Differences in African American and White women's attitudes toward lesbians and gay men

Sex Roles

Volumn 61, Issue 9-10, 2009, Pages 599-606

  Vincent, Wilson ^a   Peterson, John L ^a   Parrott, Dominic J ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attitudes toward homosexuality; Gay men; Gender; Lesbians; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350588705     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-009-9679-4     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (2007, February). Women, HIV/AIDS and disparities. Retrieved June 3, 2009 from http://www.amchp.org/publications/HIVPrevention/Documents/HIVdisparities.pdf.
2. Astin, A. W. (1977). Four critical years. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Blow, C. M. (2008, November 29). Gay marriage and a moral minority. New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2009 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/opinion/29blow.html?emc=eta1.
4. Bobo, L. (1988). Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 85-116). New York: Plenum.
5. Boykin, K. (2005). Beyond the down low: Sex, lies, and denial in African American America. New York: Carroll & Graf.
6. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139-167.
7. Dey, E. L. (1996). Undergraduate political attitudes: an examination of peer, faculty, and social influences. Research in Higher Education, 37, 535-554.
8. Diaz, R. M., Peterson, J. L., & Choi, K. H. (2008). Social discrimination and health outcomes in African American, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islander gay men. In R. J. Wolitski, R. Stall & R. O. Valdiserri (Eds.), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 327-354). New York: Oxford University Press.
9. Ernst, F. A., Rupert, F. A., Nevels, H., & Lemeh, C. A. (1991). Condemnation of homosexuality in the African American community: a gender-specific Phenomenon? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 579-585.
10. Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 137-166). Orlando: Academic.
11. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). Uniform crime reporting program: Hate crime statistics, 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/index.html.
12. Gates, H. L., Jr. (1999). Backlash? In E. Brandt (Ed.), Dangerous liaison: Blacks, gays, and the struggle for equality. New York: New.
13. Gentry, C. S. (1987). Social distance regarding male and female homosexuals. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 199-208.
14. Harlow, C. W. (2005). Hate crimes reported by victims and police (Publication No. NCJ 209911). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/hcrvp.pdf, November.
15. Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: correlates and gender differences. The Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451-477.
16. Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
17. Herek, G. M. (2002). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 40-66.
18. Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: theory and practice. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 905-925.
19. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. C. (1999). Sex differences in how heterosexuals think about lesbians and gay men: evidence from survey context effects. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 348-360.
20. Hooks, B. (1981). Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston: South End.
21. Kimmel, M. S. (1997). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. In M. M. Gergen & S. N. Davis (Eds.), Toward a new psychology of gender (pp. 223-242). New York: Routledge.
22. Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
23. Kite, M. E. (1984). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 69-81.
24. Kite, M. E. (1994). When perceptions meet reality: Individual differences in reactions to lesbians and gay men. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 25-52). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
25. Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes towards homosexual persons, behaviour, and civil rights: a meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 336-353.
26. Lewis, G. B. (2003). Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 59-78.
27. Liang, C. T. H., & Alimo, C. (2005). The impact of White heterosexual students' interactions on attitudes toward lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a longitudinal study. Journal of College Student Development, 46, 237-250.
28. Lim, V. (2002). Gender differences and attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 85-97.
29. Malebranche, D. J. (2008). Bisexually active African American men in the United States and HIV: acknowledging more than the "down low". Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 810-816.
30. National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. (2007). Anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender violence in 2006. New York: National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs.
31. Parrott, D. J. (2008). A theoretical framework for antigay aggression: review of established and hypothesized effects within the context of the general aggression model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 933-951.
32. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzine, P. T. (1991). How college affects students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
33. Pharr, S. (1988). Homophobia: A weapon of sexism. Inverness, CA: Chardon Press.
34. Rhue, S., & Rhue, T. (1997). Reducing homophobia in African American communities. In J. T. Sears & W. L. Williams (Eds.), Overcoming heterosexism and homophobia: Strategies that work (pp. 117-130). New York: Columbia University Press.
35. Savin-Williams, R. C. (2006). Who's gay? Does it matter? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 40-44.
36. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup cooperation and competition: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman: University Book Exchange.
37. Smith, B. (1999). Blacks and gays: Healing the divide. In E. Brandt (Ed.), Dangerous liaisons: Blacks, gays, and the struggle for equality (pp. 15-24). New York: New Press.
38. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23-45). Nahwah: Erlbaum.
39. Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, R. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 240-249.
40. Takács, J. (2006). Social exclusion of young lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in Europe. Brussels: ILGA Europe.
41. Taylor, V., & Rupp, L. J. (1993). Women's culture and lesbian feminist activism: a reconsideration of cultural feminism. Signs, 19, 32-61.
42. Tremble, B., Schneider, M., & Appathurai, C. (1989). Growing up gay or lesbian in a multicultural context. Journal of Homosexuality, 17, 253-267.
43. Tucker, M. B., & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (1995). The decline in marriage among African Americans: Causes, consequences, and policy implications. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
44. Valleroy, L., Prentiss, D., MacKellar, D. A., & Secura, G. (2000, July). The bisexual bridge for HIV among 15- to 22-year-old men who have sex with men in the 7 US cities. Paper presented at the thirtheenth International Conference on AIDS, Durban, South Africa.
45. Whitley, B. E. (1987). The relationship of sex-role orientation to heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals. Sex Roles, 17, 103-113.
46. Whitley, B. E. (1990). The relationship of heterosexuals' attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 369-377.
47. Whitley, B. E., & Kite, M. E. (1995). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality: a comment on Oliver and Hyde (1993). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 146-154.
48. Wildermuth, J. (2009, January 7). Black support for Prop 8 called exaggeration. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/06/BANB154OS1.DTL.
49. Yang, A. S. (1997). Trends: attitudes toward homosexuality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 477-507.