Picking our text: Archival description, authenticity, and the archivist as editor

American Archivist

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 264-278

  MacNeil, Heather ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 79957379703     PISSN: 03609081     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17723/aarc.68.2.01u65t6435700337     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Wendy M. Duff and Kent M. Haworth, "Advancing Archival Description: A Model for Rationalizing North American Descriptive Standards," Archives and Manuscripts 25, no. 2 (1997): 204.
2. Canada-U.S. Task Force on Archival Description, "Statement of Principles for the CUSTARD Project, http://www.archivists.org/news/ custardproject.asp (accessed 26 April 2005).
3. This characterization of authenticity is based on the work of the Authenticity Task Force of the InterPARES 1 Project. See Heather MacNeil, "Providing Grounds for Trust: Developing Conceptual Requirements for the Long-Term Preservation of Authentic Electronic Records," Archivaria 50 (Fall 2000): 52.
4. The fonds is defined as "The whole of the records, regardless of form or medium, organically created and/or accumulated and used by a particular person, family, or corporate body in the course of that creator's activities and functions." This definition is taken from International Council on Archives, ISAD(G): General International Standard Archival Description, 2nd ed. (Ottawa, 2000), 10. The term "fonds" is roughly analogous to the terms "collection," "record group," and "manuscript group," which are more commonly used in the United States.
5. David Bearman and Jennifer Trant, "Authenticity of Digital Resources: Towards a Statement of Requirements in the Research Process," D-Lib Magazine (June 1998), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/ june98/06bearman.html;
6. Charles T. Cullen, "Authentication of Digital Objects: Lessons from a Historian's Research," in Authenticity in a Digital Environment (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000);
7. Luciana Duranti, "Archives as a Place," Archives and Manuscripts 24 (November 1996): 242-55;
8. Terry Eastwood, "Should Creating Agencies Keep Electronic Records Indefinitely?" Archives and Manuscripts 24 (November 1996): 256-68;
9. Clifford Lynch, "Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment: An Exploratory Analysis of the Central Role of Trust," in Authenticity in a Digital Environment.
10. Wendy Duff, "Ensuring the Preservation of Reliable Evidence: A Research Project Funded by the NHPRC," Archivaria 42 (Fall 1996): 28-45.
11. Luciana Duranti and Heather MacNeil, "The Protection of the Integrity of Electronic Records: An Overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project," Archivaria 42 (Fall 1996): 46-67;
12. Eun G. Park, "Understanding 'Authenticity' in Records and Information Management: Analyzing Practitioner Constructs," American Archivist 64 (Fall/Winter 2001): 270-91.
13. Anne Gilliland-Swetland, "Testing Our Truths: Delineating the Parameters of the Authentic Electronic Record," American Archivist 65 (Fall/Winter 2002): 196-215;
14. Heather MacNeil, "Providing Grounds for Trust II: The Findings of the Authenticity Task Force of InterPARES," Archivaria 54 (Fall 2002): 24-58;
15. MacNeil, Providing Grounds for Trust," 50, 52-78.
16. The term "collective attestation of authenticity" comes from the baseline requirements developed by the Authenticity Task Force of InterPARES 1. Typically, an attestation of authenticity refers to a single record; a collective attestation of authenticity is an attestation that refers to a body of records. In other words, the attestation of authenticity covers a collectivity of records rather than a single record. See MacNeil, "Grounds for Trust II," 57-58.
17. Gilliland-Swetland, "Testing Our Truths;"
18. MacNeil, Providing Grounds for Trust II;"
19. Duranti and MacNeil, Protection of Integrity," 46-67.
20. Eugenio Casanova, Archivistica (Siena: Lazzeri, 1928);
21. Giorgio Cencetti, Scritti Archivistici, in Fonti e Studi di Storia Legislazione e tecnica degli archivi moderni, vol. 3, ed. Antonino Lombaro (Rome: Centro de Ricerca Editore, 1970);
22. Michael Cook, "Archival Arrangement," The Management of Information from Archives, 2nd ed. (Brookfield, Vt: Gower, 1999);
23. Duranti, Archives as a Place," 242-55;
24. Luciana Duranti, "The Origin and Development of the Concept of Description," Archivaria 35 (Spring 1993): 47-54;
25. Hilary Jenkinson, "The Evolution of Archives," in A Manual of Archive Administration (London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd., [1937] 1965), 23-38;
26. Elio Lodolini, Archivistica: Principi e problemi, 8th ed. (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1998);
27. S. Muller Fz., J. A. Feith, and R. Fruin Th.Az., Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives, trans. Arthur H. Leavitt, 2nd. ed. (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2003).
28. Nancy Bartlett, "Respect des Fonds: The Origins of the Modern Archival Principle of Provenance," Primary Sources & Original Works, 1, nos.1-2, (1991): 107-15;
29. Richard C. Berner, Archival Theory and Practice in the United States: A Historical Analysis (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983);
30. Kathleen E. Brand, "The Place of the Register in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress," in A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings in Archival Theory and Practice, ed. Maygene F. Daniels and Timothy Walch (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, 1984), 236-44;
31. Arnaldo D'Addario, "The Development of Archival Science and its Present Trends," in Archival Science on the Threshold of the Year 2000. Proceedings of the International Conference, Macerata, 3-8 September 1990, ed. Oddo Bucci (Ancona: University of Macerata, 1992), 167-94;
32. Michel Duchein, "The History of European Archives and the Development of the Archival Profession in Europe," American Archivist 55 (Winter 1992): 14-24;
33. Luke J. Gilliland-Swetland, "The Provenance of a Profession: The Permanence of the Public Archives and Historical Manuscripts Traditions in American Archival History," in American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and Practice, ed. Randall C. Jimerson (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2000), 123-42;
34. Edward E. Hill, "The Preparation of Inventories at the National Archives," in A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings in Archival Theory and Practice;
35. Judith M. Panitch, "Liberty, Equality, Posterity? Some Archival Lessons from the Case of the French Revolution," in American Archival Studies, 101-22;
36. Raimo Pohjola, "The Principle of Provenance and the Arrangement of Records/Archives," in The Principle of Provenance: Report from the First Stockholm Conference on the Archival Principle of Provenance, 2-3 September 1993 (Stockholm: Swedish National Archives, 1994), 87-101;
37. Ernst Posner, "Max Lehmann and the Genesis of the Principle of Provenance," in Modern Archives Administration and Records Management: A RAMP Reader, comp. Peter Walne (Paris: Unesco, 1985), 115-23;
38. Robert F. Reynolds, "The Incunabula of Archival Theory and Practice in the United States: J. C. Fitzpatrick's Notes on the Care, Cataloguing, Calendaring and Arranging of Manuscripts and the Public Archives' Commission's Uncompleted 'Primer of Archival Economy," American Archivist 54 (Fall 1991): 466-82;
39. T. R. Schellenberg, "Principles of Arrangement," in Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 168-93;
40. Donato Tamblé, "Archival Theory in Italy Today," Archival Science 1 (2001): 83-100.
41. Terry Cook, "The Concept of the Archival Fonds: Theory, Description, and Provenance in the Post- Custodial Era," in The Archival Fonds: From Theory to Practice, ed. Terry Eastwood (Ottawa: Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1992), 31-86;
42. Michel Duchein, "Theoretical Principles and Practical Problems of Respect des Fonds in Archival Science," Archivaria 16 (Summer 1983): 64-82;
43. Chris Hurley, "The Australian ('Series') System: An Exposition," in The Records Continuum: Ian Maclean and the Australian Archives First Fifty Years, ed. Sue McKemmish and Michael Piggott (Clayton, Australia: Ancora Press, 1994), 150-72;
44. Bob Krawczyk, "Cross Reference Heaven: The Abandonment of the Fonds as the Primary Level of Arrangement for Ontario Government Records," Archivaria 48 (Fall 1999): 131-53;
45. Terry Eastwood, "Putting the Parts of the Whole Together: Systematic Arrangement of Archives," Archivaria 50 (Fall 2000): 93-116;
46. Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, "The Series System: A Revolution in Archival Control," in The Records Continuum, 131-49.
47. Duff and Haworth, "Advancing Archival Description,": 94-217;
48. Steven Hensen, "The First Shall Be First: APPM and its Impact on American Archival Description," Archivaria 35 (Spring 1993): 64-70;
49. Daniel V. Pitti, "Encoded Archival Description: The Development of an Encoded Standard for Archival Finding Aids," American Archival Studies, 395-416;
50. James M. Roth, "Serving Up EAD: An Exploratory Study on the Deployment and Utilization of Encoded Archival Description Finding Aids," American Archivist 64 (Fall/Winter 2001): 214-37.
51. Elizabeth H. Dow, et al., "The Burlington Agenda: Research Issues in Intellectual Access to Electronically Published Historical Documents," American Archivist 64 (Fall/Winter 2001): 292-307;
52. Wendy Duff, "The Acceptance and Implementation of the Rules for Archival Description by Canadian Archives: A Survey," Archivaria 47(Spring 1999): 27-45;
53. Wendy Duff and Penka Stoyanova, "Transforming the Crazy Quilt: Archival Displays from a User's Point of View," Archivaria 45 (Spring 1998): 44-79.
54. Terry Cook, "Archival Science and Postmodernism: New Formulations for Old Concepts," Archival Science 1 (2001): 3-24;
55. Terry Cook, "Fashionable Nonsense or Professional Rebirth: Postmodernism and the Practice of Archives," Archivaria 51 (Spring 2000): 14-35;
56. Terry Cook, "What Is Past Is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift," Archivaria 43 (Spring 1997): 17-63;
57. Verne Harris, "On (Archival) Odyssey(s)," Archivaria 51 (Spring 2000): 2-13;
58. Terry Cook, "Claiming Less, Delivering More: A Critique of Positivist Formulations on Archives in South Africa, Archivaria 44 (Fall 1997): 132-41;
59. Eric Ketelaar, "Tacit Narratives: The Meaning of Archives," Archival Science 1 (2001): 131-41;
60. Preben Mortensen, "The Place of Theory in Archival Practice," Archivaria 47 (Spring 1999): 1-26;
61. Tom Nesmith, "Still Fuzzy, But More Accurate: Some Thoughts on the 'Ghosts'of Archival Theory," Archivaria 47 (Spring 1999): 136-50.
62. Brien Brothman, "Orders of Value: Probing the Theoretical Terms of Archival Practice," Archivaria 32 (Summer 1991): 78-100;
63. Peter Horsman, "The Last Dance of the Phoenix, or The Re-discovery of the Archival Fonds," Archivaria 54 (Fall 2002): 1-23;
64. Peter Horsman, "Taming the Elephant: An Orthodox Approach to the Principle of Provenance," in The Principle of Provenance, 51-63;
65. Peter Horsman, "Dirty Hands: A New Perspective on the Original Order," Archives and Manuscripts 27 (May 1999): 42-53;
66. Laura Millar, "The Death of the Fonds and the Resurrection of Provenance: Archival Context in Space and Time," Archivaria 53 (Spring 2002): 1-15;
67. Joan Schwartz, "Coming to Terms with Photographs: Descriptive Standards, Linguistic 'Othering,' and the Margins of Archivy," Archivaria 54 (Fall 2002): 142-71.
68. Wendy Duff and Verne Harris, "Stories and Names: Archival Description as Narrating Records and Constructing Meanings," Archival Science 2 (2002): 263-85;
69. Michele Light and Tom Hyry, "Colophons and Annotations: New Directions for the Finding Aid," American Archivist 65 (Fall/Winter 2002): 216-30;
70. Elizabeth Yakel, "Archival Representation," Archival Science 3 (2003): 1-25.
71. Simply defined, textual criticism is the "comparison of a particular text with related materials in order to establish [its] authenticity." This definition may be found in the Wordnet database at http://wordnet. princeton.edu/perl/webwnat. In this article, the kinds of texts that are the basis for the discussion of textual criticism are literary ones, such as John Milton's Paradise Lost or James Joyce's Ulyssses.
72. See, for example, Fredson Bowers, "Greg's 'Rationale of Copy-Text' Revisited," Studies in Bibliography 31 (1970): 90-161;
73. W. W. Greg, "The Rationale of Copy-Text," Studies in Bibliography 3 (1950): 19-36;
74. G. Thomas Tanselle, A Rationale of Textual Criticism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989).
75. Margreta de Grazia, Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 11-12.
76. It could be argued that a fonds never did exist at any given moment in time and space. See Horsman, "Last Dance of the Phoenix," 1-23.
77. See, for example, Ken Thibodeau, et al., "Trusting to Time: Preserving Authentic Records in the Long Term," in The Long Term Preservation of Authentic Electronic Records: The Findings of the InterPARES Project, ed. Luciana Duranti (San Miniato, Italy: Archilab, 2005), 106.
78. George Bornstein, "Introduction," in Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities, ed. George Bornstein and Ralph G. Williams (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 2.
79. See also Ralph Williams, "I Shall Be Spoken: Textual Boundaries, Authors, and Intent," in Palimpsest, 45-66;
80. D. C. Greetham, Theories of the Text (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
81. See, for example, De Grazia, Shakespeare Verbatim;
82. Greetham, Theories of the Text;
83. Joseph Grigely, Textualterity: Art, Theory, and Textual Criticism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995);
84. D. F. McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
85. See, for example, Richard J. Finneran, ed., The Literary Text in the Digital Age (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996);
86. Jerome McGann, Radiant Textuality: Literature after the Word Wide Web (New York: Palgrave, 2001);
87. Jerome McGann, The Textual Condition (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991);
88. Jerome McGann, A Critique of Modern Textual Criticism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
89. See, for example, The William Blake Archive, http://www.blakearchive.org/
90. The Complete Writings and Pictures of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: A Hypermedia Research Archive, http://www.rossettiarchive.org/ index.html;
91. Henrik Ibsen's Writings (HIW), http://www.ibsen.uio.no/his/hjemmeside/ english.html.
92. See footnotes 16, 17, and 18 above.
93. See footnote 13 above.
94. See footnote 31 above.
95. Light and Hyry, "Colophons and Annotations," 223.
96. See, for example, Bureau of Canadian Archivists Planning Committee on Descriptive Standards, Rules for Archival Description, rule 1.7C (Ottawa: Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1992-continuing);
97. Describing Archives: A Data Content Standard (Chicago: Society of American Archivists 2004), rule 5.1;
98. International Council on Archives, ISAD(G): General International Standard Archival Description, rule 3.2.3.
99. Describing Archives, rules 5.2 and 5.3; ISAD(G), rule 3.3.2.
100. Describing Archives, rule 8.1; ISAD(G), rule 3.7.
101. Carlo Ginzburg, "Checking the Evidence: The Judge and the Historian," in Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion across the Disciplines, ed. James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, and Harry Harootunian (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 301.
102. Encoded Archival Description Working Group of the Society of American Archivists and the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress, Encoded Archival Description: Tag Library: Version 2002, EAD Technical Document, No. 2 (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2002);
103. ISAD(G): General International Standard Archival Description; International Council on Archives, ISAAR (CPF): International Standard Archival Authority Record for Corporate Bodies, Persons and Families, 2nd ed. (Australia, 2003).
104. Nicholson Baker, "Discards," in The Size of Thoughts: Essays and Other Lumber (New York: Vintage, 1996), 125-81.
105. Grigely, Textualterity, 84.
106. Catherine C. Marshall, "Toward an Ecology of Hypertext Annotation," Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (New York: ACM, 1998), 40.
107. Phillip E. Doss, "Traditional Theory and Innovative Practice: The Electronic Editor as Poststructuralist Reader," The Literary Text in the Digital Age (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 221.
108. Doss, "Traditional Theory and Innovative Practice, 218-19.
109. The contextualization of hypertext links has been explored by Richard Kopak, who has developed a taxonomy of link types to assist users in their navigation of hypertext. For an introduction to the utility of functional link types, see Richard W. Kopak, "Functional Link Typing in Hypertext," ACM Computing Surveys 31 (December 1999): 16-22.
110. A full taxonomy of link types is elaborated in his doctoral dissertation. See Kopak, "A Taxonomy of Link Types for Use in Hypertext," PhD diss. (University of Toronto, 2000).
111. John Selden, "Bible, Scripture," Table-talk: Being the Discourses of John Selden, Esq; or His Sense of Various Matters of Weight and High Consequence; Relating Especially to Religion and State, 3rd ed. (London: Jacob Tonson and Awnsham and John Churchill, 1716), 6.