schmidt hammer techniques in the Gangotri glacier valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttaranchal
    • Awasthi DD, Bali R. and Tewari NK (2005) Relative dating of moraines by lichenometric and Schmidt hammer techniques in the Gangotri glacier valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttaranchal. Special Publication of the Palaeontological Society of India 2: 201-206.
    • (2005) Special Publication of the Palaeontological Society of India , vol.2 , pp. 201-206
    • Awasthi, D.D.1    Bali, R.2    Tewari, N.K.3
  • 6
    • 0022903902 scopus 로고
    • Protalus rampart development and the limits of former glaciers in the vicinity of Baosbheinn, Wester Ross
    • Ballantyne CK (1986) Protalus rampart development and the limits of former glaciers in the vicinity of Baosbheinn, Wester Ross. Scottish Journal of Geology 22: 13-25.
    • (1986) Scottish Journal of Geology , vol.22 , pp. 13-25
    • Ballantyne, C.K.1
  • 8
    • 0027868596 scopus 로고
    • Influence of snow upon rates of granodiorite weathering, Colorado Front Range, USA
    • Benedict JB (1993) Influence of snow upon rates of granodiorite weathering, Colorado Front Range, USA. Boreas 22: 87-92.
    • (1993) Boreas , vol.22 , pp. 87-92
    • Benedict, J.B.1
  • 9
    • 34250176182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas, 8.2 cal ka, and Little Ice Age events
    • Benson L., Madole R., Kubik P. and McDonald R. (2007) Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas, 8.2 cal ka, and Little Ice Age events. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 1638-1649.
    • (2007) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.26 , pp. 1638-1649
    • Benson, L.1    Madole, R.2    Kubik, P.3    McDonald, R.4
  • 10
    • 1542321175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The probable importance of snow and sediment shielding on cosmogenic ages of north-central Colorado Pinedale and pre-Pinedale moraines
    • Benson L., Madole R., Phillips W., Landis G., Thomas T. and Kubik P. (2004) The probable importance of snow and sediment shielding on cosmogenic ages of north-central Colorado Pinedale and pre-Pinedale moraines. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 193-206.
    • (2004) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.23 , pp. 193-206
    • Benson, L.1    Madole, R.2    Phillips, W.3    Landis, G.4    Thomas, T.5    Kubik, P.6
  • 11
    • 1842435260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene shore displacement and chronology in Ångermanland, eastern Sweden, the Scandinavian glacio-isostatic uplift centre
    • Berglund M. (2004) Holocene shore displacement and chronology in Ångermanland, eastern Sweden, the Scandinavian glacio-isostatic uplift centre. Boreas 33: 48-60.
    • (2004) Boreas , vol.33 , pp. 48-60
    • Berglund, M.1
  • 12
    • 0026313089 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for enhanced mechanical weathering associated with seasonally late-lying and perennial snow patches, Jotunheimen, Norway
    • Berrisford MS (1991) Evidence for enhanced mechanical weathering associated with seasonally late-lying and perennial snow patches, Jotunheimen, Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2: 331-340.
    • (1991) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.2 , pp. 331-340
    • Berrisford, M.S.1
  • 13
    • 0034131599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rock surface hardness as an indication of exposure age: An archaeological application of the Schmidt hammer
    • Betts MW and Latta MA (2000) Rock surface hardness as an indication of exposure age: An archaeological application of the Schmidt hammer. Archaeometry 42: 209-223.
    • (2000) Archaeometry , vol.42 , pp. 209-223
    • Betts, M.W.1    Latta, M.A.2
  • 14
    • 0023497068 scopus 로고
    • Neoglacial glacier variations in northern Iceland: Examples from the Eyjafjördur Area
    • Caseldine C. (1987) Neoglacial glacier variations in northern Iceland: Examples from the Eyjafjördur Area. Arctic and Alpine Research 19: 296-304.
    • (1987) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.19 , pp. 296-304
    • Caseldine, C.1
  • 15
    • 0022205080 scopus 로고
    • The definite connection of the Swedish Geochronological Time Scale with the present and the new date of the zero-year in Döviken, northern Sweden
    • Cato I. (1985) The definite connection of the Swedish Geochronological Time Scale with the present and the new date of the zero-year in Döviken, northern Sweden. Boreas 14: 117-122.
    • (1985) Boreas , vol.14 , pp. 117-122
    • Cato, I.1
  • 16
    • 0003115527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ragnar Lidén's postglacial varve chronology from the Ångermanälven valley, northern Sweden
    • Cato I. (1998) Ragnar Lidén's postglacial varve chronology from the Ångermanälven valley, northern Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca 88: 44 pp.
    • (1998) Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca , vol.88 , pp. 44
    • Cato, I.1
  • 17
    • 0034029446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonisation - A review
    • Chen J., Blume HP and Beyer L. (2000) Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonisation - A review. Catena 39: 121-146.
    • (2000) Catena , vol.39 , pp. 121-146
    • Chen, J.1    Blume, H.P.2    Beyer, L.3
  • 19
    • 4644338706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rock avalanche deposit in Burtness Comb, Lake District, northwest England
    • Clark R. and Wilson P. (2004) A rock avalanche deposit in Burtness Comb, Lake District, northwest England. Geological Journal 39: 419-430.
    • (2004) Geological Journal , vol.39 , pp. 419-430
    • Clark, R.1    Wilson, P.2
  • 20
    • 0019352886 scopus 로고
    • Rock-weathering rates as functions of time
    • Colman SM (1981) Rock-weathering rates as functions of time. Quaternary Research 15: 250-264.
    • (1981) Quaternary Research , vol.15 , pp. 250-264
    • Colman, S.M.1
  • 23
    • 0026274476 scopus 로고
    • Sorted circles, relative-age dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in an alpine periglacial environment, eastern Jotunheimen, Norway: Lichenometric and weathering-based approaches
    • Cook-Talbot JD (1991) Sorted circles, relative-age dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in an alpine periglacial environment, eastern Jotunheimen, Norway: Lichenometric and weathering-based approaches. The Holocene 1: 128-141.
    • (1991) The Holocene , vol.1 , pp. 128-141
    • Cook-Talbot, J.D.1
  • 24
    • 0022900810 scopus 로고
    • A catastrophic landslide (sturzstrom) in Verkilsdalen, Rondane National Park, southern Norway
    • Dawson AG, Matthews JA and Shakesby RA (1986) A catastrophic landslide (sturzstrom) in Verkilsdalen, Rondane National Park, southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler 68A: 77-87.
    • (1986) Geografiska Annaler , vol.68 A , pp. 77-87
    • Dawson, A.G.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Shakesby, R.A.3
  • 26
    • 61749097597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the correct intervals for prediction: A tutorial on tolerance interval for ordinary least squares regression
    • De Gryze S., Langhans I. and Vandebroek M. (2007) Using the correct intervals for prediction: A tutorial on tolerance interval for ordinary least squares regression. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 87: 147-154.
    • (2007) Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , vol.87 , pp. 147-154
    • de Gryze, S.1    Langhans, I.2    Vandebroek, M.3
  • 27
    • 2442683896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific
    • Dickson ME, Kennedy DM and Woodroffe CD (2004) The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 629-643.
    • (2004) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.29 , pp. 629-643
    • Dickson, M.E.1    Kennedy, D.M.2    Woodroffe, C.D.3
  • 29
    • 0030439238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A consistent map of the postglacial uplift of Fennoscandia
    • Ekman M. (1996) A consistent map of the postglacial uplift of Fennoscandia. Terra Nova 8: 158-165.
    • (1996) Terra Nova , vol.8 , pp. 158-165
    • Ekman, M.1
  • 30
    • 38649116024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement and age assignment of intact rock strength in the Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic
    • Engel Z. (2007) Measurement and age assignment of intact rock strength in the Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 51 (Supplementband 1): 69-80.
    • (2007) Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie , vol.51 , Issue.1 SUPPL. 1 , pp. 69-80
    • Engel, Z.1
  • 31
    • 2142706822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphological surfaces of different age and origin in granite landscapes: An evaluation of the Schmidt hammer test
    • Ericson K. (2004) Geomorphological surfaces of different age and origin in granite landscapes: An evaluation of the Schmidt hammer test. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 495-509.
    • (2004) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.29 , pp. 495-509
    • Ericson, K.1
  • 32
    • 33745053042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land uplift: Virgin land from the sea
    • In: Seppälä M (ed)., Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Eronen M. (2005) Land uplift: Virgin land from the sea. In: Seppälä M (ed.) The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-34.
    • (2005) The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia , pp. 17-34
    • Eronen, M.1
  • 34
    • 0002989381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the lichenometric dating techniques based on data from the proglacial areas of some Icelandic glaciers
    • Evans DJA, Archer S. and Wilson DJH (1999) A comparison of the lichenometric dating techniques based on data from the proglacial areas of some Icelandic glaciers. Quaternary Science Reviews 18: 13-41.
    • (1999) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.18 , pp. 13-41
    • Evans, D.J.A.1    Archer, S.2    Wilson, D.J.H.3
  • 35
    • 84865359660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Världens högsta kuslinje
    • Fredén C. and Grånäs K. (2002) Världens högsta kuslinje. Geologisk Forum 36: 20-26.
    • (2002) Geologisk Forum , vol.36 , pp. 20-26
    • Fredén, C.1    Grånäs, K.2
  • 37
    • 15544383120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of Schmidt hammer testing procedures with reference to rock cutting machine performance prediction
    • Goktan RM and Gunes N. (2005) A comparative study of Schmidt hammer testing procedures with reference to rock cutting machine performance prediction. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 42: 466-472.
    • (2005) International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences , vol.42 , pp. 466-472
    • Goktan, R.M.1    Gunes, N.2
  • 38
    • 33846160504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Schmidt Hammer in geomorphological research
    • Goudie AS (2006) The Schmidt Hammer in geomorphological research. Progress in Physical Geography 30: 703-718.
    • (2006) Progress in Physical Geography , vol.30 , pp. 703-718
    • Goudie, A.S.1
  • 39
    • 0027388309 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced bedrock weathering in association with late-lying snowpatches: Evidence from Livingston Island, Antarctica
    • Hall K. (1993) Enhanced bedrock weathering in association with late-lying snowpatches: Evidence from Livingston Island, Antarctica. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18: 121-129.
    • (1993) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.18 , pp. 121-129
    • Hall, K.1
  • 40
    • 0028159429 scopus 로고
    • Surface dating of dynamic landforms: young boulders on aging moraines
    • Hallet B. and Putkonen J. (1994) Surface dating of dynamic landforms: young boulders on aging moraines. Science 265: 937-940.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 937-940
    • Hallet, B.1    Putkonen, J.2
  • 41
    • 53649108819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface weathering of rapakivi granite outcrops - Implications for natural stone exploration and quality evaluation
    • Härmä P. and Selonen O. (2008) Surface weathering of rapakivi granite outcrops - Implications for natural stone exploration and quality evaluation. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 57: 135-148.
    • (2008) Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.57 , pp. 135-148
    • Härmä, P.1    Selonen, O.2
  • 42
    • 0032464642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coastal rock platforms and Quaternary sea-levels in the Baie d'Audierne, Brittany, France
    • Haslett SK and Curr RHF (1998) Coastal rock platforms and Quaternary sea-levels in the Baie d'Audierne, Brittany, France. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 42: 507-515.
    • (1998) Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie , vol.42 , pp. 507-515
    • Haslett, S.K.1    Curr, R.H.F.2
  • 43
    • 34147159328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmogenic nuclides and the dating of Lateglacial and early Holocene glacier variations: The Alpine perspective
    • Ivy-Ochs S., Kerschner H. and Schlüchter C. (2007) Cosmogenic nuclides and the dating of Lateglacial and early Holocene glacier variations: The Alpine perspective. Quaternary International 164-165: 53-63.
    • (2007) Quaternary International , vol.164-165 , pp. 53-63
    • Ivy-Ochs, S.1    Kerschner, H.2    Schlüchter, C.3
  • 44
    • 0002530986 scopus 로고
    • Chemical activity of lichens on mineral surfaces - A review
    • Jones D. and Wilson MJ (1985) Chemical activity of lichens on mineral surfaces - A review. International Biodeterioration 21: 99-104.
    • (1985) International Biodeterioration , vol.21 , pp. 99-104
    • Jones, D.1    Wilson, M.J.2
  • 45
    • 77956536752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier retreat in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas stadial
    • Kaplan MR, Schaefer JM, Denton GHet al.(2010) Glacier retreat in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas stadial. Science 467: 194-197.
    • (2010) Science , vol.467 , pp. 194-197
    • Kaplan, M.R.1    Schaefer, J.M.2    Denton, G.H.3
  • 46
    • 0022193444 scopus 로고
    • Weathering in the Wyborg rapakivi area, southeastern Finland
    • Kejonen A. (1985) Weathering in the Wyborg rapakivi area, southeastern Finland. Fennia 163: 309-313.
    • (1985) Fennia , vol.163 , pp. 309-313
    • Kejonen, A.1
  • 48
    • 33144460768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface exposure dating of moraines in the Kromer valley (Silvretta Mountains, Austria): Evidence for glacial response to the 8.2 ka event in the Eastern Alps?
    • Kerschner H., Hartl A., Gross G., Ivy-Ochs S. and Kubrik P. (2006) Surface exposure dating of moraines in the Kromer valley (Silvretta Mountains, Austria): Evidence for glacial response to the 8.2 ka event in the Eastern Alps? The Holocene 16: 7-15.
    • (2006) The Holocene , vol.16 , pp. 7-15
    • Kerschner, H.1    Hartl, A.2    Gross, G.3    Ivy-Ochs, S.4    Kubrik, P.5
  • 49
    • 67649411666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of geomorphological research for recent and prehistoric avalanches and related hazards at Huascaran, Peru
    • Klimeš J., Vilímek V and Omelka M (2009) Implications of geomorphological research for recent and prehistoric avalanches and related hazards at Huascaran, Peru. Natural Hazards 50: 193-209.
    • (2009) Natural Hazards , vol.50 , pp. 193-209
    • Klimeš, J.1    Vilímek, V.2    Omelka, M.3
  • 50
    • 36249025182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A weighted total least-squares algorithm for fitting a straight line
    • Krystek M. and Anton M. (2007) A weighted total least-squares algorithm for fitting a straight line. Measurement Science Technology 18: 3438-3442.
    • (2007) Measurement Science Technology , vol.18 , pp. 3438-3442
    • Krystek, M.1    Anton, M.2
  • 51
    • 46749090055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corrigendum: A weighted total least-squares algorithm for fitting a straight line
    • Krystek M. and Anton M. (2008) Corrigendum: A weighted total least-squares algorithm for fitting a straight line. Measurement Science Technology 19: 079801.
    • (2008) Measurement Science Technology , vol.19 , pp. 079801
    • Krystek, M.1    Anton, M.2
  • 52
    • 4143083484 scopus 로고
    • Geokronologiska studier öfver det finiglaciala skedet i Ångermanland
    • Lidén R. (1913) Geokronologiska studier öfver det finiglaciala skedet i Ångermanland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca 9: 1-39.
    • (1913) Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca , vol.9 , pp. 1-39
    • Lidén, R.1
  • 53
    • 33847474567 scopus 로고
    • Den senkvartära strandförskjutningens förlopp och kronolgi i Ångermanland
    • Lidén R. (1938) Den senkvartära strandförskjutningens förlopp och kronolgi i Ångermanland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 60: 397-404.
    • (1938) Geologiska Föreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar , vol.60 , pp. 397-404
    • Lidén, R.1
  • 54
    • 84990442959 scopus 로고
    • Weathering of surface clasts as an indicator of the relative age of glacial deposits on Jameson Land, East Greenland
    • Lilliesköld M. and Sundqvist B. (1994) Weathering of surface clasts as an indicator of the relative age of glacial deposits on Jameson Land, East Greenland. Boreas 23: 473-478.
    • (1994) Boreas , vol.23 , pp. 473-478
    • Lilliesköld, M.1    Sundqvist, B.2
  • 55
    • 0034819517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of crustal contamination of mafic rocks associated with rapakivi rocks: an example from the Nordingrå complex, Central Sweden
    • Lindh A., Andersson UB, Lundqvist T. and Claesson S. (2001) Evidence of crustal contamination of mafic rocks associated with rapakivi rocks: an example from the Nordingrå complex, Central Sweden. Geological Magazine 138: 371-386.
    • (2001) Geological Magazine , vol.138 , pp. 371-386
    • Lindh, A.1    Andersson, U.B.2    Lundqvist, T.3    Claesson, S.4
  • 56
    • 79957666381 scopus 로고
    • Beskrivning till Jodartskarta over Västernorrlands Län och Förutvarende Fjällsjö K:N
    • Lundqvist J. (1987) Beskrivning till Jodartskarta over Västernorrlands Län och Förutvarende Fjällsjö K:N. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Avhandlingar och Uppsatser I A4: Nr 55.
    • (1987) Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Avhandlingar Och Uppsatser I , vol.A4 , pp. 55
    • Lundqvist, J.1
  • 57
    • 57649233962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endolithic lichens, rapid biological weathering and Schmidt hammer R-values on recently exposed rock surfaces: Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway
    • Matthews JA and Owen G. (2008) Endolithic lichens, rapid biological weathering and Schmidt hammer R-values on recently exposed rock surfaces: Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway. Geografiska Annaler 90A: 287-297.
    • (2008) Geografiska Annaler , vol.90 A , pp. 287-297
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Owen, G.2
  • 58
    • 77953881538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating: Developing linear age-calibration curves using Holocene bedrock surfaces from the Jotunheimen-Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway
    • Matthews JA and Owen G. (2010) Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating: Developing linear age-calibration curves using Holocene bedrock surfaces from the Jotunheimen-Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway. Boreas 39: 105-115.
    • (2010) Boreas , vol.39 , pp. 105-115
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Owen, G.2
  • 59
    • 79957631011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene chemical weathering, surface lowering and rock weakening rates on glacially eroded bedrock surfaces in an alpine periglacial environment, Jotunheimen, Norway
    • (in press)
    • Matthews JA and Owen G. (2011) Holocene chemical weathering, surface lowering and rock weakening rates on glacially eroded bedrock surfaces in an alpine periglacial environment, Jotunheimen, Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (in press).
    • (2011) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Owen, G.2
  • 60
    • 0021626683 scopus 로고
    • The status of the 'Little Ice Age' in southern Norway: Relative-age dating of neoglacial moraines with Schmidt hammer and lichenometry
    • Matthews JA and Shakesby RA (1984) The status of the 'Little Ice Age' in southern Norway: Relative-age dating of neoglacial moraines with Schmidt hammer and lichenometry. Boreas 13: 333-346.
    • (1984) Boreas , vol.13 , pp. 333-346
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Shakesby, R.A.2
  • 61
    • 79953041815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmidt-hammer exposure age dating (SHD): Application to early-Holocene moraines and a reappraisal of the reliability of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND) at Austanbotnbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway
    • (in press)
    • Matthews JA and Winkler S. (2011) Schmidt-hammer exposure age dating (SHD): Application to early-Holocene moraines and a reappraisal of the reliability of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND) at Austanbotnbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway. Boreas 40 (in press).
    • (2011) Boreas , vol.40
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Winkler, S.2
  • 62
    • 0022872048 scopus 로고
    • Lake shoreline development, frost weathering and rock platform erosion in alpine periglacial environment
    • Matthews JA, Dawson AG and Shakesby RA (1986) Lake shoreline development, frost weathering and rock platform erosion in alpine periglacial environment. Boreas 15: 33-50.
    • (1986) Boreas , vol.15 , pp. 33-50
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Dawson, A.G.2    Shakesby, R.A.3
  • 63
    • 0029752198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessment of supposed early 'Little Ice Age' and older Neoglacial moraines in the Sandane area of western Norway
    • Matthews JA, Nesje A. and Dahl S.-O(1996) Reassessment of supposed early 'Little Ice Age' and older Neoglacial moraines in the Sandane area of western Norway. The Holocene 6: 106-110.
    • (1996) The Holocene , vol.6 , pp. 106-110
    • Matthews, J.A.1    Nesje, A.2    Dahl, S.-O.3
  • 65
    • 0024785072 scopus 로고
    • Potential and limitations of the Schmidt hammer for relative-age dating: Field tests on neoglacial moraines, Jotunheimen, southern Norway
    • McCarroll D. (1989a) Potential and limitations of the Schmidt hammer for relative-age dating: Field tests on neoglacial moraines, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research 21: 268-275.
    • (1989) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.21 , pp. 268-275
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 66
    • 0024794573 scopus 로고
    • Schmidt-hammer relative-age evaluation of a possible pre-'Little Ice Age' neoglacial moraine, Leirbreen, southern Norway
    • McCarroll D. (1989b) Schmidt-hammer relative-age evaluation of a possible pre-'Little Ice Age' neoglacial moraine, Leirbreen, southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 69: 125-130.
    • (1989) Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , vol.69 , pp. 125-130
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 67
    • 0026312454 scopus 로고
    • Relative-age dating of inorganic deposits: The need for a more critical approach
    • McCarroll D. (1991a) Relative-age dating of inorganic deposits: The need for a more critical approach. The Holocene 1: 174-180.
    • (1991) The Holocene , vol.1 , pp. 174-180
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 68
    • 0026278338 scopus 로고
    • The Schmidt hammer, weathering and rock surface roughness
    • McCarroll D. (1991b) The Schmidt hammer, weathering and rock surface roughness. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16: 477-480.
    • (1991) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.16 , pp. 477-480
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 69
    • 0026302290 scopus 로고
    • The age and origin of neoglacial moraines, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: New evidence from weathering-based data
    • McCarroll D. (1991c) The age and origin of neoglacial moraines, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: New evidence from weathering-based data. Boreas 20: 283-295.
    • (1991) Boreas , vol.20 , pp. 283-295
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 70
    • 0003138341 scopus 로고
    • The Schmidt hammer as a measure of the degree of rock surface weathering and terrain age
    • In: Beck C (ed.)., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
    • McCarroll D. (1994) The Schmidt hammer as a measure of the degree of rock surface weathering and terrain age. In: Beck C (ed.) Dating in Exposed Surface Contexts. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 29-46.
    • (1994) Dating in Exposed Surface Contexts , pp. 29-46
    • McCarroll, D.1
  • 71
    • 0027882680 scopus 로고
    • The vertical extent of ice sheets in Sunnmøre, western Norway: Measuring degree of rock surface weathering
    • McCarroll D. and Nesje A. (1993) The vertical extent of ice sheets in Sunnmøre, western Norway: Measuring degree of rock surface weathering. Boreas 22: 255-265.
    • (1993) Boreas , vol.22 , pp. 255-265
    • McCarroll, D.1    Nesje, A.2
  • 72
    • 0006946537 scopus 로고
    • Biostratigraphical investigations in the Anunsjö Region, Ångermanland, Northern Sweden
    • Miller U. and Robertsson A-M. (1979) Biostratigraphical investigations in the Anunsjö Region, Ångermanland, Northern Sweden. Early Norrland 12: 1-76.
    • (1979) Early Norrland , vol.12 , pp. 1-76
    • Miller, U.1    Robertsson, A.-M.2
  • 73
    • 79957649227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rocks explained 1. Rapakivi granites
    • May-June 2007
    • Müller A. (2007) Rocks explained 1. Rapakivi granites. Geology Today 23(3) May-June2007: 114-120.
    • (2007) Geology Today , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 114-120
    • Müller, A.1
  • 74
    • 0028573677 scopus 로고
    • Dating rockfall-avalanche deposits from degree of rock-surface weathering by Schmidt-hammer tests: A study from Norangsdalen, Sunnmøre, Norway
    • Nesje A., Blikra LH and Anda E. (1994) Dating rockfall-avalanche deposits from degree of rock-surface weathering by Schmidt-hammer tests: A study from Norangsdalen, Sunnmøre, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 74: 108-113.
    • (1994) Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , vol.74 , pp. 108-113
    • Nesje, A.1    Blikra, L.H.2    Anda, E.3
  • 75
    • 52749095569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rock control in microweathering of bedrock surfaces in a periglacial environment
    • Nicholson DT (2008) Rock control in microweathering of bedrock surfaces in a periglacial environment. Geomorphology 101: 655-665.
    • (2008) Geomorphology , vol.101 , pp. 655-665
    • Nicholson, D.T.1
  • 76
    • 70350393796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migoń P and Placek A (2009) A minimum sample size required for Schmidt hammer measurements
    • Niedzielski T., Migoń P and Placek A (2009) A minimum sample size required for Schmidt hammer measurements. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34: 1713-1725.
    • Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.34 , pp. 1713-1725
    • Niedzielski, T.1
  • 77
    • 35648941233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of Holocene chemical weathering, Little Ice Age glacial erosion and implications for Schmidt-hammer dating at a glacier-foreland boundary, Fåbergstølsbreen, southern Norway
    • Owen G., Matthews JA and Albert PG (2007) Rates of Holocene chemical weathering, Little Ice Age glacial erosion and implications for Schmidt-hammer dating at a glacier-foreland boundary, Fåbergstølsbreen, southern Norway. The Holocene 17: 829-834.
    • (2007) The Holocene , vol.17 , pp. 829-834
    • Owen, G.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Albert, P.G.3
  • 78
    • 0006671549 scopus 로고
    • Protalus ramparts, protalus rock glaciers and soliflucted till in the northwest part of the English Lake District
    • In: Boardman J (ed.)., Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association
    • Oxford SP (1985) Protalus ramparts, protalus rock glaciers and soliflucted till in the northwest part of the English Lake District. In: Boardman J (ed.) Field Guide to the Periglacial Landforms of Northern England. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association, 38-46.
    • (1985) Field Guide to the Periglacial Landforms of Northern England , pp. 38-46
    • Oxford, S.P.1
  • 79
    • 0022195192 scopus 로고
    • Granular disintegration of gneiss and migmatites
    • Pye K. (1985) Granular disintegration of gneiss and migmatites. Catena 12: 191-199.
    • (1985) Catena , vol.12 , pp. 191-199
    • Pye, K.1
  • 80
    • 0022928289 scopus 로고
    • Mineralogical and textural controls on the weathering of granitoid rocks
    • Pye K. (1986) Mineralogical and textural controls on the weathering of granitoid rocks. Catena 13: 47-57.
    • (1986) Catena , vol.13 , pp. 47-57
    • Pye, K.1
  • 81
    • 1242310252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periglacial trimlines and nunataks of the Last Glacial Maximum: the Gap of Dunloe, southwest Ireland
    • Rae AC, Harrison S., Mighall T. and Dawson AG (2004) Periglacial trimlines and nunataks of the Last Glacial Maximum: the Gap of Dunloe, southwest Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 19: 87-97.
    • (2004) Journal of Quaternary Science , vol.19 , pp. 87-97
    • Rae, A.C.1    Harrison, S.2    Mighall, T.3    Dawson, A.G.4
  • 82
    • 77549086249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between tectonics, slope instability and climate change: Cosmic ray exposure dating of active faults, landslides and glacial surfaces in the SW Alps
    • Sanchez G., Rolland Y., Corsini M.et al.(2010) Relationship between tectonics, slope instability and climate change: Cosmic ray exposure dating of active faults, landslides and glacial surfaces in the SW Alps. Geomorphology 117: 1-13.
    • (2010) Geomorphology , vol.117 , pp. 1-13
    • Sanchez, G.1    Rolland, Y.2    Corsini, M.3
  • 83
    • 69249216564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the age-weathering correspondence of cosmogenic 21 Ne dated Pleistocene surfaces by the Schmidt Hammer
    • Sánchez JS, Fernández Mosquera D and Vidal Romani JR (2009) Assessing the age-weathering correspondence of cosmogenic 21 Ne dated Pleistocene surfaces by the Schmidt Hammer. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34: 1121-1125.
    • (2009) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.34 , pp. 1121-1125
    • Sánchez, J.S.1    Fernández Mosquera, D.2    Vidal Romani, J.R.3
  • 84
    • 66249138121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand differ from the northern signature
    • Schaefer JM, Denton GH, Kaplan M.et al.(2009) High frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand differ from the northern signature. Science 324: 622-625.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 622-625
    • Schaefer, J.M.1    Denton, G.H.2    Kaplan, M.3
  • 85
    • 77649336137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and extent of late Quaternary glaciations in the western Himalya constrained by 10Be moraine dating in Garhwal, India
    • Scherler D., Bookhagen B. and Strecker MR (2009) Timing and extent of late Quaternary glaciations in the western Himalya constrained by 10Be moraine dating in Garhwal, India. Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 815-831.
    • (2009) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.29 , pp. 815-831
    • Scherler, D.1    Bookhagen, B.2    Strecker, M.R.3
  • 86
    • 77956010278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages of moraines in the Rakaia Valley, New Zealand and the nature of the last termination in New Zealand glacial systems
    • Shulmeister J., Fink D., Hyalt OMet al.(2010) Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages of moraines in the Rakaia Valley, New Zealand and the nature of the last termination in New Zealand glacial systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 297: 558-566.
    • (2010) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.297 , pp. 558-566
    • Shulmeister, J.1    Fink, D.2    Hyalt, O.M.3
  • 87
    • 0023482459 scopus 로고
    • Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway: A continuum of large-scale talus-derived landforms
    • Shakesby RA, Dawson AG and Matthews JA (1987) Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway: A continuum of large-scale talus-derived landforms. Boreas 16: 305-317.
    • (1987) Boreas , vol.16 , pp. 305-317
    • Shakesby, R.A.1    Dawson, A.G.2    Matthews, J.A.3
  • 88
    • 33751243915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Schmidt hammer as a relative-age dating tool and its potential for calibrated-age dating in Holocene glaciated environments
    • Shakesby RA, Matthews JA and Owen G. (2006) The Schmidt hammer as a relative-age dating tool and its potential for calibrated-age dating in Holocene glaciated environments. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 2846-2867.
    • (2006) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.25 , pp. 2846-2867
    • Shakesby, R.A.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Owen, G.3
  • 89
    • 57649188151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al ages of Holocene moraines in southern Norway II: Evidence for individualistic responses of high-altitude glaciers to millennial-scale climatic fluctuations
    • Shakesby RA, Matthews JA and Schnabel C. (2008) Cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al ages of Holocene moraines in southern Norway II: Evidence for individualistic responses of high-altitude glaciers to millennial-scale climatic fluctuations. The Holocene 18: 1165-1177.
    • (2008) The Holocene , vol.18 , pp. 1165-1177
    • Shakesby, R.A.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Schnabel, C.3
  • 90
    • 8644279027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier variation in Breheimen, southern Norway: Relative-age dating of Holocene moraine complexes at six high-altitude glaciers
    • Shakesby RA, Matthews JA and Winkler S. (2004) Glacier variation in Breheimen, southern Norway: Relative-age dating of Holocene moraine complexes at six high-altitude glaciers. The Holocene 14: 899-910.
    • (2004) The Holocene , vol.14 , pp. 899-910
    • Shakesby, R.A.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Winkler, S.3
  • 91
    • 84987500857 scopus 로고
    • Vittringsstudier med Schmidt test-hammer. Del. 2. Tillämpningar inom gomorfologi och arkeologi
    • Sjöberg R. (1987) Vittringsstudier med Schmidt test-hammer. Del. 2. Tillämpningar inom gomorfologi och arkeologi. Center for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeå University Research Report No. 1, 78 pp.
    • (1987) Center for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeå University Research Report , Issue.1 , pp. 78
    • Sjöberg, R.1
  • 92
    • 79957642486 scopus 로고
    • Vittringsstudier med Schmidt test-hammer. Del. 2. Tillämpningar inom gomorfologi och lichenometri
    • Sjöberg R. (1988) Vittringsstudier med Schmidt test-hammer. Del. 2. Tillämpningar inom gomorfologi och lichenometri. Center for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeå University Research Report No. 8, 60 pp.
    • (1988) Center for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeå University Research Report , Issue.8 , pp. 60
    • Sjöberg, R.1
  • 93
    • 0025658196 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and calibration of weathering processes on wave washed moraine and bedrock on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden
    • Sjöberg R. (1990) Measurement and calibration of weathering processes on wave washed moraine and bedrock on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 72A: 319-327.
    • (1990) Geografiska Annaler , vol.72 A , pp. 319-327
    • Sjöberg, R.1
  • 94
    • 0025589176 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and calibration of weathering processes on wave washed moraine and bedrock on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden
    • Sjöberg R. and Broadbent N. (1990) Measurement and calibration of weathering processes on wave washed moraine and bedrock on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi 18: 19-23.
    • (1990) Jeomorfoloji Dergisi , vol.18 , pp. 19-23
    • Sjöberg, R.1    Broadbent, N.2
  • 95
    • 84987589367 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and calibration of weathering, using the Schmidt hammer on wave washed moraines on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden
    • Sjöberg R. and Broadbent N. (1991) Measurement and calibration of weathering, using the Schmidt hammer on wave washed moraines on the upper Norrland coast, Sweden. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16: 57-64.
    • (1991) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.16 , pp. 57-64
    • Sjöberg, R.1    Broadbent, N.2
  • 96
    • 0036736115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of rock moisture on Schmidt hammer rebound: Tests on rock samples from Marion Island and South Africa
    • Sumner P. and Nel W. (2002) The effect of rock moisture on Schmidt hammer rebound: Tests on rock samples from Marion Island and South Africa. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27: 1137-1142.
    • (2002) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.27 , pp. 1137-1142
    • Sumner, P.1    Nel, W.2
  • 99
    • 0032467494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Techniques for measuring rock weathering: application to a dated fan segment sequence in southern Tunisia
    • White K., Bryant R. and Drake N. (1998) Techniques for measuring rock weathering: application to a dated fan segment sequence in southern Tunisia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23: 1031-1043.
    • (1998) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.23 , pp. 1031-1043
    • White, K.1    Bryant, R.2    Drake, N.3
  • 100
    • 62249169308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storurdi: A Late Holocene rock-slope failure (sturzstrom) in the Jotunheimen, southern Norway
    • Wilson P. (2009) Storurdi: A Late Holocene rock-slope failure (sturzstrom) in the Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler 91A: 47-58.
    • (2009) Geografiska Annaler , vol.91 A , pp. 47-58
    • Wilson, P.1
  • 101
    • 12544259128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichenometry and beach ridge formation at Bådamalen on the North Bothnian coast, Sweden
    • Winchester V. and Sjöberg R. (2003) Lichenometry and beach ridge formation at Bådamalen on the North Bothnian coast, Sweden. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 47: 485-497.
    • (2003) Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie , vol.47 , pp. 485-497
    • Winchester, V.1    Sjöberg, R.2
  • 102
    • 0037242555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new interpretation of the date of the 'Little Ice Age' glacier maximum at Svartisen and Okstindan, northern Norway
    • Winkler S. (2003) A new interpretation of the date of the 'Little Ice Age' glacier maximum at Svartisen and Okstindan, northern Norway. The Holocene 13: 83-95.
    • (2003) The Holocene , vol.13 , pp. 83-95
    • Winkler, S.1
  • 103
    • 20044383981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Schmidt hammer as a relative-age dating technique: Potential and limitations of its application on Holocene moraines in Mt Cook National Park, Southern Alps, New Zealand
    • Winkler S. (2005) The Schmidt hammer as a relative-age dating technique: Potential and limitations of its application on Holocene moraines in Mt Cook National Park, Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48: 105-116.
    • (2005) New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , vol.48 , pp. 105-116
    • Winkler, S.1
  • 104
    • 68449086492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First attempt to combine terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) and Schmidt hammer relative-age dating: Strauchon Glacier, Southern Alps, New Zealand
    • Winkler S. (2009) First attempt to combine terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) and Schmidt hammer relative-age dating: Strauchon Glacier, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Central European Journal of Geosciences 1: 274-290.
    • (2009) Central European Journal of Geosciences , vol.1 , pp. 274-290
    • Winkler, S.1
  • 105
    • 77957977694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene glacier chronologies: Are 'high-resolution' global and inter-hemispheric comparisons possible?
    • Winkler S. and Matthews JA (2010) Holocene glacier chronologies: Are 'high-resolution' global and inter-hemispheric comparisons possible? The Holocene 20: 1137-1147.
    • (2010) The Holocene , vol.20 , pp. 1137-1147
    • Winkler, S.1    Matthews, J.A.2
  • 106
    • 0012677719 scopus 로고
    • Anwendung von Lichenometrie und Schmidt-Hammer zur relativen Altersdatierung prä-frührezenter Moränen am Beispiel der Vorfelder von Guslar-, Mitterkar-, Rofenkar- und Vernagtferner
    • Winkler S. and Shakesby RA (1995) Anwendung von Lichenometrie und Schmidt-Hammer zur relativen Altersdatierung prä-frührezenter Moränen am Beispiel der Vorfelder von Guslar-, Mitterkar-, Rofenkar- und Vernagtferner. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 139: 283-304.
    • (1995) Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen , vol.139 , pp. 283-304
    • Winkler, S.1    Shakesby, R.A.2
  • 107
    • 0042268047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier variations in Breheimen, southern Norway: Dating Little Ice Age moraine sequences at seven low-altitude glaciers
    • Winkler S., Matthews JA, Shakesby RA and Dresser PQ (2003) Glacier variations in Breheimen, southern Norway: Dating Little Ice Age moraine sequences at seven low-altitude glaciers. Journal of Quaternary Science 18: 395-413.
    • (2003) Journal of Quaternary Science , vol.18 , pp. 395-413
    • Winkler, S.1    Matthews, J.A.2    Shakesby, R.A.3    Dresser, P.Q.4
  • 108
    • 0028593233 scopus 로고
    • Cosmogenic 36Cl accumulation in unstable landforms. 2. Simulations and measurements on eroding moraines
    • Zreda M., Phillips FM and Elmore D. (1994) Cosmogenic 36Cl accumulation in unstable landforms. 2. Simulations and measurements on eroding moraines. Water Resources Research 30: 3127-3136.
    • (1994) Water Resources Research , vol.30 , pp. 3127-3136
    • Zreda, M.1    Phillips, F.M.2    Elmore, D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.