Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: A review and update

Clinical Research in Cardiology

Volumn 100, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 383-394

  Azaouagh, A ^a   Churzidse, S ^a   Konorza, T ^a   Erbel, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Ablation; Arrhythmias; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy dysplasia; ARVC D; Diagnosis; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Fibrofatty degeneration; ICD; Implantable cardiac defibrillator; Magnetic resonance imaging; Sudden cardiac death; Ventricular fibrillation

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DESMOGLEIN 2; DESMOPLAKIN; PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILIN; SOTALOL; VERAPAMIL;

CARDIAC IMAGING; CATHETER ABLATION; DEFIBRILLATOR; DESMOSOME; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; HEART DEATH; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE DYSPLASIA; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HEREDITY; HUMAN; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUDDEN DEATH;

ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HEART FUNCTION TESTS; HEREDITY; HUMANS; MALE; PATIENT SELECTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79957479784     PISSN: 18610684     EISSN: 18610692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00392-011-0295-2     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. C Basso D Corrado FI Marcus A Nava G Thiene 2009 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Lancet 373 1289 1300 19362677 10.1016/S0140-6736(09) 60256-7
2. FI Marcus GH Fontaine G Guiraudon R Frank JL Laurenceau C Malergue Y Grosgogeat 1982 Right ventricular dysplasia: a report of 24 adult cases Circulation 65 384 398 7053899 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FptlOluw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12219036)
3. D Corrado GC Thiene 2006 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: clinical impact of molecular genetic studies Circulation 113 13 1634 1647 16585401 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.616490
4. C Basso G Thiene D Corrado A Angelini A Nava M Valente 1996 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: dysplasia, dystrophy or myocarditis? Circulation 94 983 991 8790036 1:STN:280:DyaK28zot1WksA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26292851)
5. Fontaine G, Guiraudon G, Frank R, Vedel J, Grosgogeat Y, Cabrol C, Facquet J (1977) Stimulation studies and epicardial mapping in VT: study of mechanisms and selection for surgery. In: Kulbertus HE (ed) Reentrant arrhythmias, Chap 24. MTP Press, Lancaster, p 345
6. McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A, Fontaliron F, Blomstrom-Lundquist G, Fontaine G, Camerini F, on behalf of the Task Force of the working group myocardial and pericardial disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology (1994) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 71:215-218
7. JA Towbin 2001 Molecular genetics of sudden cardiac death Cardiovasc Pathol 10 283 295 11755374 10.1016/S1054-8807(01)00090-4 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XitF2q (Pubitemid 34076463)
8. P Rossi A Massumi P Gillette RJ Hall 1982 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: clinical features, diagnostic techniques, and current management Am Heart J 103 415 420 7064774 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90282-4 1:STN:280:DyaL387ls1ynsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12178726)
9. D Corrado C Basso G Thiene WJ McKenna MJ Davies F Fontaliran A Nava F Silvestri C Blomstrom-Lundqvist EK Wlodarska G Fontaine F Camerini 1997 Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a multicenter study J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1512 1520 9362410 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00332-X 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fis1OgsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27486470)
10. C Basso G Thiene 2005 Adipositas cordis, fatty infiltration of the right ventricle, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Just a matter of fat? Cardiovasc Pathol 14 1 37 41 15710290 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.12.001 (Pubitemid 40248431)
11. A Rampazzo A Nava S Malacrida G Beffagna B Bauce V Rossi R Zimbello B Simionati C Basso G Thiene JA Towbin GA Danieli 2002 Mutation in human desmoplakin domain binding to plakoglobin causes a dominant form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Am J Hum Genet 71 1200 1206 12373648 10.1086/344208 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFOgu7k%3D (Pubitemid 35305239)
12. G McKoy N Protonotarios A Crosby A Tsatsopoulou A Anastasakis A Coonar M Norman C Baboonian S Jeffery WJ McKenna 2000 Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair (Naxos disease) Lancet 355 2119 2124 10902626 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02379-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkvVWjtrg%3D (Pubitemid 30364661)
13. B Gerull A Heuser T Wichter M Paul CT Basson DA McDermott BB Lerman SM Markowitz PT Ellinor CA MacRae S Peters KS Grossmann J Drenckhahn B Michely S Sasse-Klaassen W Birchmeier R Dietz G Breithardt E Schulze-Bahr L Thierfelder 2004 Mutations in the desmosomal protein plakophilin-2 are common in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Nat Genet 36 1162 1164 15489853 10.1038/ng1461 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptVOhur4%3D (Pubitemid 41288964)
14. K Pilichou A Nava C Basso G Beffagna B Bauce A Lorenzon G Frigo A Vettori M Valente J Towbin G Thiene GA Danieli A Rampazzo 2006 Mutations in desmoglein-2 gene are associated to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Circulation 113 1171 1179 16505173 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105. 583674 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvVekt78%3D
15. T Xu Z Yang M Vatta A Rampazzo G Beffagna K Pilichou SE Scherer J Saffitz J Kravitz W Zareba GA Danieli A Lorenzon A Nava B Bauce G Thiene C Basso H Calkins K Gear F Marcus JA Towbin Multidisciplinary Study of Right Ventricular Dysplasia Investigators 2010 Compound and digenic heterozygosity contributes to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 55 6 587 597 20152563 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.020 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjt1Gmsrs%3D
16. G Beffagna G Occhi A Nava L Vitiello A Ditadi C Basso B Bauce G Carraro G Thiene JA Towbin GA Danieli A Rampazzo 2005 Regulatory mutations in transforming growth factor-beta3 gene cause arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 1 Cardiovasc Res 65 366 373 15639475 10.1016/j.cardiores. 2004.10.005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVamtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40082478)
17. MB Sporn AB Roberts 1992 Transforming growth factor-beta: recent progress and new challenges J Cell Biol 119 1017 1021 1332976 10.1083/jcb.119.5.1017 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1Knsb4%3D
18. N Tiso DA Stephan A Nava A Bagattin JM Devaney F Stanchi G Larderet B Brahmbhatt K Brown B Bauce M Muriago C Basso G Thiene GA Danieli A Rampazzo 2001 Identification of mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene in families affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 2 (ARVD2) Hum Mol Genet 10 189 194 11159936 10.1093/hmg/10.3.189 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXht1Sktb8%3D (Pubitemid 32123976)
19. ND Merner KA Hodgkinson AF Haywood S Connors VM French JD Drenckhahn C Kupprion K Ramadanova L Thierfelder W McKenna B Gallagher L Morris-Larkin AS Bassett PS Parfrey TL Young 2008 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 5 is a fully penetrant, lethal arrhythmic disorder caused by a missense mutation in the TMEM43 gene Am J Hum Genet 82 809 821 18313022 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.010 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltVKrsLY%3D
20. F Calabrese C Basso E Carturan M Valente G Thiene 2006 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: is there a role for viruses? Cardiovasc Pathol 15 11 17 16414451 10.1016/j.carpath.2005.10.004 (Pubitemid 43088765)
21. NE Bowles J Ni F Marcus JA Towbin 2002 The detection of cardiotropic viruses in the myocardium of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 39 892 895 11869858 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01688-1 (Pubitemid 34185340)
22. ME Campian HJ Verberne M Hardziyenka EA de Groot AF van Moerkerken BL van Eck-Smit HL Tan 2010 Assessment of inflammation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37 11 2079 2085 20603720 10.1007/s00259-010-1525-y
23. EE Norgett SJ Hatsell L Carvajal-Huerta J-C Ruiz Cabezas J Common PE Purkis N Whittock IM Leigh HP Stevens DP Kelsell 2000 Recessive mutation in desmoplakin disrupts desmoplakin-intermediate filament interactions and causes dilated cardiomyopathy, woolly hair and keratoderma Hum Mol Genet 9 2761 2766 11063735 10.1093/hmg/9.18.2761 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosVKkur4%3D
24. H Calkins 2008 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 119 273 286 18596851
25. D Dalal LH Molin J Piccini C Tichnell C James C Bomma K Prakasa JA Towbin FI Marcus PJ Spevak DA Bluemke T Abraham SD Russell H Calkins DP Judge 2006 Clinical features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy associated with mutations in plakophilin-2 Circulation 113 1641 1649 16549640 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.568642 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivVenur0%3D
26. JP van Tintelen MM Entius ZA Bhruiyan R Jongbloed ACP Wiesfeld AAM Wilde J van der Smagt LG Boven MMAM Mannens IM van Langen RMW Hofstra LC Otterspoor PAFM Doevendans L-M Rodriguez IC van Gelder RNW Hauer 2006 Plakophilin-2 mutations are the major determinant of familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy Circulation 113 1650 1658 16567567 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.609719
27. P Syrris D Ward A Asimaki S Sen-Chowdhry HY Ebrahim A Evans N Hitomi M Norman A Pantazis AL Shaw PM Elliott WJ McKenna 2006 Clinical expression of plakophilin-2 mutations in familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Circulation 113 3 356 364 16415378 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105. 561654 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltVWltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43803196)
28. V Fressart G Duthoit E Donal V Probst JC Deharo P Chevalier D Klug O Dubourg E Delacretaz P Cosnay P Scanu F Extramiana D Keller F Hidden-Lucet F Simon V Bessirard N Roux-Buisson JL Hebert A Azarine D Casset-Senon F Rouzet Y Lecarpentier G Fontaine C Coirault R Frank B Hainque P Charron 2010 Desmosomal gene analysis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: spectrum of mutations and clinical impact in practice Europace 12 6 861 868 20400443 10.1093/europace/euq104
29. D Dalal K Nasir C Bomma K Prakasa H Tandri J Piccini A Roguin C Tichnell C James SD Russell DP Judge T Abraham PJ Spevak DA Bluemke H Calkins 2005 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a United States experience Circulation 112 25 3823 3832 16344387 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542266 (Pubitemid 43739479)
30. SR Kaplan JJ Gard N Protonotarios A Tsatsopoulou C Spiliopoulou A Anastasakis CP Squarcioni WJ McKenna G Thiene C Basso N Brousse G Fontaine JE Saffitz 2004 Remodeling of myocyte gap junctions in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy due to a deletion in plakoglobin (Naxos disease) Heart Rhythm 1 3 11 15851108 10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.01.001 (Pubitemid 38647241)
31. G Thiene D Corrado C Basso 2007 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Orphanet J Rare Dis 2 45 18001465 10.1186/1750-1172-2- 45
32. FI Marcus WJ McKenna D Sherrill C Basso B Bauce DA Bluemke H Calkins D Corrado MG Cox JP Daubert G Fontaine K Gear R Hauer A Nava MH Picard N Protonotarios JE Saffitz DM Sanborn JS Steinberg H Tandri G Thiene JA Towbin A Tsatsopoulou T Wichter W Zareba 2010 Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria Circulation 121 13 1533 1541 20172911 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.840827
33. Marcus FI, Sherrill D (2007) Strengths and weaknesses of the task force criteria: proposed modifications in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. In: Marcus FI, Nava A, Thiene G (eds) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy dysplasia. Springer, Milan, pp 97-104
34. G Quarta D Ward MT Tomé Esteban A Pantazis PM Elliott M Volpe C Autore WJ McKenna 2010 Dynamic electrocardiographic changes in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Heart 96 7 516 522 20350987 10.1136/hrt.2009.182949
35. K Nasir C Bomma H Tandri A Roguin D Dalal K Prakasa C Tichnell C James PJ Spevak F Marcus H Calkins 2004 Electrocardiographic features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy according to disease severity: a need to broaden diagnostic criteria Circulation 110 12 1527 1534 15381658 10.1161/01.CIR.0000142293.60725.18 (Pubitemid 39297972)
36. MS Hamid M Norman A Quraishi S Firoozi R Thaman JR Gimeno B Sachdev E Rowland PM Elliott WJ McKenna 2002 Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria J Am Coll Cardiol 40 8 1445 1450 12392835 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02307-0 (Pubitemid 35192870)
37. S Peters 2006 Advances in the diagnostic management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy Int J Cardiol 113 1 4 11 16737750 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.12.015 (Pubitemid 44648364)
38. MG Cox JJ van der Smagt M Noorman AC Wiesfeld PG Volders IM van Langen DE Atsma D Dooijes AC Houweling P Loh L Jordaens Y Arens MJ Cramer PA Doevendans JP van Tintelen AA Wilde RN Hauer 2010 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy diagnostic task force criteria: impact of new task force criteria Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3 2 126 133 20215590 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.927202
39. FI Marcus 2005 Prevalence of T-wave inversion beyond V1 in young normal individuals and usefulness for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Am J Cardiol 95 1070 1071 15842973 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.060 (Pubitemid 40544310)
40. S Globits G Kreiner H Frank G Heinz U Klaar B Frey H Gössinger 1997 Significance of morphological abnormalities detected by MRI in patients undergoing successful ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia Circulation 96 2633 2640 9355904 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FhsF2rsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27451356)
41. F Marcus C Basso K Gear VL Sorrell 2010 Pitfalls in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Am J Cardiol 105 7 1036 1039 20346327 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.11.033
42. H Tandri M Saranathan ER Rodriguez C Martinez C Bomma K Nasir B Rosen JA Lima H Calkins DA Bluemke 2005 Noninvasive detection of myocardial fibrosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging J Am Coll Cardiol 45 1 98 103 15629382 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.053 (Pubitemid 40052034)
43. P Muthappan H Calkins 2008 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Prog Cardiovasc Dis 51 1 31 43 18634916 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.01.002 (Pubitemid 351957825)
44. P Turrini D Corrado C Basso A Nava B Bauce G Thiene 2001 Dispersion of ventricular depolarization-repolarization: a noninvasive marker for risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Circulation 103 25 3075 3080 11425771 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzmsFSlsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32587854)
45. JS Hulot X Jouven JP Empana R Frank G Fontaine 2004 Natural history and risk stratification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy Circulation 110 14 1879 1884 15451782 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143375.93288.82 (Pubitemid 39331895)
46. M Mutschelknauss L Jörg F Schmid H Rickli P Ammann 2010 Unusual cause of syncope in young girl: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Clin Res Cardiol 99 4 243 245 20049462 10.1007/s00392-009-0110-5
47. A Pelliccia D Corrado HH Bjørnstad N Panhuyzen-Goedkoop A Urhausen F Carre A Anastasakis L Vanhees E Arbustini S Priori 2006 Recommendations for participation in competitive sport and leisure-time physical activity in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13 6 876 885 17143118 10.1097/01.hjr.0000238393.96975.32 (Pubitemid 44901148)
48. S Peters H Peters L Thierfelder 1999 Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death and malignant ventricular arrhythmias in right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy Int J Cardiol 71 243 250 10636530 10.1016/S0167- 5273(99)00142-4 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7gtVCrtw%3D%3D
49. SG Priori E Aliot C Blomstrom-Lundqvist L Bossaert G Breithardt P Brugada AJ Camm R Cappato SM Cobbe C Di Mario BJ Maron WJ McKenna AK Pedersen U Ravens PJ Schwartz M Trusz-Gluza P Vardas HJ Wellens DP Zipes 2001 Task force on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology Eur Heart J 22 1374 1450 11482917 10.1053/euhj.2001.2824 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvjslGqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32771346)
50. D Corrado L Leoni MS Link P Della Bella F Gaita A Curnis JU Salerno D Igidbashian A Raviele M Disertori G Zanotto R Verlato G Vergara P Delise P Turrini C Basso F Naccarella F Maddalena NA Estes 3rd G Buja G Thiene 2003 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for prevention of sudden death in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Circulation 108 3084 3091 14638546 10.1161/01.CIR.0000103130.33451.D2 (Pubitemid 38031796)
51. JP Piccini D Dalal A Roguin C Bomma A Cheng K Prakasa J Dong C Tichnell C James S Russell J Crosson RD Berger JE Marine G Tomaselli H Calkins 2005 Predictors of appropriate implantable defibrillator therapies in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Heart Rhythm 2 1188 1194 16253908 10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.08.022 (Pubitemid 41614163)
52. T Wichter M Paul C Wollmann T Acil P Gerdes O Ashraf TD Tjan R Soeparwata M Block M Borggrefe HH Scheld G Breithardt D Böcker 2004 Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator therapy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: single-center experience of long-term follow-up and complications in 60 patients Circulation 109 12 1503 1508 15007002 10.1161/01.CIR.0000121738.88273.43 (Pubitemid 38420178)
53. G Buja NA Estes 3rd T Wichter D Corrado F Marcus G Thiene 2008 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: risk stratification and therapy Prog Cardiovasc Dis 50 4 282 293 18156007 10.1016/j.pcad.2007.10.004 (Pubitemid 350296215)
54. R Tavernier S Gevaert J De Sutter A De Clercq H Rottiers L Jordaens W Fonteyne 2001 Long term results of cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in patients with right ventricular dysplasia and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias Heart 85 1 53 56 11119463 10.1136/heart.85.1.53 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ksFejtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32973407)
55. C Veltmann J Kuschyk R Schimpf F Streitner N Schoene M Borggrefe C Wolpert 2010 Prevention of inappropriate ICD shocks in patients with Brugada syndrome Clin Res Cardiol 99 1 37 44 19760052 10.1007/s00392-009-0075-4
56. A Roguin CS Bomma K Nasir H Tandri C Tichnell C James J Rutberg J Crosson PJ Spevak RD Berger HR Halperin H Calkins 2004 Implantable cardioverter- defibrillators in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 43 10 1843 1852 15145110 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.030 (Pubitemid 38622525)
57. T Herren PA Gerber F Duru 2009 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a not so rare "disease of the desmosome" with multiple clinical presentations Clin Res Cardiol 98 3 141 158 19205777 10.1007/s00392-009-0751-4
58. KA Hodgkinson PS Parfrey AS Bassett C Kupprion J Drenckhahn MW Norman L Thierfelder SN Stuckless EL Dicks WJ McKenna SP Connors 2005 The impact of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy on survival in autosomal-dominant arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVD5) J Am Coll Cardiol 45 3 400 408 15680719 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.068 (Pubitemid 40186791)
59. Y Hiroi K Fujiu S Komatsu M Sonoda Y Sakomura Y Imai Y Oishi F Nakamura K Ajiki N Hayami Y Murakawa M Ohno Y Hirata K Ohtomo R Nagai 2004 Carvedilol therapy improved left ventricular function in a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Jpn Heart J 45 169 177 14973363 10.1536/jhj.45.169 (Pubitemid 41518937)
60. T Wichter M Borggrefe W Haverkamp X Chen G Breithardt 1992 Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Results in patients with inducible and noninducible ventricular tachycardia Circulation 86 1 29 37 1617780 1:STN:280:DyaK38zhsFChsQ%3D%3D
61. GM Marcus DV Glidden B Polonsky W Zareba LM Smith DS Cannom NA Estes 3rd F Marcus MM Scheinman Multidisciplinary Study of Right Ventricular Dysplasia Investigators 2009 Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a report from the North American ARVC Registry J Am Coll Cardiol 54 7 609 615 19660690 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.052 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFaksbjI
62. E Arbelo ME Josephson 2010 Ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 4 473 486 20132399 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2009.01694.x
63. J Zou K Cao B Yang M Chen Q Shan C Chen W Li DE Haines 2004 Dynamic substrate mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardias in right ventricular dysplasia J Interv Card Electrophysiol 11 37 45 15273453 10.1023/B:JICE. 0000035928.54293.42 (Pubitemid 39060913)
64. D Dalal R Jain H Tandri J Dong SM Eid K Prakasa C Tichnell C James T Abraham SD Russell S Sinha DP Judge DA Bluemke JE Marine H Calkins 2007 Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 50 5 432 440 17662396 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.049 (Pubitemid 47088123)
65. H Miljoen S State C de Chillou I Magnin-Poull P Dotto M Andronache A Abdelaal E Aliot 2005 Electroanatomic mapping characteristics of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia Europace 7 6 516 524 16216751 10.1016/j.eupc.2005.07. 004 (Pubitemid 41488093)
66. A Verma F Kilicaslan RA Schweikert G Tomassoni A Rossillo NF Marrouche V Ozduran OM Wazni SC Elayi LC Saenz S Minor JE Cummings JD Burkhardt S Hao S Beheiry PJ Tchou A Natale 2005 Short- and long-term success of substrate-based mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Circulation 111 24 3209 3216 15956125 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510503 (Pubitemid 40874991)
67. D Lacroix C Lions D Klug A Prat 2005 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: catheter ablation, MRI, and heart transplantation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 235 236 15720468 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2005.40495.x (Pubitemid 40322215)
68. AI Fiorelli GH Coelho JL Oliveira Jr CN Nascimento LB Vilas Boas CF Napolitano F Bacal EA Bochi NA Stolf 2009 Heart transplantation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: case reports Transplant Proc 41 3 962 964 19376399 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.010 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1M3osF2hsw%3D%3D