International institutions, the state, and global civil society in the age of the world wide web

Global Governance

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 237-257

  Warkentin, Craig ^a   Mingst, Karen ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034386778     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00602005     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Peter Willetts, Pressure Groups in the Global System: The Transnational Relations of Issue-Oriented Non-Governmental Organizations (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982).
2. See, for example, Ann Marie Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society," Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 507-525; Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women," World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1-35; Peter J. Spiro, "New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions," Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1995): 45-56; Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Peter Willetts, "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the U.N. System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
3. See, for example, Ann Marie Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society," Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 507-525; Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women," World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1-35; Peter J. Spiro, "New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions," Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1995): 45-56; Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Peter Willetts, "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the U.N. System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
4. See, for example, Ann Marie Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society," Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 507-525; Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women," World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1-35; Peter J. Spiro, "New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions," Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1995): 45-56; Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Peter Willetts, "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the U.N. System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
5. See, for example, Ann Marie Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society," Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 507-525; Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women," World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1-35; Peter J. Spiro, "New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions," Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1995): 45-56; Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Peter Willetts, "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the U.N. System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
6. See, for example, Ann Marie Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society," Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 507-525; Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler, "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women," World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1-35; Peter J. Spiro, "New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision-Making Institutions," Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1995): 45-56; Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Peter Willetts, "The Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the U.N. System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
7. Jackie Smith, Ron Pagnucco, and Charles Chatfield, "Social Movements and World Politics: A Theoretical Framework," in Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco, eds., Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997), p. 61.
8. As described by Kreisberg, TSMOs are international NGOs "that seek to bring about a [progressive] change in the status quo." Louis Kreisberg, "Social Movements and Global Transformation," in Smith, Chatfield, and Pagnucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics, p. 12.
9. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
10. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
11. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
12. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
13. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
14. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992); Chris Brown, "International Theory and International Society: The Viability of the Middle Way?" Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 183-196; Clark, "Non-Governmental Organizations"; Paul Ghils, "International Civil Society: International Non-Governmental Organizations in the International System," International Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (1992): 417-431; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 371-388; Richard Shapcott, "Conversation and Coexistence: Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 1 (1994): 57-83.
15. Ronnie Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 389-420.
16. See Craig Warkentin, "Framing a Global Civil Society: NGOs and the Politics of Transnational Activity" (Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 1998), pp. 48-53.
17. See ibid. for illustrative case studies.
18. Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Timeline of Negotiations," fact sheet, updated 6 November 1998, online at http://www.preamble.org/MAI/maihist.html (24 November 1999).
19. William A. Dymond, "The MAI: A Sad and Melancholy Tale," in Fen Osler Hampson, Michael Hart, and Martin Rudner, eds., Canada Among Nations 1999: A Big League Player? (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 29.
20. See, for example, Public Citizen, "Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch Backgrounder: The Alarming Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) Now Being Negotiated at the OECD," online at http://www.citizen.org/pctrade/mai/ What%20is/maibg.html (24 November 1999). Despite such outcry, the MAI largely was ignored by the mainstream press, prompting Project Censored to name the Multilateral Agreement on Investment the "Top Censored Story" of 1998. Project Censored, "Project Censored's Top 25 1999," online at http://www.sonoma. edu/ProjectCensored/t2599.html (10 June 1999).
21. Stephen J. Kobrin, "The MAI and the Clash of Globalizations," Foreign Policy 112 (fall 1998): 97-98.
22. See Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Key Provisions," fact sheet, Washington, D.C., online at http://www.preamble.org/ MAI/keyprovs.html (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Update on the Proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment," briefing paper, April 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/maiapr98.htm (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Oxfam GB Update on the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment)," briefing paper, December 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/ papers/mai_update/mai_update.htm (24 November 1999).
23. See Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Key Provisions," fact sheet, Washington, D.C., online at http://www.preamble.org/ MAI/keyprovs.html (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Update on the Proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment," briefing paper, April 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/maiapr98.htm (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Oxfam GB Update on the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment)," briefing paper, December 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/ papers/mai_update/mai_update.htm (24 November 1999).
24. See Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Key Provisions," fact sheet, Washington, D.C., online at http://www.preamble.org/ MAI/keyprovs.html (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Update on the Proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment," briefing paper, April 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/maiapr98.htm (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Oxfam GB Update on the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment)," briefing paper, December 1998, online at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/ papers/mai_update/mai_update.htm (24 November 1999).
25. Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Views Pro and Con," fact sheet, online at http://www.preamble.org/MAI/procon.html (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Oxfam GB Update."
26. Preamble Center, "The Multilateral Agreement on Investment: Views Pro and Con," fact sheet, online at http://www.preamble.org/MAI/procon.html (24 November 1999); Oxfam GB, "Oxfam GB Update."
27. Kobrin, "The MAI," p. 98.
28. David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 475. See also David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1988), pp. 197-217.
29. David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 475. See also David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1988), pp. 197-217.
30. Kobrin, "The MAI," p. 99.
31. Council of Canadians, "France's Official Position on Withdrawing from the MAI Negotiations," online at http://www.canadians.org/campaigns/campaigns-maipub03.html (24 November 1999).
32. Kobrin, "The MAI," p. 107.
33. Ibid.
34. The OECD's "MAI Home Page" has since been replaced by its "International Investment," 19 November 1999, online at http://www.oecd.org/daf/ cmis/fdi/index.htm (24 November 1999). However, the organization's MAI documentation remains available online at OECD, "MAI Documentation," 25 February 1999, http://www.oecd.org/daf/cmis/mai/reports.htm (24 November 1999).
35. The OECD's "MAI Home Page" has since been replaced by its "International Investment," 19 November 1999, online at http://www.oecd.org/daf/ cmis/fdi/index.htm (24 November 1999). However, the organization's MAI documentation remains available online at OECD, "MAI Documentation," 25 February 1999, http://www.oecd.org/daf/cmis/mai/reports.htm (24 November 1999).
36. Council of Canadians, "France's Official Position."
37. Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52, no. 3 (1998): 613-644.
38. Stuart Maslen, "The Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross," in Maxwell A. Cameron, Robert J. Lawson, and Brian W. Tomlin, eds., To Walk Without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 80-98.
39. Jody Williams and Stephen Goose, "The International Campaign to Ban Landmines," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 20-47.
40. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 896-897; see also Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998).
41. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 896-897; see also Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998).
42. Jerry White and Ken Rutherford, "The Role of the Landmine Survivors Network," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 99-117.
43. U.S. senator Patrick Leahy, "Oslo N.G.O. Forum on the Landmine Treaty," 8 September 1997, online at http://www.senate.gov/∼leahy/s970908.html (24 November 1999).
44. See Philippe Chabasse, "The French Campaign," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 60-67.
45. Valerie Warmington and Celina Tuttle, "The Canadian Campaign," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 48-59; Williams and Goose, "International Campaign."
46. Valerie Warmington and Celina Tuttle, "The Canadian Campaign," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 48-59; Williams and Goose, "International Campaign."
47. Jessica Mathews, "The New, Private Order," Washington Post, 21 January 1997, p. A11.
48. Finnemore and Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics," p. 901.
49. See, for example, "Seven Days in a Minefield," accessible from International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Landmines," 17 November 1999, online at http://www.icrc.org/eng/mines (24 November 1999); OneWorld Online, "Killing Fields," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/cambodia/1.html (24 November 1999); and OneWorld Online, "Landmines - The Hidden Enemy," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/landmines/1.html (24 November 1999).
50. See, for example, "Seven Days in a Minefield," accessible from International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Landmines," 17 November 1999, online at http://www.icrc.org/eng/mines (24 November 1999); OneWorld Online, "Killing Fields," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/cambodia/1.html (24 November 1999); and OneWorld Online, "Landmines - The Hidden Enemy," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/landmines/1.html (24 November 1999).
51. See, for example, "Seven Days in a Minefield," accessible from International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Landmines," 17 November 1999, online at http://www.icrc.org/eng/mines (24 November 1999); OneWorld Online, "Killing Fields," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/cambodia/1.html (24 November 1999); and OneWorld Online, "Landmines - The Hidden Enemy," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/landmines/1.html (24 November 1999).
52. See, for example, "Seven Days in a Minefield," accessible from International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Landmines," 17 November 1999, online at http://www.icrc.org/eng/mines (24 November 1999); OneWorld Online, "Killing Fields," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/cambodia/1.html (24 November 1999); and OneWorld Online, "Landmines - The Hidden Enemy," online at http://www.oneworld.org/media/gallery/landmines/1.html (24 November 1999).
53. United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA), "UNA-USA Adopt-A-Minefield Program," online at http://www.unausa.org/programs/aam/adoptamine.htm (24 November 1999).
54. Robert J. Lawson, Mark Gwozdecky, Jill Sinclair, and Ralph Lysyshyn, "The Ottawa Process and the International Movement to Ban Anti-Personnel Mines," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 160-184.
55. Ramesh Thakur and William Maley, "The Ottawa Convention on Landmines: A Landmark Humanitarian Treaty in Arms Control?" Global Governance 5, no. 3 (July-September 1999): 273-302.
56. Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, "An Address by the Honourable Lloyd Axworthy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the Opening of the Mine Action Forum," Ottawa, 2 December 1997, online at http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/english/news/statements/97_state/97_057e.htm (24 November 1999).
57. Williams and Goose, "International Campaign."
58. Alex Vines, "The Crisis of Anti-Personnel Mines," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 118-135.
59. Richard Price, "Compliance with International Norms and the Mines Taboo," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, p. 343.
60. See, for example, OneWorld Online, "Landmines - Campaigns," online at http://www.oneworld.org/guides/landmines/landmines_campaigns.html (24 November 1999).
61. Maxwell A. Cameron, Robert J. Lawson, and Brian W. Tomlin, "To Walk Without Fear," in Cameron, Lawson, and Tomlin, To Walk Without Fear, pp. 1-17.
62. Such has been the case, one might argue, with the campaign to establish a permanent International Criminal Court.
63. Key insights for this paragraph were provided by an anonymous reviewer, to whom we extend our thanks. For further discussion of power and information issues, see Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Power and Interdependence in the Information Age," Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (1998): 81-94; and Saskia Sassen's work on globalization, including "Losing Control? The State and the New Geography of Power," Global Dialogue 1 (1999): 78-88.
64. Key insights for this paragraph were provided by an anonymous reviewer, to whom we extend our thanks. For further discussion of power and information issues, see Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Power and Interdependence in the Information Age," Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (1998): 81-94; and Saskia Sassen's work on globalization, including "Losing Control? The State and the New Geography of Power," Global Dialogue 1 (1999): 78-88.
65. Council of Canadians, "France's Official Position."