Secularism beyond the state: The state and the market in Islamist imagination

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 535-564

  Iqtidar, Humeira ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ISLAMISM; POLITICAL RELATIONS; RELIGION;

PAKISTAN;

EID: 79956068893     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X11000217     Document Type: Article

References (96)

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3. See for instance, Graham Fuller, (2003). The Future of Political Islam, Palgrave, New York.
4. See David Gilmartin,(1988). Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan, University of California Press, Berkeley, for a perceptive analysis of the creation of particular conceptions of 'community' during colonial rule.
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9. For an exception to this trend see Devji, Faisal, (2005). Landscapes of Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
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12. Skinner, Quentin and Strath, Bo, (2003). States and Citizens: History, Theory, Prospects, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge;
13. Pocock, J. G. A., (2009). Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. See also Lewis, Martin and Wigen, Karen, (1997). The Myth of Continents: A critique of Metageography, University of California Press, California. Taylor (p. 23) then goes on to distinguish imaginaries from theories on three accounts: (1) imaginaries are how ordinary people 'imagine' their world. This is then represented not in theoretical terms but instead carried in images, stories and legends; (2) while theory circulates within a small number of people, imaginaries are shared by large groups of people; and thus (3) social imaginary is that common understanding that makes possible common practices and a widely shared sense of legitimacy.
15. Taylor, Charles (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries, Duke University Press, Durham.
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17. Iqtidar, Humeira, (2010). 'Colonial Secularism and the Genesis of Islamism in North India' in Gareth Stedman-Jones and Ira Katznelson (eds), Religion and the Political Imagination, Cambridge University Press.
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22. See Asdar Ali, (2005). Strength of the Street Meets the Strength of the State: The 1972 Labour Struggle in Karachi, Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 37/1: 83-107.
23. See in particular 'Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan: Learning from the Opposition' in Humeira Iqtidar (forthcoming 2011), Secularising Islamists? Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamaat- ud-Dawa in Pakistan, University of Chicago Press, Chicago;
24. Omar Noman (1988), The Political Economy of Pakistan, KPI, London.
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27. Nasr, 1994. One reason for the relative neglect of the Jamaat-e-Islami has been the increased activities of more militant and radical groups and the resulting shift in academic interest towards those.
28. e.g., Nazih Ayubi, (1991). Political Islam: religion and politics in the Arab world, Routledge, London;
29. John Esposito, (1997). Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform? Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado;
30. S. V. R. Nasr, (1994). The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama'at-I-Islami of Pakistan;
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36. See Gupta, Akhil, (1995). Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics and the Imagined State, American Ethnologist 22:(2), 375-402 for a subtle treatment of the relationship between the discourse of corruption, the imagining of the state, media and international financial agencies such as the IMF.
37. Mostcritiquesofnationalismwerelocally generatedandinresponsetorepressive aspects of it, but as Arif Dirlik has pointed out there was too easy an appropriation of these critiques by the supporters of neo-liberal globalization. Dirlik, Arif, (1994). The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism, Critical Inquiry, 20:(2), 328-356
38. For an excellent overview of these debates see Mitchell, Timothy, (1991). 'The limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their critics', The American Political Science Review 85:(1), 77-96.
39. See also Migdal, Joel, (2001). State in society: studying how societies and states transform and constitute one another, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. Skocpol, Theda, (1985). 'Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research', in P. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
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42. Held, David, et al., (1983). States and Societies, Martin Robertson, Oxford;
43. Vincent, Andrew, (1987). Theories of the State, Basil Blackwell, Oxford;
44. Jessop, Bob, (1990). State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in Perspective, Polity Press, Cambridge;
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47. Skinner, Quentin, (2007). 'What is the State?' The Tang Li Lecture, Wolfson College, 24 October, 2007.
48. Mitchell, Timothy, (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Technopolitics, Modernity, University of California Press, Berkeley.
49. For a useful attempt at analysing some of the reasons for this moratorium see Bartleson, Jens, (2001). The Critique of the State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. See in particular: Hansen and Stepputat, (2001). 'Introduction: States of Imagination', in States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Post colonial state. T. Blom-Hansen and F. Stepputat (eds), Duke University Press Durham and London;
51. Corbridge, Stuart et al., (2005). Seeing the state: governance and governmentality in India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
52. Ghosh, Kaushik, (2006). Between Global Flows and Local Dams: Indigenousness, Locality, and the Transnational Sphere in Jharkhand, India, Cultural Anthropology, 21:(4), 501-534; (Pubitemid 44530534)
53. Li, Tania Murray, (2007). The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics, Duke University Press, Durham;
54. Trouillot, Michel Rolph, (2001). The Anthropology of the State: Close Encounters of a Deceptive Kind Current Anthropology 42:(1), 125-38;
55. Gupta, Akhil and Aradhana Sharma, (2006). 'Introduction: Rethinking Theories of the State in the Age of Globalization', in Gupta and Sharma (eds), The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
56. Scott, James C., (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, Yale University Press, New Haven.
57. See Sassen, Saskia, (1996). Losing Control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Columbia University Press, New York, for an argument about the re-territorialization and strengthening of state control to facilitate economic globalization.
58. Also Dunn, John (ed.), (1995). Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State? Blackwell, Oxford.
59. This is particularly noticeable in the discourse on development. For a critical look at the process through which such a decentring takes place see Ferguson, James, (1990). The Anti-Politics Machine: 'Development', Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
60. (2006). Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Duke University Press, Durham
61. Arturo Escobar, (1995). The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey.
62. Michael Sandel, "Markets and Morals", BBC Reith Lectures, Tuesday 9 June, 2009.
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64. Escobar, Arturo, (1995). Encountering Development;
65. Ferguson, James, (1990). The Anti-Politics Machine;
66. Agrawal, Arun, (2005). Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Makings of Subjects, Duke University Press, Durham.
67. See also Hatem, Mervat, (1998). 'Secularist and Islamist Discourses on Modernity in Egypt and the Evolution of the Postcolonial Nation-State' in, Haddad and Esposito (eds), Islam, Gender and Social Change, Oxford University Press, New York, for similarities in the Egyptian context.
68. Daechsel, Markus, (2006). The Politics of Self Expression; the Urdu Middle Class Mileu in Mid-Twentieth Century India and Pakistan, Routlege, New York;
69. Chakrabarty, Dipesh, (1991). Open space/public place: Garbage, modernity and India, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, No. 1, pp. 15-31;
70. Joshi, Sanjay, (2001). Fractured Modernity: Making of a Middle Class in Colonial India, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
71. Osella, Filippo and Caroline Osella, (2009). Muslim entrepreneurs in public life between India and the Gulf: making good and doing good,Journalof RoyalAnthropological Institute 15:(1), 202-221 provide an insight into middle class aspirations and the promise of the market from the point of view of the entrepreneur.
72. Seal, Anil, (1968). The Emergence of Indian Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
73. Chatterjee, Partha, (1986). Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? Zed Books, London.
74. See also Navaro-Yashin, (2004). Faces of the State, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, Chapter 3 on Islamist fashion and consumption in Turkey.
75. For some discussion on the resistance that residents of Lahore's inner city had shown to the JI see Iqtidar, Humeira, (2008). 'Terrorism and Islamism: Differences, Dynamics and Dilemmas' in special issue on 'Terrorism, Security and Business', Global Business and Economic Review, 10:(2), 216-228.
76. Asad, Talal, (2003). Formation of the Secular: Christianity, Islam and Modernity, Stanford University Press, California;
77. Asad, Talal, (1993). Genealogies of Religion: discipline and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam, John Hopkins University Press, London;
78. See also Salvatore, Armando, (2005). The Euro-Islamic Roots of Secularity: A Difficult Equation Asian Journal of Social Science, 33:3, 412-437. (Pubitemid 43025629)
79. Cohn, Bernard, (1996). Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton University Press, Princeton; Chatterjee, Partha. Nations and Nationalism;
80. Van der Veer, Peter, (2001). Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Prin ceton University Press, New Jersey.
81. However, see Washbrook, David, (1999). '. . . And Having Melted Into Thin Air, Then Rains Down Again', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 42:4, 571, for some important questions regarding the precise modalities of colonial governmentality.
82. Notable exceptions in the case of India include Partha Chatterjee, (2004). Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World, Columbia University Press, New York;
83. Corbridge, Stuart, et al., Seeing the State: Governance and Governmentality in India; Ghosh, Kaushik, 'Between Global Flows and Local Dams, Indigenousness, Locality, and the Transnational Sphere in Jharkhand, India'.
84. For an insight into the genealogy of cynicism in Pakistan see Khan, Naveeda, (2003). Grounding Sectarianism: Islamic Ideology And Muslim Everyday Life In Lahore, Pakistan (Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University).
85. Rudnyckyj, Daromir, (2009). Spiritual Economies: Islam and Neoliberalism in Contemporary Indonesia, Cultural Anthropology. 24:(1), 104-141;
86. Rudnyckyj, Daromir, (2009). Market Islam in Indonesia, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 15:(1), 183-201.
87. Turner, Bryan, (2009). 'Goods not Gods: New Spiritualities, Consumerism and Religious Markets' in, Ian Rees Jones, Paul Higgs and David J. Ekerdt (eds), Consumption and Generational Changes. The Rise of Consumer Lifestyles, Transaction, New Brunswick.
88. For prosperity religions see brief introduction in Garett, Jeremy and King, Richard, (2005). Selling Spirituality: The silent takeover of religion, Routledge, London, p. 19;
89. Coleman, Simon, (2000). The Globalisation of Charismatic Christianity: Spreading the Gospel of Prosperity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
90. For occult capitalism, Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John, (2000). Millenial Capitalism: First Thoughts on Second Coming, Public Culture, 12:(2), 291- 343;
91. And their (1999) Occult Economies and the Violence of Abstraction: Notes from the South African Postcolony, American Ethnologist 26:(2), 279-303.
92. See Trentman, Frank, (2006). The Making of the Consumer: Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World, Berg Publishers, Oxford, for an insight into historical and sociological discussions about the relationship between new subjectivities and consumerism.
93. For instance, Baxter, C. and Wasti, S. R., (1991). Pakistan: Authoritarianism in the 1980s, Lahore: Vanguard Publications;
94. Waseem, Muhammed (1987) Pakistan under Martial Law 1977-85, Vanguard, Lahore;
95. Malik, Iftikhar, (1999). Islam, nationalism, and the West: issues of identity in Pakistan, Macmillan, Basingstoke.
96. Also see Sharma, Aradhana, (2006). Crossbreeding Institutions, Breeding Struggle: Women's Empowerment, Neoliberal Governmentality, and State (Re)Formation in India, Cultural Anthropology, 21:(1), 60-95. (Pubitemid 43264237)