Winners and losers: The consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality

European Sociological Review

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 241-262

  Mandel, Hadas ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957438564     PISSN: 02667215     EISSN: 14682672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcq061     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adshead, M. and Millar, M. (2004). Health care in Ireland: applying Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare to the Irish case. Paper presented at the 54th conference of the Political Studies Association, University of Lincoln, April 6-8.
2. Aigner, D. J. and Cain, G. G. (1977). Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 30, 175-187.
3. Albrecht, J. W., Edin, P. A., Sundstrom, M. and Vroman, S. B. (1999). Career interruptions and subsequent earnings: a reexamination using Swedish data. Journal of Human Resources, 34, 294-311. (Pubitemid 29353357)
4. Albrecht, J., Björklund, A. and Vroman, S. (2003). Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor Economics, 21, 145-177.
5. Almond, P. and Rubery, J. (1998). The gender impact of recent european trends in wage determination. Work, Employment and Society, 12, 675-693. (Pubitemid 128626453)
6. Bianchi, S. M., Casper, L. M. and Peltola, P. K. (1999). A cross-national look at married women's earnings dependency. Gender Issues, 17, 3-33.
7. Birkelund, G. E. and Sandnes, T. (2003). Paradoxes of Welfare States and Equal Opportunities: Gender and Managerial Power in Norway and the USA. Comparative Social Research, 21, 203-242. (Pubitemid 137639791)
8. Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L. M. (1992). The gender earnings gap - learning from international comparisons. American Economic Review, 82, 533-538. (Pubitemid 23364949)
9. Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L. M. (1996). Wage structure and gender earnings differentials - an international comparison. Economica, 63, S29-S62.
10. Blossfeld, H.-P. and Hakim, C. (1997). Between Equalization and Marginalization: Women Working Part-Time in Europe and the United States of America. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Browne, I. and Misra, J. (2003). The intersection of gender and race in the labor market. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 487-513. (Pubitemid 37395379)
12. Bryk, A. S. and Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park CA: Sage.
13. Chang, M.-L. (2000). The evolution of sex segregation regimes. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 1658-1701.
14. Charles, M. and Grusky, D. B. (2004). Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men. Stanford. California: Stanford University Press.
15. Charles, M. (2005). National skill regimes, postindustrialism, and sex segregation. Social Politics, 12, 289-316. (Pubitemid 41218415)
16. Christopher, K. (2002). Welfare state regimes and mothers' poverty. Social Politics, 9, 60-86.
17. Collins, P. H. (1999). Moving beyond gender: intersectionality and scientific knowledge. In Ferree, M. (Ed.), Revisioning Gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 261-84.
18. Crittenden, A. (2001). The Price of Motherhood: Why the Most Important Job in the World is Still the Least-Valued. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
19. Daly, M. (2000). A fine balance: women's labor market participation in international comparison. In Scharpf, F. W. and Schmidt, V. A. (Eds.), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 467-510.
20. Edin, P. A. and Gustavsson, M. (2008). Time out of work and skill depreciation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 61, 163-180.
21. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Esping-Andersen, G. (2009). The Incomplete Revolution: Adapting to Women's New Role. Kambridge, UK, Malden, USA: Polity press.
24. Estévez-Abe, M. (2005). Gender bias in skills and social policies: the varieties of capitalism perspective on sex segregation. Social Politics, 12, 180-215. (Pubitemid 41218411)
25. Estévez-Abe, M. (2006). Gendering the varieties of capitalism - a study of occupational segregation by sex in advanced industrial societies. World Politics, 59, 142-175. (Pubitemid 46930270)
26. Gornick, J. C. and Meyers, M. (2003). Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
27. Gornick, J. C., Meyers, M. K. and Ross, K. E. (1997). Supporting the employment of mothers: policy variation across fourteen welfare states. Journal of European Social Policy, 7, 45-70.
28. Gornick, J. C., Meyers, M. K. and Ross, K. E. (1998). Public policies and the employment of mothers: a cross-national study. Social Science Quarterly, 79, 35-54. (Pubitemid 128040672)
29. Gornick, J. C. and Jacobs, J. A. (1998). Gender, the welfare state, and public employment: a comparative study of seven industrialized countries. American Sociological Review, 63, 688-710. (Pubitemid 28560736)
30. Gottschall, K. and Karen, S. (2008). Gender and skill specificity in the varieties of capitalism: a broader perspective on the German model. Presented at Sociological Research and Public Debate, First ISA Forum of Sociology, 5-8 September 2008, Barcelona.
31. Gupta, N. D., Oaxaca, R. L. and Smith, N. (2006). Swimming upstream, floating downstream: comparing women's relative wage progress in the United States and Denmark. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 59, 243-266. (Pubitemid 43757848)
32. Guthrie, D. and Louise, M. R. (1999). The state, courts, and maternity policies in U.S. organizations: specifying institutional mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 64, 41-63. (Pubitemid 29243407)
33. Hansen, M.-N. (1995). The vicious circle of the welfare state? Women's labor market situation in Norway and Great Britain. Comparative Social Research, 15, 1-34.
34. Hansen, M.-N. (1997). The scandinavian welfare state model: the impact of the public sector on segregation and gender equality. Work, Employment and Society, 11, 83-99.
35. Harkness, S. and Jane, W. (2003). The family gap in pay: evidence from seven industrialised countries. Research in Labor Economics, 22, 369-413. (Pubitemid 137639648)
36. Heckman, J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47, 153-163.
37. Hobson, B. (1990). No exit, no voice: women's economic dependency and the welfare state. Acta Sociologica, 33, 235-250.
38. Hooks, B. (1984). Feminist Theory from Margin to Center. Boston, MA: South End Press.
39. Hooks, B. (2000). Where We Stand: Class Matters. New York: Routledge.
40. Kolberg, J. E. (Ed.) (1991). The Welfare State as Employer. London, NY: M E Sharpe.
41. Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of inequality: gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states. Social Politics, 7, 127-191.
42. Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database. http:// www.lisproject.org/ techdoc.htm (multiple countries; June 2008 - June 2010).
43. Mandel, H. and Semyonov, M. (2005). Family policies, wage structures, and gender gaps: sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries. American Sociological Review, 70, 949-967.
44. Mandel, H. and Semyonov, M. (2006). A welfare state paradox: state intervention and women's employment opportunities in 22 countries. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 1910-1949. (Pubitemid 44106635)
45. Mandel, H. and Shalev, M. (2009a). Gender, class and varieties of capitalism. Social Politics, 16, 1-21.
46. Mandel, H. and Shalev, M. (2009b). How welfare states shape the gender pay gap: a theoretical and comparative analysis. Social Forces, 87, 1873-1912.
47. McCall, L. (2001). Complex Inequality: Gender, Class, and Race in the New Economy. New York: Routledge.
48. McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30, 1771-1799.
49. Misra, J., Michelle, J. B. and Stephanie, M. (2007a). Reconciliation policies and the effects of motherhood on employment, earnings and poverty. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 9, 135.
50. Misra, J., Stephanie, M. and Michelle, J. B. (2007b). Work-family policies and poverty for partnered and single women in Europe and North America. Gender and Society, 21, 804-827.
51. Morgan, K. J. (2005). The 'production' of child care: how labor markets shape social policy and vice versa. Social Politics, 12, 243-263. (Pubitemid 41218413)
52. Morgan, K. J. and Zippel, K. (2003). Paid to care: The origins and effects of care leave policies in western Europe. Social Politics, 10, 49-85. (Pubitemid 36964388)
53. Ondrich, J., Spiess, C. K. and Yang, Q. (2003). Changes in women's wages after parental leave. Schmollers Jahrbuch, 123, 125-138.
54. O'Connor, J. S., Orloff, A. S. and Shaver, S. (1999). States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States. Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press.
55. Orloff, A. S. (2006). From maternalism to 'employment for all': state policies to promote women's employment across the affluent democracies. In Levy, J. D. (Ed.), The State after Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
56. Pettit, B. and Hook, J. (2005). The structure of women's employment in comparative perspective. Social Forces, 84, 779-801. (Pubitemid 43098259)
57. Rake, K. (2000). Women's Income over the Lifetime. London: The Cabinet Office.
58. Ruhm, C. J. (1998). The economic consequences of parental leave mandates: lessons from Europe. The Quarterly Journal of Labor Economics, 113, 285-317. (Pubitemid 128345660)
59. Shalev, M. (2008). Class divisions among women. Politics and Society, 36, 421-444.
60. Sigle-Rushton, W. and Waldfogel, J. (2007). Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. Feminist Economics, 13, 55-91.
61. Stier, H., Lewin-Epstein, N. and Braun, M. (2001). Welfare regimes, family-supportive policies, and women's employment along the life-course. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1731-1760.
62. Sainsbury, D. (Ed.) (1999). Gender and Welfare State Regimes. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (1993). Gender and Racial Inequality at Work: The Sources and Consequences of Job Segregation. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
64. Tobio, C. (2001). Women's strategies and the familyemployment relationship in Spain. In Mazur, A. G. (Ed.), State Feminism, Women's Movements, and Job Training: Making Democracies Work in the Global Economy. New York: Routledge, pp. 49-64.
65. Trifiletti, R. (1999). Southern European welfare regimes and the worsening position of women. Journal of European Social Policy, 9, 49-64. (Pubitemid 29206047)
66. Van der Lippe, T. and Van Dijk, L. (2002). Comparative research on women's employment. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 221-241.
67. Waldfogel, J. (1998). Understanding the "family gap" in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12, 137-156. (Pubitemid 128458853)
68. Warren, T. (2003). A privileged pole? diversity in women's pay, pensions and wealth in Britain. Gender, Work and Organization, 10, 605-628. (Pubitemid 37358801)
69. Williams, J. C. and Boushey, H. (2010). The three faces of work-family conflict: the poor, the professionals, and the missing middle. Center for American Progress. Available from: [accessed 3 November 2010].
70. Wright, E.-O., Baxter, J. and Birkelund, G.-E. (1995). The gender gap in workplace authority: a crossnational study. American Sociological Review, 60, 407-435.