The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution

Diplomacy and Statecraft

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 286-305

  Kelley, John Robert ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 79956252712     PISSN: 09592296     EISSN: 1557301X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09592296.2010.482474     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Adam Watson, Diplomacy (London, 1991), p. 33.
2. For examples see Susan Strange, "States, Firms and Diplomacy, " International Affairs, 68(1992), pp. 1-15.
3. Richard Langhorne, "Current Development in Diplomacy: Who are the Diplomats Now?" Diplomacy & Statecraft, 8(1997), pp. 1-15.
4. Paul Sharp, "For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations, " International Studies Review, 1(1999), pp. 33-57.
5. Brian Hocking, "Catalytic Diplomacy: Between 'Newness' and 'Decline', " in Jan Melissen, ed., Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (New York, 1999).
6. George F. Kennan, "Diplomacy without Diplomats?, " Foreign Affairs, 76(1997), pp. 198-212.
7. Arno J. Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New York, 1969), p. 14.
8. Juergen Kleiner, "The Inertia of Diplomacy, " Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19(2008), pp. 329-41.
9. Richard Langhorne, "The Diplomacy of Non-State Actors, " Diplomacy & Statecraft, 16(2005) p. 332.
10. Jospeh S. Nye, Jr. and William A. Owens, "America's Information Edge, " Foreign Affairs, 75(1996), pp. 22-23.
11. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, "What if there is a Revolution in Diplomatic Affairs?, " United States Institute of Peace Virtual Diplomacy website, 25 February 1999, http://www.usip.org/virtualdiplomacy/ publications/reports/ronarqISA99.html (accessed on 6 December 2007).
12. Here I apply the definition of the public domain articulated in J. G. Ruggie, "Reconstituting the Global Public Domain-Issues, Actors, and Practices, " European Journal of International Relations, 10 (2004), p. 519.
13. James N. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
14. Ronfeldt and Arquilla, "Revolution. "
15. James Der Derian, On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Engagement (Oxford, 1987), p. 173.
16. James Der Derian, On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Engagement (Oxford, 1987), p. 182.
17. Mayer, New Diplomacy, 36-58.
18. K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp 136-182.
19. Watson, Diplomacy, p. 118.
20. Cambon, quoted in Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy, Third Edition (New York, 1964), p. 29.
21. Cambon, quoted in Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy, Third Edition (New York, 1964), p. 30.
22. James N. Rosenau, "Introduction: Political Science in a Shrinking World, " in J.N. Rosenau, ed., Linkage Politics, (New York, 1969), p. 2.
23. According to the Fletcher definition, public diplomacy "deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies. It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with those of another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is communication, as between diplomats and foreign correspondents; and the processes of inter-cultural communications.... Central to public diplomacy is the transnational flow of information and ideas. " Edward R Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy, brochure, http://fletcher.tufts.edu/murrow/public-diplomacy.html (accessed 20 February 2005).
24. Arthur S. Hoffman, ed., International Communication and the New Diplomacy (Bloomington, IN, 1968).
25. L.A. Free, "Public Opinion Research, " in Hoffman, International Communication, p. 61.
26. Peter Willetts, "Transnational Actors in International Organizations in Global Politics, " in John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, eds., The Globalization of World Politics, Fourth Edition, (Oxford, 2008), p. 332.
27. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge, MA, 1972).
28. Hamilton and Langhorne, Diplomacy, pp. 131-37.
29. George P. Shultz, "Public Diplomacy in the Information Age" (speech given before the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Washington, DC, 15 September 1987).
30. CSIS Report, quoted in Steven Livingston, "The New Media and Transparency: What are the Consequences for Diplomacy?" in Evan Potter, ed., Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century (Montreal, 2002), p. 121.
31. Williams and Delli Carpini quoted in Manuel Castells, "Communication, Power, and Counterpower in the Network Society, " International Journal of Communication, 1(2007), p. 257.
32. I attribute the best articulation of this argument to Livingston, "New Media. "
33. Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (Basingstoke, 2003), p. 279.
34. Brian Hocking notes that public diplomacy is "increasingly defined as diplomacy by rather than of publics, " in Brian Hocking, "Rethinking the 'New' Public Diplomacy, " in Jan Melissen, ed., The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (Basingstoke, 2005), p. 32.
35. Rosenau, Domestic-Foreign Frontier, pp. 67-68.
36. Rosenau, Domestic-Foreign Frontier, pp. 61-64.
37. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY, 1998), p. 30.
38. In addition to Arquilla and Ronfeldt, "Revolution, " and CSIS Report, observe how the American "new diplomacy" dialogue has taken shape in United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, The New Diplomacy: Utilizing Innovative Communication that Recognize Resource Constraints: Report of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (Washington, DC, July 2003).
39. David Bollier, The Rise of Netpolitik: How the Internet is Changing International Politics and Diplomacy: Report of the Eleventh Annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on Information Technology (Aspen, CO, 2003).
40. CSIS Report, p. 3.
41. Ronfeldt and Arquilla, "Revolution. "
42. P.J. Simmons, "Learning to Live with NGOs, " Foreign Policy, 112(1998), pp. 82-96. It is important to view non-state diplomats not as a parallel exclusive institution to those dealing in official statecraft, but embedded in global civil society. Lipschutz defines global civil society as, "self-conscious constructions of networks of knowledge and action, by decentred local actors, that cross the reified boundaries of space as though they were not there. "
43. J.T. Mathews, "Power Shift, " Foreign Affairs, 76(1997), p. 52
44. Watson, Diplomacy, p. 15.
45. Rosenau, Domestic-Foreign Frontier, p. 28.
46. Ronfeldt and Arquilla, "Revolution".
47. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward and American Information Strategy (Santa Monica, CA, 1999). The 1998 CSIS report also portrays the RDA as a willful exercise of modernization, but it is my belief that states have less to say on the direction of this process than these reports imply. This may something to do with the policyoriented format and the intended (American) audience.
48. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 (Paris, 2007), p. 123
49. According to comScore, "Russia Has Fastest Growing Internet Population in Europe, " press release, August 27, 2008, http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2008/08/Russia_Internet_ Growth (accessed 10 February 2009).
50. Keck and Sikkink, Activists.
51. Mathews, "Power Shift".
52. Simmons, "NGOs. "
53. Ronfeldt and Arquilla, "Revolution. "
54. Keck and Sikkink, Activists, pp. 24 and 88-103.
55. UNHCR, Status of Ratifications of the Principal Human Rights Treaties, 9 June 2004.
56. According to the AKDN website.
57. In one instance, the Aga Khan met in October 2006 with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to negotiate the establishment of the Global Center for Pluralism in Ottawa.
58. Author's interview of Bishop John Chane, Washington, DC, 14 April 2009.
59. Rhiannon Vickers, "The New Public Diplomacy: Britain and Canada Compared, " British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(2004), p. 183.
60. Andrew F. Cooper, Celebrity Diplomacy (Boulder, CO, 2008), p. 7.
61. Cooper, Celebrity Diplomacy, pp. 42-48.
62. Robert Piercey, "Not Choosing Between Morality and Ethics, " Philosophical Forum 32(Spring 2004), p. 54.
63. G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of Right (Amhearst, NY, 1996).
64. Anne-Marie Slaughter, interview with Art Kleiner, Strategy + Business (Autumn 2007), http:// www.strategy-business.com/press/article/07310?gko=5279d (accessed on February 21, 2008).
65. "WTO Protests Hit Seattle in the Pocketbook, " CBC News, 6 January 2000.
66. Simmons, "NGOs, " p. 90.
67. R. Barnett and M. Finnemore, "The Power of Liberal International Organizations, " in M. Barnett and R. Duvall, eds., Power in Global Governance (Cambridge, 2005), p. 162.
68. Quoted from Daniel W. Drezner, "Foreign Policy Goes Glam, " National Interest Online, November 1, 2007, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=15932 (accessed January 31, 2008).
69. Many such cases depict celebrities cashing in on their fame to draw attention to a cause. During the George W. Bush presidency, actor Sean Penn traveled to Iran, Venezuela, and Cuba and used these trips as a platform to criticise United States foreign policy. Whilst many during this time might have agreed with him in principle, his methods did decidedly little to boost his moral legitimacy.
70. Ronfeldt and Arquilla, "Revolution. "
71. Ruggie, "Public Domain, " p. 502.
72. C. Mingst and K. Warkentin, "International Institutions, the State, and Global Civil Society in the Age of the World Wide Web, " Global Governance, 6(2000), pp. 240-46.
73. Simmons, "NGOs, " p. 90 portrayed civil society interference in MAI discussions as a potential liability out of a sense that the core ideas of the accord did not get a fair hearing. A situation "where any group with a fax machine and a modem has the potential to distort public debate" may amount to a "rise of the global idiots. "
74. Brian Hocking and Dominic Kelly, "Doing the Business? The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Global Compact, " in Andrew F. Cooper, John English, and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Enhancing Global Governance (Tokyo, 2002), pp. 203-28.
75. Maxwell A. Cameron, "Global Civil Society and the Ottawa Process, " in Andrew F. Cooper, John English, and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Enhancing Global Governance (Tokyo, 2002), pp. 75-77.
76. Langhorne, "Non-State Actors, " p. 33.