Fire-protective and flame-retardant coatings - A state-of-the-art review

Journal of Fire Sciences

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 259-296

  Weil, Edward D ^a  

^a POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

adjuvants; ammonium polyphosphate; binders; borates; carbonific; ceramic coatings; char; expandable graphite; firestops; gelcoats; heat transfer; intumescent coatings; melamine; silicates; spumific; textile coatings; titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANTS; AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATES; BORATES; CARBONIFIC; CHAR; EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE; FIRESTOPS; GELCOATS; INTUMESCENT COATING; SPUMIFIC;

AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; BINDERS; CERAMIC COATINGS; MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESINS; OXIDES; PROTECTIVE COATINGS; SILICATES; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

INORGANIC COATINGS;

EID: 79956075078     PISSN: 07349041     EISSN: 15308049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0734904110395469     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Weil, E. and Levchik, S. (2009). Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles: Practical Applications, Hanser Publishers, Munich/Cincinnati, OH.
2. White, R.H. and Dietenberger, M.A. (2010). Fire Safety of Wood Construction, In: Wood Handbook, Chapter 18, pp. 18-1ff, Forest Products Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190.
3. Heemstra, D. (2009). Intumescent Fireproof Coatings: Their Uses and Applications. Available at: http://www.corrdefense.org/ Academia%20Government%20and%20Industry/T-01.pdf (accessed date December 28, 2010 ).
4. Vandersall, H.L. (1971). Intumescent Coating Systems, Their Development and Chemistry, Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2: 97-140.
5. Weil, E.D. and Levchik, S.V. (2008). Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development, Journal of Fire Sciences, 26: 5-43.
6. Schwarz, R. (2003). Coatings that can Save Lives, Coatings World, Nov. 2003: 54-59.
7. Allen, C. (1999). Choosing the Right Fireproofing for Structures and Equipment Supports, Chemical Engineering Progress, 95: 75-80. (Pubitemid 129674564)
8. Goode, M., ed. (2004). Fire Protection of Structural Steel in High-Rise Buildings, GCR 04-872, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
9. Challener, C. (2007). Fire Safety with Specialty Coatings, JCT Coatings Tech, Sep. 2007: 78-84. (Pubitemid 47594046)
10. Green, J. (2005). Fire-Retardant/Fire-Resistive Coatings, In: Tracton, A. (ed.), Coating Technology Handbook, 3rd edn, pp. 773-778, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
11. Dahm, D.B. (1996). Reformulation of Fire Retardant Coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 29: 61-71. (Pubitemid 126377350)
12. www.nstcenter.com/milspecs.aspx?milspec=24647 (accessed date December 28, 2010 ).
13. Calbo, L., ed. (1992). Handbook of Coatings Additives, Vol. 2, p. 261, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
14. Spain, R. (1987). US Patent No. 4,666, 960.
15. Kruse, D., Simon, S., Menke, K., Friebel, S. and Gettwert, V. (to Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Fordering der angewandten Forschung) (2005). German Patent Application No. 102004023 166.
16. Ray, N., Shaw, B. and Lane, B. (to Imperial Chemical Industries) (1976). US Patent No. 3, 933, 689.
17. Anon. CEEPREE. Available at: http://www.chance-hunt.com/ceepree/product. htm (accessed date December 28, 2010 ).
18. Lin, S.-C. and Kent, B. (2009). Flammability of Fluoropolymers, In: Wilkie, C., Morgan, A. and Nelson, G. (eds), Fire and Polymers V: Materials and Concepts for Fire Retardancy, ACS Symposium Series 1013, pp. 294-295, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
19. Duquesne, S., Jimenez, M. and Bourbigot, S. (2009). Fire Retardancy and Fire Protection of Materials Using Intumescent Coatings - A Versatile Solution? In: Hull, R. and Kandola, B. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Strategies and Mechanisms (FRPM '07), 11th, Bolton, UK, 4-6 July, 2007 (published in 2009 by Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK). pp. 240-252.
20. Cagliostro, D.E., Riccitiello, S.R., Clark, K.J. and Shimizu, A.B. (1975). Intumescent Coating Modeling, Journal of Fire and Flammability, 6: 205-221.
21. Anderson, Jr, C.E., Dziuk Jr, J., Mallow, W.A. and Buckmaster, J. (1985). Intumescent Reaction Mechanisms, Journal of Fire Sciences, 3: 161-194.
22. Buckmaster, J., Anderson, C. and Nachman, A. (1986). A Model for Intumescent Paints, International Journal of Engineering Science, 24: 263-276.
23. Shih, Y.C., Cheung, F.B. and Koo, J.H. (1998). Theoretical Modeling of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Materials, Journal of Fire Sciences, 16: 46-71. (Pubitemid 128628013)
24. Mamleev, V.Sh., Bekturov, E.A. and Gibov, K.M. (1998). Dynamics of Intumescence of Fire-Retardant Polymeric Materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 70: 1523-1542.
25. Reshetnikov, I.S., Yablokova, M.Yu. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1998). Physical Aspects of Intumescence, Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Business Communications Co. Norwalk, CT, 1998, Vol. 9, pp. 300-302.
26. Antonov, A.V., Reshetnikov, I.S. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1999). Combustion of Char-Forming Polymeric Systems, Russian Chemical Reviews, 68: 605-614 (in English).
27. Reshetnikov, I.S., Yablokova, M.Yu. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1997). Influence of Surface Structure on Thermoprotection Properties of Intumescent Systems, Applied Surface Science, 115: 199-201. (Pubitemid 127435031)
28. Koo, J. (1997). Thermal Characteristics Comparison of Two Fire Resistant Materials, Journal of Fire Sciences, 15 (3). 203-221. (Pubitemid 127653183)
29. Bhargava, A. and Griffin, G. (1999). A Two-Dimensional Model of Heat Transfer Across a Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating Subjected to an Impinging Flame, Journal of Fire Sciences, 17 (3). 188-208. (Pubitemid 30512379)
30. Bhargava, A. and Griffin, G. (2003). Kinetics of Degradation Reactions Within Intumescent and Subliming Fire Retardant Coatings, Journal of Fire Sciences, 21 (3). 173-188.
31. Griffin, G., Bicknell, A. and Brown, T. (2005). Study of the Effect of Atmospheric Oxygen Content on the Thermal Resistance of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings, Journal of Fire Sciences, 23 (4). 303-328. (Pubitemid 41118735)
32. Lautenberger, C. and Fernandez-Pello, C. (2009). Generalized Pyrolysis Model for Combustible Solids, Fire Safety Journal, 44 (6). 819-839.
33. Bourbigot, S., Duquesne, S. and Leroy, J.-M. (1999). Modeling of Heat Transfer of a Polypropylene-Based Intumescent System During Combustion, Journal of Fire Science, 17 (1). 42-56.
34. Bourbigot, S., Jimenez, M. and Duquesne, S. (2006). Modeling Heat Barrier Efficiency of Flame Retarded Materials, In: Petit, J.M. and Squalli, O. (eds), Comsol Multiphysics Conference 2006, Comsol France, Paris, 2006, pp. 59-65.
35. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2006). Intumescent Fire Protective Coating: Toward a Better Understanding of Their Mechanism of Action, Thermochimica Acta, 449: 16-26. (Pubitemid 44415923)
36. Gillet, M., Autrique, L. and Perez, L. (2007). Mathematical Model for Intumescent Coating Growth: Application to Fire Retardant Systems, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40: 883-899. (Pubitemid 46485795)
37. Dai, X.H., Wang, Y.C. and Bailey, C.G. (2009). Effects of Partial Fire Protection on Temperature Development in Steel Joints Protected by Intumescent Coating, Fire Safety Journal, 44: 376-386.
38. Branca, C., Di Blasi, C. and Horacek, H. (2002). Analysis of the Combustion Kinetics and Thermal Behavior of an Intumescent System, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 41 (9). 2107-2114. (Pubitemid 34438780)
39. Reshetnikov, I.S., Antonov, A., Rudakova, T., Aleksjuk, G. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1996). Some Aspects of Intumescent Fire Retardant Systems, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 54: 137-141. (Pubitemid 126410859)
40. Horacek, H. (2009). Reactions of Stoichiometric Intumescent Paints, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113: 1745-1756.
41. Reshetnikov, I., Garashchenko, A. and Strakhov, V. (2000). Experimental Investigation into Mechanical Destruction of Intumescent Chars, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 11 (8-12). 392-397.
42. Reshetnikov, I.S., Yablokova, M.Yu., Potapova, E., Khalturinskij, N.A., Chernyh, V.Y. and Mashlyakovskii, L.N. (1998). Mechanical Stability of Intumescent Chars, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 67: 1827-1830.
43. Berlin, A.A., Khalturinskij, N.A., Reshetnikov, I.S. and Yablokova, M.Yu. (1998). Some Aspects of Mechanical Stability of Intumescent Chars, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 104-112, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
44. Reshetnikov, I.S., Yablokova, M.Yu. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1998). Special Features of Bubble Formation During Intumescent Systems Burning, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 140-151, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
45. Reshetnikov, I.S. and Khalturinskij, N.A. (1998). The Role of Radiation over Intumescent Systems Burning, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 152-158, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
46. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2006). Multiscale Experimental Approach for Developing High-Performance Intumescent Coatings, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45: 4500-4508. (Pubitemid 44031339)
47. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2009). Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Degradation of an Epoxy-Based Intumescent Coating, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94 (3). 404-409.
48. Bourbigot, S. and Le Bras, M. (1998). Synergy in Intumescence: Overview of the Use of Zeolites, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 222-234, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
49. Le Bras, M., Bourbigot, S., Siat, C. and Delobel, R. (1998). Comprehensive Study of Protection of Polymers by Intumescence - Application to Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Formulations, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 266-278, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
50. Bertelli, G., Marchetti, E., Camino, G., Costa, L. and Locatelli, R. (1989). Intumescent Fire Retardant Systems: Effect of Fillers on Char Structure, Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 172 (2868). 153-163.
51. Scharf, D., Nalepa, R., Heflin, R. and Wusu, T. (1992). Studies on Flame Retardant Intumescent Char, Fire Safety Journal, 19: 103-117.
52. Kozlowski, R., Wesolek, D. and Wladyka-Przybylak (to Instytut Wlokien Naturalnych) (2009). US Patent Application No. 2009 / 0215926.
53. Series of articles mainly in Polymer Degradation and Stability summarized and referenced in Camino, G. and Luda, M.P. (1998). Mechanistic Study on Intumescence, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 48-63, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
54. Bourbigot, M., Le Bras., M., Duquesne, S. and Rochery, M. (2004). Recent Advances for Intumescent Polymers, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, 289 (6). 499-511.
55. Camino, G., Costa, L. and Trossarelli, L. (1985). Study of the Mechanism of Intumescence in Fire Retardant Polymers: Part V - Mechanism of Formation of Gaseous Products in the Thermal Degradation of Ammonium Polyphosphate, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 12: 203-211. (Pubitemid 15567757)
56. Marchand, R., Boukbir, L., Falchier, P., Laurent, Y., Bonnaud, O. and Roult, G. (1988). L'Oxynitrure de Phosphore Massif PON, Le Vide, les Couches Minces, 241: 231-232.
57. Boukbir, L., Marchand, R., Laurent, Y., Bacher, P. and Roult, G. (1989). Preparation and Time-of-flight Neutron Diffraction Study of the Cristobalite-type PON Phosphorus Oxynitride, Annales de Chimie, 14 (8). 475-481.
58. Marchand, R., Laurent, Y. and Favennec, P. (to Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Etat Francaise repr. par Ministre des PTT). French Patent Application No. 2, 617, 152 (30 December, 1988 ).
59. Taylor, A.P. and Sale, F.R. (1992). Thermal Analysis of Intumescent Coatings, Polymers Paint Colours Journal, 182 (4301). 1222-1225.
60. Taylor, A.P. and Sale, F.R. (1993). Thermoanalytical Studies of Intumescent Systems, Macromolecular Chemistry, Macromolecular Symposia, 74: 85-93.
61. Futterer, T. (2006). Ammonium Polyphosphates, Special Chemicals Magazine, July-August 2006: 34-36.
62. Watanabe, M., Sakurai, M. and Maeda, M. (2009). Preparation of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Its Application to Flame Retardant, Phosphorus Research Bulletin, 23: 35-44.
63. Dany, F.-J., Wortmann, J. and Kandler, J. (to Hoechst) (1977). US Patent No. 4, 009, 137.
64. Pirig, W.-D. and Thewes, V. (to Clariant) (2001). US Patent No. 6, 251, 961.
65. Pirig, W.-D., Rothkamp, S. and Thewes, V. (to Clariant) (2000). US Patent No. 6, 054, 513.
66. Ward, D. (to Intumescent Systems Ltd) (2009). European Patent Application No. 2, 093, 263.
67. Weil, E. and Choudhary, V. (1995). Flame Retarding Plastics and Elastomers with Melamine, Journal of Fire Science, 13 (2). 104-126.
68. Mackay, J.S. (to American Cyanamid Co.) (1951). US Patent No. 2, 566, 231.
69. Ducrocq, P., Duquesne, S., Magnet, S., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (2006). Interactions Between Chlorinated Paraffins and Melamine in Intumescent Paint - Inventing a Way to Suppress Chlorinated Paraffins from the Formulations, Progress in Organic Coating, 57 (4). 430-438. (Pubitemid 44802947)
70. Kay, M., Price, A. and Lavery, I. (1979). A Review of Intumescent Materials, With Emphasis on Melamine Formulations, Journal of Fire Retardant Chemistry, 6: 69-90.
71. Weil, E. and McSwigan, B. (1994). Melamine Phosphates and Pyrophosphates in Flame Retardant Coatings: Old Products with New Potential, Journal of Coatings Technology, 66 (839). 75-82.
72. Thewes, V. and Pirig, W.-D. (to Clariant GmbH) (2001). US Patent Application No. 2001 / 0027226.
73. Levchik, S., Levchik, G., Balabanovich, A., Weil, E. and Klatt, M. (1999). Phosphorus Oxynitride. A Thermally Stable Fire-Retardant Additive for Polyamide 6 and Polybutylene Terephthalate, Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 264: 48-55.
74. Hill, Jr.J., (to Material Technologies & Sciences) (1993). US Patent No. 5, 225, 464.
75. Caltop SA (assignee) (1980). British Patent No. 1, 575, 708.
76. Aslin, C. (to Chemische Fabrik Budenheim ; Rudolf A. Oetker) (1995). US Patent No. 5, 387, 655.
77. Aslin, D. (to Prometheus Developments Ltd) (2004). British Patent Application No. 2 401 367.
78. Gobelbecker, S., Nagerl, H.-D., Danker, G. and Kirk, D. (to Akro-Fireguard Products ; Chemische Fabrik Budenheim). European Patent Application No. 0614 944.
79. Bradford, S., Hallam, S. and Taylor, A. (to Leigh's Paints) (2007). British Patent Application No. 2, 451, 233.
80. Andersson, A., Lundmark, S. and Maurer, F. (2007). Evaluation and Characterization of Ammonium Polyphosphate-Pentaerythritol-Based Systems for Intumescent Coatings, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 104 (2). 748-753. (Pubitemid 46492491)
81. Harden, A. and Velin, P. (to Perstorp Specialty Chemicals) (2006). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2006096112.
82. Jenewein, E. and Pirig, W.-D. (to Hoechst AG) (1996). European Patent Application No. 0735 119.
83. Wang, J., Yang, S., Li, G. and Jiang, J. (2003). Synthesis of a New-Type Carbonific and Its Application in Intumescent Flame-retardant (IFR)/ Polyurethane Coatings, Journal of Fire Sciences, 21 (4). 245-266.
84. Wladyka-Przybylak, M. and Kozlowski, R. (1999). The Thermal Characteristics of Different Intumescent Coatings, Fire and Materials, 23 (1). 33-43.
85. Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2009). Char Formation and Characterization, In: Wilkie, C. and Morgan, A. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, 2 nd edn, pp. 239-260, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
86. Horacek, H. (2009). Reactions of Stoichiometric Intumescent Paints, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113 (3). 1745-1756.
87. Ellard, J. (1973). Performance of Intumescent Fire Barriers, Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, ACS 165th Meeting, Dallas, TX, April 8-13.
88. Langille, K.B., Nguyen, D., Veinot, D.E. and Bernt, J.O. (to Pyrophoric Systems Ltd) (2003). US Patent No. 6, 645, 278.
89. Langille, K.B., Nguyen, D., Bernt, J.O., Veinot, D.E. and Murthy, M.K. (1993). Constitution and Properties of Phosphosilicate Coatings, Journal of Materials Science, 28 (15). 4175-4187.
90. Veinot, D., Nguyen, D., Langille, K. and Sorathia, U. (1999). Inorganic Intumescent Coating for Improved Fire Protection of GRP, 44th International SAMPE Symposium, Long Beach, CA, 23-27 May, pp. 1385-1394.
91. Wainwright, R. and Evans, K. (to Alcan International Ltd) (1996). US Patent No. 5, 532, 292.
92. Erismann, D. and Vesley, G. (to 3M) (2002). US Patent Application No. 20020171068.
93. Phillips, G. (to National Research Development Corp.) (1974). British Patent No. 1, 373, 908.
94. Dimanshteyn, F. (to Firestop Chemical Corp.) (1991). US Patent No. 5, 035, 951.
95. Hanafin, J. (to Textron) (2000). US Patent No. 6, 096, 812.
96. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2006). Characterization of the Performance of an Intumescent Fire Protective Coating, Surface and Coatings Technology, 201: 979-987. (Pubitemid 44340798)
97. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2006). Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings: Toward a Better Understanding of Their Mechanism of Action, Thermochimica Acta, 449: 16-26. (Pubitemid 44415923)
98. Nugent, R., Ward, T., Greigger, P. and Seiner, J. (to PPG Industries). US Patent No. 5, 108, 832.
99. Ward, T., Greigger, P., Matheson, R., Alveberg, B.-E. and Alveberg, J. (1996). Epoxy Intumescent Coatings, PCE, Dec 1996: 16-23.
100. Kobayashi, N., Yoshioki, S., Yoshida, K., Sagawa, K. and Ishihara, S. (to Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.) (1995). US Patent No. 5, 401, 793.
101. Gottfried, S. (to No Fire Technologies, Inc.) (1998). US Patent No. 5, 723, 515.
102. Green, J., Allen, W., Taylor, A. and Butterfield, S. (to W. & J. Leigh & Co.) (2006). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2006 / 067478.
103. Olcese, T. and Pagella, C. (1999). Vitreous Fillers in Intumescent Coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 36: 231-241. (Pubitemid 30512776)
104. Koo, J., Ng, P. and Cheung, F. (1997). Effect of High Temperature Additives in Fire Resistant Materials, Journal of Fire Sciences, 15 (6). 488-504. (Pubitemid 127653409)
105. Koo, J.H. and Pilato, L.A. (2006). Fire-Retardant Nanocomposite Coatings, part of chapter 16, Thermal Properties and Microstructures of Polymer Nanostructured Materials, In: Schulz, M.J., Kelkar, A. and Sundaresan, M.J. (eds), Nanoengineering of Structural, Functional and Smart Materials, pp. 414-416, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
106. Hassan, M., Kozlowski, R. and Obidzinski, B. (2008). New Fire-Protective Intumescent Coatings for Wood, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110 (1). 83-90.
107. Camino, G. and Fina, A. (2008). New Perspectives in Fire Retardant Coatings, Pitture e Vernici: European Coatings, 7 (64). 1-5.
108. Malucclli, G., Han, Z., Fina, A. and Camino, G. (2010). Intumescent Coatings for the Protection of Steel Structures: State of the Art and Perspectives, paper presented at Fire Retardant Coatings IV, European Coatings Conference, Berlin, Germany, 3-4 June.
109. Hu, X. and Koo, J.H. (2001). Flammability Studies on a Water-Borne Flame Retardant Nanocomposite Coating on Wood, paper presented at Proceedings of Polymer Nanocomposites Symposium, ACS Southwest Regional Meeting, San Antonio, TX, 17-20 October.
110. Wang, Z., Han, E. and Ke, W. (2006). Effect of Acrylic Polymer and Nanocomposite with Nano-SiO2 on Thermal Degradation and Fire Resistance of APP-DPER-MEL Coating, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91 (9). 1937-1947. (Pubitemid 43817168)
111. Rhodes, M., Izraelev, L., Tuerack, J. and Rhodes, P. (to Broadview Technology) (2004). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2004 / 009691.
112. Liu, F. and Zhu, W. (to J.M. Huber Corp.) (1999). US Patent No. 5, 968, 669.
113. Hallisey, G., Higbie, W., Camarota, A. and Rowan, J. (to Avtec Industries) (2005). US Patent No. 6, 960, 388.
114. Rowen, J. (to Avtec Industries) (2008). US Patent No. 7, 331, 400.
115. Ford, B., Hutchings, D., Foucht, M., Qureshi, S., Garvey, C. and Krassowski, D. (to Georgia-Pacific Resins) (2001). US Patent No. 6, 228, 914.
116. Benitez, J. and Giudice, C. (1998). Phosphorus-Based Intumescent Coatings, Cidepint, 1997-1998: 45-62 ; Chemical Abstract, 130: 169582.
117. O'Brien, P. and Schofield, C. (to Fire & Vision Ltd) (2000). PCT Patent Application No. 00/14167.
118. Duquesne, S., Delobel, R., Magnet, S. and Jama, C. (to Eliokem) (2004). European Patent Application No. 1431 353.
119. Fream, A. and Magnet, S. (2004). The Development of Novel Latexes for Fire-Resistant Intumescent Coatings, Paint and Coatings Industry, June 2004: 64-73.
120. Magnet, S., Duquesne, S., Delobel, R. and Jama, C. (to Eliokem S.A.S.) (2003). US Patent No. 7, 105, 605.
121. Duquesne, S., Magnet, S., Jama, C. and Delobel, R. (2004). Intumescent Paints: Fire Protective Coatings for Metallic Substrates, Surface and Coating Technology, 180-181: 302-307. (Pubitemid 38464070)
122. Duquesne, S., Magnet, S., Jama, C. and Delobel, R. (2005). Thermoplastic Resins for Thin Film Intumescent Coatings - Towards a Better Understanding of their Effect on Intumescence Efficiency, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 88 (1). 63-69. (Pubitemid 40244999)
123. Green, J. and Allen, W. (to W. & J. Leigh) (2005). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2005 / 000975.
124. Green, J., Allen, W. and Taylor, A. (to W. & J. Leigh & Co.) (2006). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2006 / 067488.
125. Farrell, P. and Green, J. (to W. & J. Leigh & Co.) (2002). PCT Patent Application No. WO 02 / 096996.
126. Schmitt, G., Neugebauer, P., Scholl, S., Heeb, H., Reinhard, P. and Kühl, G. (to Evonik Röhm GmbH). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2009 / 013089 ( 2009 ).
127. Ward, T., Greer, S., Boberski, W. and Seiner, J. (1985). US Patent No. 4529 467.
128. Ward, T., Greigger, P. and Seiner, J. (1991). US Patent No. 5070 119.
129. Nugent, R., Ward, T., Greigger, P. and Seiner, J. (1992). US Patent No. 5108 832.
130. Sinclair, M. and Watts, J. (2008). US Patent No. 7217 753.
131. Hanafin, J. and Bertrand, D. (2000). US Patent No. 6096 812.
132. Thewes, V. and Hennemann, A. (2008). European Patent No. 1627 896.
133. Gottfried, S. (to No Fire Technologies Inc.) (2000). US Patent No. 6, 074, 714.
134. Gottfried, S. (to No Fire Technologies Inc.) (1999). US Patent No. 5, 985, 385.
135. McGinniss, V., Dick, R., Russell, R. and Rogers, S. (to Battelle Memorial Institute) (1999). US Patent No. 5, 925, 457.
136. De Keyser, F. (to Monsanto Europe SA) (1995). US Patent No. 5, 413, 828.
137. Reyes, J. (to JJI Technologies LLC) (2008). US Patent Application No. 2008 / 0277136.
138. Nuzzo, C. (to United States Mineral Products Co. ; Isolatek International) (2007). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2007 102, 080.
139. Anon. (2009). New Intumescent Protects SPF from Fire, Durability + Design (the Journal of Architectural Coatings). Available at: http:// durabilityanddesign.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=3347 (accessed date November 17, 2009 ).
140. Hansel, J.-G. and Mauerer, O. (to Lanxess Deutschland GmbH) (2009). US Patent Application No. 2009 / 0220762.
141. Mabey, M. and Kish, W. (to No-Burn Investments LLC) (2009). US Patent No. 7, 482, 395.
142. Mabey, M. and Kish, W. (to No-Burn Investments LLC) (2008). US Patent Application No. 2008 / 00542390.
143. Caze, C., Devaux, E., Testard, G. and Reix, T. (1998). New Intumescent Systems: An Answer to the Flame Retardant Challenges in the Textile Industry, In: Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S. and Delobel, R. (eds), Fire Retardancy of Polymers: The Use of Intumescence, pp. 363-375, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
144. Marcu, I., Shah, P., Cornman, S., Horvath, S., Church, J. and Reeves, D. (to Noveon) (2008). US Patent Application No. 2008 / 0124560.
145. Fukuzumi, T., Shirazawa, K. and Uchida, K. (to Nissin Chemical Industry Co.) (2009). US Patent Application No. 2009 / 0215932.
146. Horrocks, A.R., Wang, M.Y., Hall, M.E., Sunmonu, F. and Pearson, J.S. (2000). Flame Retardant Textile Back-Coatings. Part 2. Effectiveness of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants in Textile Back-Coating Formulations, Polymer International, 49: 1079-1091.
147. Bonduel, T. (2010). Carbon Nanotubes/Silicone Nanocomposites for Flame Resistant Coatings, paper presented at Fire Retardant Coatings IV, European Coatings Conference, Berlin, Germany, 3-4 June.
148. Pandee, J.L. and Banerjee, M.K. (1997). High-Temperature-Resistant (Slurry-Based) Coatings, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 44 (6). 368-375.
149. Burton, D. and Holm, J. (to High Performance Coatings Inc.) (2008). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2008060699.
150. Alexander, G., Cheng, Y.-B., Burford, R., Shanks, R., Mansouri, J., Hodzic, A., Wood, C., Genovese, A., Barber, K. and Rodrigo, P. (to Polymers Australia PTY Ltd) (2004). PCT Patent Application No. WO 2004 / 013255.
151. Alexander, G., Cheng, Y.-B., Burford, R., Shanks, R., Mansouri, J., Barber, K., Rodrigo, P. and Preston, C. (to Ceram Polymerik Pty Ltd) (2007). US Patent Application No. 2007 / 0246240.
152. Thompson, K., Rodrigo, P., Preston, C. and Griffin, G. (2006). In the Firing Line, European Coatings Journal, 12: 34-39.
153. Al-Hassany, Z., Genovese, A. and Shanks, R. (2010). Fire-Retardant and Fire-Barrier Poly(vinyl acetate) Composites for Sealant Applications, Express Polymer Letters, 4 (2). 79-93.
154. Sorathia, U., Gracik, T., Ness, J., Hunstad, M. and Berry, F. (2003). Evaluation of Intumescent Coatings for Shipboard Fire Protection, Journal of Fire Sciences, 21 (6). 423-450.
155. Hanafin, J. and Hu, Y. (2002). Intumescent Coatings for the Protection of Steel, paper presented in Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, 13th Annual BCC Conference, Stamford, CT, 3-5 June.
156. Koo, J.H., Wootan, W., Chow, W.K., Au Yeung, H.W. and Venumbaka, S. (2001). Flammability Studies of Fire Retardant Coatings on Wood, Chapter 28, In: Nelson, G.L. and Wilkie, C.A. (eds), Fire and Polymers Materials and Solutions for Hazard Prevention, ACS Symposium Series 797, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 361-374. (Pubitemid 33701137)
157. Gottfried, S. (2002). Fire Protection Coatings and the SOLAS codes, paper presented in Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, 13th Annual BCC Conference, Stamford, CT, 3-5 June.
158. Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S. (2006). High-Throughput Fire Testing for Intumescent Coatings, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45 (22). 7475-7481. (Pubitemid 44797567)
159. Bishop, D., Bottomley, D. and Zobel, F. (1983). Fire Retardant Paints, Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists Association, 66 (12). 373-395.
160. Landin, H. (to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) (1998). US Patent No. 5, 830, 319.
161. Buckingham, M. and Welna, W. (to 3M) (2004). US Patent No. 6, 747, 074.
162. Welna, W. (to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) (1996). US Patent No. 5, 578, 671.
163. Reinheimer, A., Wenzel, A. and Muenzenberger, H. (to Hilti AG) (2009). US Patent No. 7, 479, 513.
164. Muenzenberger, H., Heimpel, F., Rump, S., Forg, C. and Lieberth, W. (to Hilti AG) (2004). US Patent No. 6, 706, 774.
165. Ackerman, E. (to Rectorseal Corp.) (2001). US Patent No. 6, 207, 085.
166. Stahl, J. (to Specified Technologies Inc.) (1992). US Patent No. 5, 137, 658.
167. Schauber, T., Hellback, B., Baser, E. and Malrose, N. (to Doyma GmbH) (2009). European Patent Application No. 2088 183.
168. Zweynert, M. (2009). Flame Retardant Gelcoats, paper at presented at Thermosets 2009 From Monomer to Components, Berlin, Germany, September 30, 2009.
169. Norwood, L. (1999). Fire resistance to satisfy market needs, paper in Composites in Fire, Proceedings of the International Conference, 1st, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 15-16 September (published in 2001 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK). pp. 24-37.
170. Reilly, T. and Dietz, M. (2009). Flame Retarded Thermoset Materials Based on Phosphorus Chemistry, paper presented at Thermoset Resin Formulators Association meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, 14-15 September.
171. Pagella, C., Epifani, R. and Baldi, G. (2008). New Driving Forces for Intumescent Coatings, Pitture e Vernici, European Coatings, 84 (4). 17-29.
172. Mabey, M. and Kish, W. (2010). US Patent Application No. 20100069488.
173. Kawamura, Y. (to Kikusui Chemical Industries, Ltd) (2010). Japenese Kokai Tokkyu Koho 138, 217 ; Chemical Abstracts, 153: 64492.