메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 579-605

The role of working memory and contextual constraints in children's processing of relative clauses

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION; CHILD; COGNITION; COMPREHENSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

EID: 79956102071     PISSN: 03050009     EISSN: 14697602     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305000910000267     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (58)
  • 2
    • 0003352616 scopus 로고
    • Functionalism and the competition model
    • B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (eds), Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    • Bates, E. & MacWhinney, B. (1989). Functionalism and the competition model. In B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (eds), The crosslinguistic study of sentence processing, 3-73. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
    • (1989) The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing , pp. 3-73
    • Bates, E.1    MacWhinney, B.2
  • 3
    • 0034230883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental differences in visual and auditory processing of complex sentences
    • Booth, J. R., MacWhinney, B. & Harasaki, Y. (2000). Developmental differences in visual and auditory processing of complex sentences. Child Development 74, 981-1003.
    • (2000) Child Development , vol.74 , pp. 981-1003
    • Booth, J.R.1    MacWhinney, B.2    Harasaki, Y.3
  • 5
    • 0009930844 scopus 로고
    • An alternative assessment of children's comprehension of relative clauses
    • Correa, L. M. (1995). An alternative assessment of children's comprehension of relative clauses. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24, 183-203.
    • (1995) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.24 , pp. 183-203
    • Correa, L.M.1
  • 6
    • 0002260511 scopus 로고
    • On not being led up the garden path: The use of context by the psychological parser
    • D. Dowty, L. Karttunen & A. Zwicky (eds), Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    • Crain, S. & Steedman, M. J. (1985). On not being led up the garden path: The use of context by the psychological parser. In D. Dowty, L. Karttunen & A. Zwicky (eds), Natural language parsing : Psychological, computational, and theoretical perspectives, 320-58. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
    • (1985) Natural Language Parsing : Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives , pp. 320-358
    • Crain, S.1    Steedman, M.J.2
  • 7
    • 25644437802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking at the rope when looking for the snake: Conceptually mediated eye movements during spoken-word recognition
    • Dahan, D. & Tanenhaus, M. (2005). Looking at the rope when looking for the snake : Conceptually mediated eye movements during spoken-word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12, 453-59. (Pubitemid 41382746)
    • (2005) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 453-459
    • Dahan, D.1    Tanenhaus, M.K.2
  • 9
    • 0036340048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of relative clauses by young children : Another look
    • Eisenberg, S. (2002). Interpretation of relative clauses by young children : Another look. Journal of Child Language 29, 177-88.
    • (2002) Journal of Child Language , vol.29 , pp. 177-188
    • Eisenberg, S.1
  • 10
    • 85055301214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's processing of ambiguous sentences : A study of relative clause attachment
    • Felser, C., Marinis, T. & Clahsen, H. (2003). Children's processing of ambiguous sentences : A study of relative clause attachment. Language Acquisition 11, 127-63.
    • (2003) Language Acquisition , vol.11 , pp. 127-163
    • Felser, C.1    Marinis, T.2    Clahsen, H.3
  • 12
    • 34247471200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child and adult construal of restrictive relative clauses : Knowledge of grammar and differential effects of syntactic context
    • Fragman, C., Goodluck, H. & Heggie, L. (2007). Child and adult construal of restrictive relative clauses : Knowledge of grammar and differential effects of syntactic context. Journal of Child Language 34, 345-80.
    • (2007) Journal of Child Language , vol.34 , pp. 345-380
    • Fragman, C.1    Goodluck, H.2    Heggie, L.3
  • 13
    • 85066729650 scopus 로고
    • Sentence processing : A tutorial review
    • M. Coltheart (ed.), Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Frazier, L. (1987). Sentence processing : A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (ed.), Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading, 539-86. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
    • (1987) Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading , pp. 539-586
    • Frazier, L.1
  • 14
    • 10444220976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of relative clause comprehension in Hebrew: A study of SLI and normal development
    • DOI 10.1017/S0305000904006269
    • Friedman, N. & Novogrodsky, R. (2004). The acquisition of relative clause comprehension in Hebrew: A study of SLI and normal development. Journal of Child Language 31, 661-81. (Pubitemid 39636981)
    • (2004) Journal of Child Language , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 661-681
    • Friedmann, N.1    Novogrodsky, R.2
  • 15
    • 0028492574 scopus 로고
    • Procedure for assessing verbal working memory in normal school-age children : Some preliminary data
    • Gaulin, C. A. & Campbell, T. F. (1994). Procedure for assessing verbal working memory in normal school-age children : Some preliminary data. Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, 55-64.
    • (1994) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.79 , pp. 55-64
    • Gaulin, C.A.1    Campbell, T.F.2
  • 16
    • 0032135489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies
    • PII S0010027798000341
    • Gibson, E. (1998). Linguistic complexity : Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68, 1-76. (Pubitemid 128424124)
    • (1998) Cognition , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-76
    • Gibson, E.1
  • 17
    • 0041142086 scopus 로고
    • Knowledge integration in processing and acquisition : Comments on Grimshaw and Rosen
    • L. Frazier & J. De Villiers (eds), Dordrecht: Kluwer
    • Goodluck, H. (1990). Knowledge integration in processing and acquisition : Comments on Grimshaw and Rosen. In L. Frazier & J. De Villiers (eds), Language processing and language acquisition, 369-82. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
    • (1990) Language Processing and Language Acquisition , pp. 369-382
    • Goodluck, H.1
  • 18
    • 0020009042 scopus 로고
    • Competence and processing in children's grammar of relative clauses
    • Goodluck, H. & Tavakolian, S. (1982). Competence and processing in children's grammar of relative clauses. Cognition 11, 1-27.
    • (1982) Cognition , vol.11 , pp. 1-27
    • Goodluck, H.1    Tavakolian, S.2
  • 20
    • 0036715575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory-load interference in syntactic processing
    • Gordon, P. C., Hendrick, R. & Levine, W. H. (2002). Memory load interference in syntactic processing. Psychological Science 13, 425-30. (Pubitemid 41692263)
    • (2002) Psychological Science , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 425-430
    • Gordon, P.C.1    Hendrick, R.2    Levine, W.H.3
  • 21
    • 0003370698 scopus 로고
    • Relative acquisition
    • S. Kuczaj (eds), Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Hamburger, H. & Crain, S. (1982). Relative acquisition. In S. Kuczaj (eds), Language development II, 245-74. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1982) Language Development , vol.2 , pp. 245-274
    • Hamburger, H.1    Crain, S.2
  • 22
    • 17044363418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The online processing of ambiguous and unambiguous words in context : Evidence from head-mounted eye-tracking
    • M. Carreiras & C. Clifton (eds), New York: Psychology Press
    • Huettig, F. & Altmann, G. T. M. (2004). The online processing of ambiguous and unambiguous words in context : Evidence from head-mounted eye-tracking. In M. Carreiras & C. Clifton (eds), The on-line study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP, and beyond, 187-207. New York: Psychology Press.
    • (2004) The On-line Study of Sentence Comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP, and beyond , pp. 187-207
    • Huettig, F.1    Altmann, G.T.M.2
  • 23
    • 17044403817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Word meaning and the control of eye fixation: Semantic competitor effects and the visual world paradigm
    • Huettig, F. & Altmann, G. T. M. (2005). Word meaning and the control of eye fixation: Semantic competitor effects and the visual world paradigm. Cognition 96, B23-B32.
    • (2005) Cognition , vol.96
    • Huettig, F.1    Altmann, G.T.M.2
  • 24
    • 35548943041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual-shape competition during language-mediated attention is based on lexical input and not modulated by contextual appropriateness
    • DOI 10.1080/13506280601130875, PII 772867144
    • Huettig, F. & Altmann, G. T. M. (2007). Visual-shape competition during languagemediated attention is based on lexical input and not modulated by contextual appropriateness. Visual Cognition 15, 985-1018. (Pubitemid 350011584)
    • (2007) Visual Cognition , vol.15 , Issue.8 , pp. 985-1018
    • Huettig, F.1    Altmann, G.T.M.2
  • 25
    • 0026451760 scopus 로고
    • A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory
    • Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review 99, 122-49.
    • (1992) Psychological Review , vol.99 , pp. 122-149
    • Just, M.A.1    Carpenter, P.A.2
  • 26
    • 0030267382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments
    • Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A. & Keller, T. A. (1996). The capacity theory of comprehension : New frontiers of evidence and arguments. Psychological Review 103, 773-80. (Pubitemid 126664723)
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 773-780
    • Just, M.A.1    Carpenter, P.A.2    Keller, T.A.3
  • 27
    • 0041378059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative clause comprehension revisited: Commentary on Eisenberg (2002)
    • DOI 10.1017/S0305000903005683
    • Kidd, E. (2003). Relative clause comprehension revisited : Commentary on Eisenberg (2002). Journal of Child Language 30, 671-79. (Pubitemid 37110160)
    • (2003) Journal of Child Language , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 671-679
    • Kidd, E.1
  • 28
    • 0037841862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • English-speaking children's comprehension of relative clauses: Evidence for general-cognitive and language-specific constraints on development
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1021265021141
    • Kidd, E. & Bavin, E. L. (2002). English-speaking children's comprehension of relative clauses : Evidence for general cognitive and language specific constraints on development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 31, 599-617. (Pubitemid 41462068)
    • (2002) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 599-617
    • Kidd, E.1    Bavin, E.L.2
  • 29
    • 34548695559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lexical and referential influences on on-line spoken language comprehension : A comparison of adults and primary school children
    • Kidd, E. & Bavin, E. L. (2007). Lexical and referential influences on on-line spoken language comprehension : A comparison of adults and primary school children. First Language 27, 29-52.
    • (2007) First Language , vol.27 , pp. 29-52
    • Kidd, E.1    Bavin, E.L.2
  • 30
    • 34548697537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object relatives made easy : A cross-linguistic comparison of the constraints influencing young children's processing of relative clauses
    • Kidd, E., Brandt, S., Lieven, E. & Tomasello, M. (2007). Object relatives made easy : A cross-linguistic comparison of the constraints influencing young children's processing of relative clauses. Language and Cognitive Processes 22, 860-92.
    • (2007) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.22 , pp. 860-892
    • Kidd, E.1    Brandt, S.2    Lieven, E.3    Tomasello, M.4
  • 31
    • 85047671582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996)
    • MacDonald, M. C. & Christiansen, M. H. (2002). Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996). Psychological Review 109, 35-54.
    • (2002) Psychological Review , vol.109 , pp. 35-54
    • MacDonald, M.C.1    Christiansen, M.H.2
  • 32
    • 0026464352 scopus 로고
    • Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity
    • MacDonald, M. C., Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity. Cognitive Psychology 24, 56-98.
    • (1992) Cognitive Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 56-98
    • MacDonald, M.C.1    Just, M.A.2    Carpenter, P.A.3
  • 33
    • 0024044568 scopus 로고
    • The processing of restrictive relative clauses in Hungarian
    • MacWhinney, B. & Pleh, C. (1988). The processing of restrictive relative clauses in Hungarian. Cognition 29, 95-141.
    • (1988) Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 95-141
    • MacWhinney, B.1    Pleh, C.2
  • 34
    • 0036629217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of animacy on relative clause processing
    • DOI 10.1006/jmla.2001.2837
    • Mak, W. M., Vonk, W. & Schriefers, H. (2002). The influence of animacy on relative clause processing. Journal of Memory and Language 47, 50-68. (Pubitemid 36161070)
    • (2002) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-68
    • Mak, W.M.1    Vonk, W.2    Schriefers, H.3
  • 36
    • 84913708389 scopus 로고
    • Some psychological studies of grammar
    • Miller, G. A. (1962). Some psychological studies of grammar. American Psychologist 17, 748-62.
    • (1962) American Psychologist , vol.17 , pp. 748-762
    • Miller, G.A.1
  • 38
    • 0000757388 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences and probabilistic constraints in syntactic ambiguity resolution
    • Pearlmutter, N. J. & MacDonald, M. C. (1995). Individual differences and probabilistic constraints in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language 34, 521-42.
    • (1995) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.34 , pp. 521-542
    • Pearlmutter, N.J.1    MacDonald, M.C.2
  • 39
    • 0033212597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic constraints approach to language acquisition and processing
    • Seidenberg, M. & MacDonald, M. C. (1999). A probabilistic constraints approach to language acquisition and processing. Cognitive Science 23, 569-88.
    • (1999) Cognitive Science , vol.23 , pp. 569-588
    • Seidenberg, M.1    MacDonald, M.C.2
  • 40
    • 0000852307 scopus 로고
    • The role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English
    • Sheldon, A. (1974). The role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13, 272-81.
    • (1974) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 272-281
    • Sheldon, A.1
  • 41
    • 24044511394 scopus 로고
    • On strategies for processing relative clauses : A comparison of children and adults
    • Sheldon, A. (1977). On strategies for processing relative clauses : A comparison of children and adults. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 6, 305-318.
    • (1977) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.6 , pp. 305-318
    • Sheldon, A.1
  • 42
    • 0002357214 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar
    • C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (eds), New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
    • Slobin, D. I. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (eds), Studies of child language development, 175-208. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    • (1973) Studies of Child Language Development , pp. 175-208
    • Slobin, D.I.1
  • 43
    • 4444269862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing
    • DOI 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.03.001, PII S0010028504000258
    • Snedeker, J. & Trueswell, J. C. (2004). The developing constraints on parsing decisions : The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing. Cognitive Psychology, 49, 238-99. (Pubitemid 39196026)
    • (2004) Cognitive Psychology , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-299
    • Snedeker, J.1    Trueswell, J.C.2
  • 44
    • 38649112322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of prosodic and lexical constraints on parsing in young children (and adults)
    • Snedeker, J. & Yuan, S. (2008). Effects of prosodic and lexical constraints on parsing in young children (and adults). Journal of Memory and Language 58, 574-608.
    • (2008) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.58 , pp. 574-608
    • Snedeker, J.1    Yuan, S.2
  • 45
    • 0002992922 scopus 로고
    • Referential context and syntactic ambiguity resolution
    • C. Clifton, L. Frazier & K. Rayner (eds), Hillsdale, NJ : LEA Press
    • Spivey-Knowlton, M. & Tanenhaus, M. (1994). Referential context and syntactic ambiguity resolution. In C. Clifton, L. Frazier & K. Rayner (eds), Perspectives on sentence processing, 415-39, Hillsdale, NJ : LEA Press.
    • (1994) Perspectives on Sentence Processing , pp. 415-439
    • Spivey-Knowlton, M.1    Tanenhaus, M.2
  • 46
    • 0000716320 scopus 로고
    • Reading comprehension difficulties in children: The role of language comprehension and working memory skills
    • Stothard, S. E. & Hulme, C. (1992). Reading comprehension difficulties in children : The role of language comprehension and working memory skills. Reading and Writing 4, 245-56.
    • (1992) Reading and Writing , vol.4 , pp. 245-256
    • Stothard, S.E.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 48
    • 0029033939 scopus 로고
    • Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension
    • Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K.M. & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science 268, 1632-34.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1632-1634
    • Tanenhaus, M.K.1    Spivey-Knowlton, M.J.2    Eberhard, K.M.3    Sedivy, J.C.4
  • 49
    • 0002366472 scopus 로고
    • The conjoined-clause analysis of relative clauses
    • S. L. Tavakolian (ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Tavakolian, S. L. (1981). The conjoined-clause analysis of relative clauses. In S. L. Tavakolian (ed.), Language acquisition and linguistic theory, 167-87. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1981) Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory , pp. 167-187
    • Tavakolian, S.L.1
  • 50
    • 26844441266 scopus 로고
    • Children's strategies for interpreting complex comparative questions
    • Townsend, D. & Erb, M. (1975). Children's strategies for interpreting complex comparative questions. Journal of Child Language 2, 1-7.
    • (1975) Journal of Child Language , vol.2 , pp. 1-7
    • Townsend, D.1    Erb, M.2
  • 51
    • 0003646412 scopus 로고
    • Immediate memory for words from main and subordinate clauses at different age levels
    • Townsend, D., Ottaviano, D. & Bever, T. (1979). Immediate memory for words from main and subordinate clauses at different age levels. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 8, 83-101.
    • (1979) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.8 , pp. 83-101
    • Townsend, D.1    Ottaviano, D.2    Bever, T.3
  • 52
    • 0038897620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plausibility and subcategorisation preference in children's processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences : Evidence from self-paced reading
    • Traxler, M. (2002). Plausibility and subcategorisation preference in children's processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences : Evidence from self-paced reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 55A, 75-96.
    • (2002) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.55 A , pp. 75-96
    • Traxler, M.1
  • 53
    • 0036629218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing subject and object relative clauses: Evidence from eye movements
    • DOI 10.1006/jmla.2001.2836
    • Traxler, M. J., Morris, R. K. & Seeley, R. E. (2002). Processing subject and object relative clauses : Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language 47, 69-90. (Pubitemid 36161071)
    • (2002) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-90
    • Traxler, M.J.1    Morris, R.K.2    Seely, R.E.3
  • 54
    • 20744434705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, animacy, and verb class in the processing of relative clauses
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jml.2005.02.010, PII S0749596X05000306
    • Traxler, M. J., Williams, R. S., Blozis, S. A. & Morris, R. K. (2005). Working memory, animacy, and verb class in the processing of relative clauses. Journal of Memory and Language 53, 204-224. (Pubitemid 40854745)
    • (2005) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-224
    • Traxler, M.J.1    Williams, R.S.2    Blozis, S.A.3    Morris, R.K.4
  • 55
    • 84885396852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's eye movements during listening : Developmental evidence for a constraint-based theory of sentence processing
    • J. M. Henderson & F. Ferreira (eds) New York: Psychology Press
    • Trueswell, J. C. & Gleitman, L. (2004). Children's eye movements during listening : Developmental evidence for a constraint-based theory of sentence processing. In J. M. Henderson & F. Ferreira (eds), The interface of language, vision, and action : Eye movements and the visual world, 319-46. New York: Psychology Press.
    • (2004) The Interface of Language, Vision, and Action : Eye Movements and the Visual World , pp. 319-346
    • Trueswell, J.C.1    Gleitman, L.2
  • 56
    • 0032703774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kindergarten-path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children
    • Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M. & Logrip, L. (1999). The kindergarten-path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition 73, 89-134.
    • (1999) Cognition , vol.73 , pp. 89-134
    • Trueswell, J.C.1    Sekerina, I.2    Hill, N.M.3    Logrip, L.4
  • 57
    • 0002663124 scopus 로고
    • An ATN approach to comprehension
    • M. Halle, J. Bresnan & G. A. Miller (eds), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Wanner, E. & Maratsos, M. (1978). An ATN approach to comprehension. In M. Halle, J. Bresnan & G. A. Miller (eds), Linguistic theory and psychological reality, 119-61. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1978) Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality , pp. 119-161
    • Wanner, E.1    Maratsos, M.2
  • 58
    • 38649100968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On still being led down the kindergarten path: Children's processing of structural ambiguities
    • Weighall, A. (2008). On still being led down the kindergarten path: Children's processing of structural ambiguities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 99, 75-95.
    • (2008) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 75-95
    • Weighall, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.