HIV and incarceration: Prisons and detention

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Jürgens, Ralf ^a   Nowak, Manfred ^a,b,c   Day, Marcus ^d  

^a University Vienna ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR LUNG VASCULAR RESEARCH   (Austria)

^d Caribbean Drug and Alcohol Research Institute   (Saint Lucia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; OPIATE;

CONDOM; CROWDING; DRUG ABUSE; EPIDEMIC; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HIV EDUCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; NEEDLE; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PATIENT COUNSELING; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISON; RAPE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TATTOO; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; MALE; PRISONER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS;

FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; PRISONERS; PRISONS; RISK-TAKING; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 79956004581     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-26     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Denmark UN Doc. A/HRC/10/44/Add.2; 18 February 2009
2. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Nepal UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.5; 9 January 2006
3. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Equatorial Guinea UN Doc. A/HRC/13/39/Add.4; 7 January 2010
4. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Sri Lanka UN Doc. A/HRC/7/3/Add.6; 26 February 2008
5. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Jordan UN Doc. A/HRC/4/33/Add.3; 5 January 2007
6. OHCHR, UN Special Rapporteur presents preliminary findings on his mission to Jamaica http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID= 9834&LangID=E Press release; 19 February 2010
7. OHCHR, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture presents preliminary findings on his Mission to Papua New Guinea http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10058&LangID=E Press release; 25 May 2010
8. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Nigeria UN Doc. A/HRC/7/3/Add.4; 22 November 2007
9. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Paraguay UN Doc. A/HRC/7/3/Add.3; 1 October 2007
10. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Uruguay UN Doc. A/HRC/13/39/Add.2; 21 December 2009
11. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Mongolia UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4; 20 December 2005
12. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Georgia UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3; 23 September 2005
13. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to Moldova UN Doc. A/HRC/10/44/Add.3; 12 February 2009
14. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mission to China UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6; 10 March 2006
15. Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment UN Doc. A/64/215; 3 August 2009, para. 39
16. HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries. J Dolan B Kite C Aceijas GV Stimson, Lancet Infect Dis 2007 7 32 43 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70685- 5 17182342
17. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Interventions to address HIV in prisons: Comprehensive review (Evidence for Action Technical Paper) Geneva: World Health Organization 2007
18. Hepatitis C infection and incarcerated populations. GE Macalino JC Hou MS Kumar LE Taylor IG Sumantera JD Rich, International Journal of Drug Policy 2004 15 103 114 10.1016/j.drugpo.2003.10.006 (Pubitemid 38373949)
19. Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prison. R Jürgens A Ball A Verster, Lancet Infect Dis 2009 9 57 66 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70305-0 19095196
20. Hepatitis C and the correctional population. RW Reindollar, American Journal of Medicine 1999 107 6B 100S 103S 10653468
21. Study of infection with HIV and related risk factors in young offenders' institution. A Bird S Gore S Burns, BMJ 1993 307 228 231 10.1136/bmj.307.6898. 228 8369682 (Pubitemid 23207899)
22. Seroprevalence of HIV antibody among individuals entering the Iowa prison system. G Glass WJ Hausler PL Loeffelholz CE Yesalis, American Journal of Public Health 1988 78 4 447 449 10.2105/AJPH.78.4.447 3258134 (Pubitemid 18093201)
23. Seroepidemiology of HIV-1 infection in a Catalonian penitentiary. V Martin IM Bayas A Laliga, AIDS 1990 4 1023 1026 10.1097/00002030-199010000-00013 2261117 (Pubitemid 20365002)
24. Prevalence of antibody to HIV-1 among entrants to US correctional facilities. D Vlahov TF Brewer KG Castro, Journal of the American Medical Association 1991 265 1129 32 10.1001/jama.265.9.1129 1995998
25. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among inmates. P Estebanez, IV International Conference on AIDS, 1988; Stockholm, Sweden Abstract no 4202 2905741
26. HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among prison inmates entering New York State Prisons. BI Truman D Morse J Mikl, IV International Conference on AIDS, 1988; Stockholm Abstract no 4207 2905741
27. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among inmates of Quebec provincial prisons. C Poulin M Alary G Lambert G Godin S Landry H Gagnon E Demers E Morarescu J Rochefort C Claessens, Canadian Medical Association Journal 2007 177 252 256 10.1503/cmaj.060760 17664448 (Pubitemid 47228217)
28. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among inmates of Ontario remand facilities. L Calzavara L Ramuscak AN Burchell C Swantee T Myers P Ford M Fearon S Raymond, Canadian Medical Association Journal 2007 177 257 261 10.1503/cmaj.060416 17664449 (Pubitemid 47228218)
29. L Maruschak, HIV in prisons, 2007-08 Washington: US Department of Justice 2009
30. People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights. R Jürgens J Csete JA Amon S Baral C Beyrer, The Lancet 2010 376 9739 475 485 10.1016/S0140-6736(10) 60830-6
31. HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries. J Dolan B Kite C Aceijas GV Stimson, Lancet Infect Dis 2007 7 32 43 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70685- 5 17182342
32. HIV seroprevalence and prevalent attitudes amongst the prisoners: A case study in Mysore, Karnataka state India. SG Nagaraj M Sarvade L Muthanna R Raju S Aju NM Sarvade, XIII International AIDS Conference, July 2000 Durban, South Africa
33. "Behind walls": a study of HIV risk behaviours and seroprevalence in prisons in Zambia. OO Simooya N Sanjobo L Kaetano G Sijumbila F Munkonze F Tailoka R Musonda, AIDS 2001 15 1741 1744 10.1097/00002030- 200109070-00023 11546955 (Pubitemid 32918134)
34. Hepatitis C infection and incarcerated populations. GE Macalino JC Hou MS Kumar LE Taylor IG Sumantera JD Rich, International Journal of Drug Policy 2004 15 103 114 10.1016/j.drugpo.2003.10.006 (Pubitemid 38373949)
35. A framework for management of hepatitis C in prisons. AC Spaulding CM Weinbaum DT Lau R Sterling LB Seeff HS Margolis JH Hoofnagle, Annals of Internal Medicine 2006 144 10 762 769 16702592 (Pubitemid 46780636)
36. Dartmouth Medical School, Hepatitis C: An Epidemic for Anyone Dartmouth Medical School 2011 http://www.epidemic.org/theFacts/theEpidemic/ worldPrevalence/
37. High prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections amongst the inmates of a district jail in Northern India. S Singh R Prasad A Mohanty, International Journal of STD & AIDS 1999 10 7 475 478 10.1258/0956462991914357 21559435 (Pubitemid 29312835)
38. Hepatitis C Virus Transmission in the Prison/Inmate Population. Health Canada - Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada Communicable Disease Report 2004 30 16 141 148 15352686
39. Risk factors for monoinfections and coinfections with HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in northern Spanish prisoners. JR Pallas C Farĩnas-Álvarez, D Prieto J Llorca M Delgado-Rodríguez, Epidemiol Infect 1999 123 95 102 10.1017/S0950268899002538 10487645 (Pubitemid 29412860)
40. Tuberculosis control in prisons. J Veen, Health in Prisons - A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health Copenhagen: WHO 2007
41. Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance and International Committee of the Red Cross. Guidelines for Control of Tuberculosis in Prisons 2009
42. R Walmsley, World Prison Population List King's College/International Centre for Prison Studies 8 2009 http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/ downloads/wppl-8th-41.pdf
43. R Allen, Current Situation of Prison Overcrowding King's College London/International Centre for Prison Studies 2010 http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/ law/research/icps/downloads/Current-Situation-of-Prison-Overcrowding-paper.pdf
44. United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ tokyorules.htm 14 December 1990, Rule 6
45. HIV infection behind bars. A Boutwell J Rich, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004 38 1761 1763 10.1086/421410 15227624 (Pubitemid 38781670)
46. US National Commission on AIDS, Report: HIV Disease in Correctional Facilities Washington, DC: The Commission 1991
47. Disease control in North West Russia. Prison Healthcare News 2003 4 6
48. A Ball, Multi-centre Study on Drug Injecting and Risk of HIV Infection: a report prepared on behalf of the international collaborative group for World Health Organization Programme on Substance Abuse Geneva: WHO 1995
49. Drug use, increasing incarceration rates, and prison-associated HIV risks in Thailand. C Beyrer J Jittiwutikarn W Teokul, AIDS and Behavior 2003 7 2 153 161 10.1023/A:1023946324822 14586200 (Pubitemid 36781510)
50. Drug injection and HIV prevalence in inmates of Glenochil Prison. SM Gore AG Bird SM Burns DJ Goldberg JA Ross, British Medical Journal 1995 310 293 296 7866170
51. Drugs in prison: a break in the pathway. C Plourde S Brochu, Substance Use Misuse 2002 37 47 63 10.1081/JA-120001496 11848159 (Pubitemid 34132388)
52. Life in prison: Perspectives of drug injectors. RA Hughes M Huby, Deviant Behavior 2000 21 5 451 479 10.1080/01639620050085843
53. S Chu K Peddle, Under the skin: A people's case for prison needle and syringe programs Toronto: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network 2010 21519727
54. Drug injection and HIV/AIDS in Asia 2005 http://www.mapnetwork.org/docs/ MAP-IDU%20Book%2024Jun05-en.pdf MAP Report
55. A DiCenso G Dias J Gahagan, Unlocking Our Futures: A National Study on Women, Prisons HIV, and Hepatitis C Toronto: PASAN 2003
56. Drug use and risk of bloodborne infections: A survey of female prisoners in British Columbia. R Elwood Martin F Gold W Murphy V Remple J Berkowitz, Canadian Journal of Public Health 2005 96 2 97 101 (Pubitemid 40528707)
57. Prevalence of common blood-borne infections among imprisoned injection drug users in Mashhad, North-East Iran. A Rowhani-Rahbar A Tabatabee-Yazdi M Panahi, Archives of Iranian Medicine 2004 7 3 190 194 (Pubitemid 39468126)
58. Prisoner risk taking in the Russian Federation. L Frost V Tchertkov, AIDS Education and Prevention 2002 14 Suppl B 7 23 12413189 (Pubitemid 35204845)
59. Tuberculosis, HIV seroprevalence and intravenous drug abuse in prisoners. FA Drobniewski YM Balabanova MC Ruddy C Graham SI Kuznetzov GI Gusarova SM Zakharova AS Melentyev IM Fedorin, Eur Respir J 2005 26 2 298 304 10.1183/09031936.05.00136004 16055879 (Pubitemid 41079075)
60. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Accessibility of HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care Services for People who Use Drugs and Incarcerated People in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan: Legislative and Policy Analysis and Recommendations for Reform Ashgabat: UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia 2010
61. J Godinho, Reversing the Tide: Priorities for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Central Asia Washington: The World Bank 2005
62. Patterns of heroin consumption in a jail on the northern Mexican border: barriers to treatment access. P Cravioto ME Medina-Mora B de la Rosa F Galván R Tapia-Conyer, Salud Publica de Mexico 2003 45 181 190 12870419 (Pubitemid 36858700)
63. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and syphilis among prison inmates and officers at Nsawam and Accra, Ghana. AA Adjei HB Armah F Gbagbo WK Ampofo IKE Quaye IFA Hesse G Mensah, Journal of Medical Microbiology 2006 55 593 597 10.1099/jmm.0.46414-0 16585647
64. Voluntary screening for hepatitis C in a Canadian federal penitentiary for men. M Pearson, Canadian Communicable Disease Report 1995 21 14 4 F5
65. Surveillance of HIV infection and related risk behaviour in European prisons. A multicentre pilot study. M Rotily C Weilandt SM Bird K Kall HJA Van Haastrecht E Landolo S Rousseau, Eur J Public Health 2001 11 3 243 250 10.1093/eurpub/11.3.243 11582600 (Pubitemid 32912154)
66. J Strang J Heuston M Gossop J Green T Maden, HIV/AIDS risk behaviour among adult male prisoners (Research Findings No. 82) London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate 1998
67. Study in Zambia showed that robust response is needed in prisons. O Simooya N Sanjobo, British Medical Journal 2002 324 850 (6 April) 10.1136/bmj.324.7341.850 11936162
68. Seroprevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among incarcerated men in Sorocaba, Brazil. JR Marins K Page-Shafer M Berti de Azevedo Barros ES Hudes S Chen N Hearst, AIDS and Behavior 2000 4 1 121 128 10.1023/A:1009501227346 (Pubitemid 30202832)
69. Correctional Service Canada, 1995 National Inmate Survey: Final Report Ottawa: CSC (Correctional Research and Development), No SR-02 1996
70. Ministry of Internal Affairs, Dep. of Reformatory Affairs, St. Petersburg, Russia: Homosexual contacts among male prison inmates in Russia. AP Albov DD Issaev, Int Conf AIDS 1994 10 2 53 Aug 7-12
71. T Butler L Milner, The 2001 inmate health survey Sydney: NSW Corrections Health Service 2001
72. Sexually transmitted infections among prison inmates in a rural district of Malawi. R Zachariah AD Harries AS Chantulo AE Yaddi W Nkhoma O Maganga, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002 96 6 617 619 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90330-5 12625135 (Pubitemid 36231481)
73. Human Rights Watch, No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons New York: Human Rights Watch 2001
74. Observatoire international des prisons, Le guide du prisonnier Paris: Les Editions Ouvrières 1996
75. BD Schoub, AIDS and HIV in Perspective: A Guide to Understanding the Virus and its Consequences New York: Cambridge University Press 1995
76. Prison-based syringe exchange programs: a review of international research and development. K Dolan S Rutter A Wodak, Addiction 2003 98 153 158 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x 12534419 (Pubitemid 36140366)
77. Factors associated with HIV seropositivity in European injecting drug users. C Richardson R Ancelle-Park G Papaevangelou, AIDS 1993 7 1485 1491 10.1097/00002030-199311000-00013 8280416 (Pubitemid 23333839)
78. HIV risk behaviour correlates among injecting drug users in Greek prisons. G Koulierakis C Gnardellis D Agrafiotis KG Power, Addiction 2000 95 8 1207 16 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95812077.x 11092068 (Pubitemid 30644106)
79. HIV and injecting drug users in Edinburgh: Prevalence and correlates. AG Davies NJ Dominy A Peters GE Bath SM Burns AM Richardson, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Human-Retroviral 1995 8 399 405
80. HIV seropositivity in Spanish prisons. A Granados MJ Miranda L Martin, VI International AIDS Conference San Francisco 1990 Abstract no Th.D.116
81. Predictive factors of HIV-infection in injecting drug users upon incarceration. V Martin JA Cayla ML Moris LE Alonso R Perez, European Journal of Epidemiology 1998 14 4 327 331 10.1023/A:1007461608434 9690748 (Pubitemid 28288453)
82. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study. PE Estebanez NK Russel D Aguilar F Beland MV Zunzunegui, International Journal of Epidemiology 2000 29 734 43 10.1093/ije/29.4.734 10922353 (Pubitemid 30614235)
83. Imprisonment as risk for HIV in the Russian Federation: evidence for change. R Heimer, 16th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm Belfast 2005
84. LM Calzavara N Ramuscak AN Burchell, Prevalence and predictors of HIV and hepatitis C in Ontario jails and detention centres. Final report HIV Social, Behavioural, and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 2005
85. The role of "long-term" and "new" injectors in a declining HIV/AIDS epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MA Hacker SR Friedman PR Telles SL Teixeira V Bongertz MG Morgado FI Bastos, Subst Use Misuse 2005 40 1 99 123 10.1081/JA-200030511 15702651
86. Prevalence of and factors associated with HIV-1 infection among drug users visiting treatment centres in Tehran, Iran. S Zamani M Kihara MM Gouya M Vazirian M Ono-Kihara EM Razzaghi S Ichikawa, AIDS 2005 19 7 709 716 10.1097/01.aids.0000166094.24069.72 15821397 (Pubitemid 40593076)
87. Risk factors and HIV seropositivity among injecting drug users in Bangkok. K Choopanya S Vanichseni DC Des Jarlais, AIDS 1991 5 1509 1513 10.1097/00002030-199112000-00014 1814333
88. Outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison: why did it happen? A Taylor D Goldberg, Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Newsletter 1996 2 3 13 14 21533961
89. Evidence of HIV transmission in an Australian prison. K Dolan W Hall A Wodak M Gaughwin, Medical Journal of Australia 1994 160 11 734 8202022 (Pubitemid 24166798)
90. Prison health in Russia: the larger picture. A Bobrik K Danishevski K Eroshina M McKee, Journal of Public Health Policy 2005 26 30 59 10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200002 15906874 (Pubitemid 40632276)
91. M MacDonald, A Study of Health Care Provision, Existing Drug Services and Strategies Operating in Prisons in Ten Countries from Central and Eastern Europe Finland: Heuni 2005
92. K Dolan B Kite E Black J Lowe M Agaliotis M MacDonald C Aceijas GV Stimson M Hickman G Valencia, Review of injection drug users and HIV infection in prisons in developing and transitional countries UN Reference Group on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care among IDUs in Developing and Transitional Countries 2004
93. Intraprison HIV transmission: an assessment of whether it occurs, how it occurs, and who is at risk. CP Krebs M Simmons, AIDS Education and Prevention 2002 14 Suppl B 53 64 (2002) 12413193 (Pubitemid 35204849)
94. Prisoners who inject drugs: public health and human rights imperatives. R Jürgens B Betteridge, Health & Human Rights 2005 8 2 47 74 21598434
95. Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners UN GA Res. 45/111 annex, 45 UN GAOR Supp (No 49A) at 200, UN Doc A/45/49; 1990
96. World Health Organization, WHO Guidelines on HIV Infection and AIDS in Prisons Geneva: WHO 1993
97. International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights UNCHR Res. 1997/33, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/150 (1997), para. 29(e)
98. UNODC & WHO, Policy Brief: HIV Testing and counselling in prisons and other closed settings Vienna & Geneva: UNODC & WHO 2009
99. TW Harding G Schaller, HIV/AIDS and Prisons: Updating and Policy Review. A Survey Covering 55 Prison Systems in 31 Countries Geneva: WHO Global Programme on AIDS 1992
100. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Interventions to address HIV in prisons: Prevention of sexual transmission Geneva: World Health Organization 2007
101. WHO/UNODC/UNAI, DSWHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Interventions to address HIV in prisons: Needle and syringe programmes and decontamination strategies Geneva: World Health Organization 2007
102. R Lines R Jürgens G Betteridge H Stöver D Latishevschi J Nelles, Prison Needle Exchange: A Review of International Evidence and Experience Montreal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network 2 2006
103. Needle exchange in prisons in Spain. C Menoyo D Zulaica F Parras, Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Review 2000 5 4 20 21 21533961
104. Evaluation of needle exchange pilot project shows positive results. H Stöver, Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Newsletter 2000 5 2/3 60 64 21533961
105. J Hoover R Jürgens, Harm Reduction in Prison: The Moldova Model New York: Open Society Institute 2009
106. J Normand D Vlahov LE Moses, Preventing HIV transmission: the role of sterile needles and bleach Washington DC: National Academy Press 1995
107. WHO, Effectiveness of Sterile Needle and Syringe Programming in Reducing HIV/AIDS among Injecting Drug Users Geneva: WHO 2004
108. Does bleach disinfection of syringes protect against hepatitis C infection among young adult injection drug users? F Kapadia D Vlahov C Des Jarlais Don SA Strathdee L Ouellet P Kerndt E Morse V Edward I Williams RS Garfein, Epidemiology 2002 13 6 738 741 10.1097/00001648-200211000-00023 12410020 (Pubitemid 44698483)
109. Sharing of the drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C infection among young adult injection drug users? H Hagan H Thiede NS Weiss, Epidemiology 2001 13 6 738 741
110. European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Annual Report 2009 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Community 2009
111. Out of sight, out of mind? Harm reduction in prisons and other places of detention. R Jürgens C Cook R Lines, The global state of harm reduction 2010 London: International Harm Reduction Association, Cook C, 2010
112. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Interventions to Address HIV in Prisons: Drug Dependence Treatments Geneva: World Health Organization 2007
113. E Black K Dolan A Wodak, Supply, Demand and Harm Reduction Strategies in Australian Prisons: Implementation, Cost and Evaluation. A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs Sydney: Australian National Council on Drugs 2004
114. Substitution treatment in European prisons: A study of policies and practices in 18 European countries. H Stöver J Casselman L Hennebel, International Journal of Prisoner Health 2006 2 1 3 12 10.1080/17449200600743396 (Pubitemid 44106803)
115. H Zurhold H Stöver C Haasen, Female Drug Users in European Prisons - Best Practice for Relapse Prevention and Reintegration Hamburg: Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg 2004
116. The effectiveness of in-jail methadone maintenance. S Magura A Rosenblum C Lewis H Joseph, Journal of Drug Issues 1993 23 1 75 99
117. Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection. K Dolan J Shearer B White J Zhou J Kaldor A Wodak, Addictions 2005 100 6 820 828 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01050.x (Pubitemid 40769826)
118. Substance misusers remanded to prison: a treatment opportunity? D Brooke C Taylor J Gunn A Maden, Addiction 1998 93 12 1851 1856 10.1046/j.1360-0443. 1998.9312185110.x 9926573 (Pubitemid 28556611)
119. Health and human rights concerns of drug users in detention in Guangxi Province, China. JE Cohen JJ Amon, PLoS Med 2008 5 12 234 10.1371/journal.pmed. 0050234 19071954
120. UNODC, HIV/AIDS in Prisons. A Toolkit for Policy Makers, Prison Managers and Prison Staff Vienna: UNODC 2008
121. Illicit drug and injecting equipment markets inside English prisons: a qualitative study. RA Hughes, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2003 37 3/4 47 64
122. K Edgar I O'Donnell, Mandatory Drug Testing in Prisons: The Relationship Between MDT and the Level and Nature of Drug Misuse (Home Office Research Study 189). London: Home Office 1998
123. N Singleton E Pendry C Taylor M Farrell J Marsden, The Impact of Mandatory Drug Testing in Prisons UK: Home Office Online Report 03/05 2005
124. Scottish Prison Service, Seventh Prison Survey Edinburgh: SPS 2004
125. Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR 2005 54 RR02 1 20 16382216
126. WHO ILO, Guidelines for the Use of Occupational and Non-occupational Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to Prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Geneva: WHO & ILO 2007
127. Postexposure prophylaxis after nonoccupational HIV exposure: clinical ethical, and policy considerations. P Lurie S Miller F Hecht M Chesney B Lo, JAMA 1998 280 1769 1773 10.1001/jama.280.20.1769 9842953 (Pubitemid 28536878)
128. Postexposure prophylaxis for HIV after sexual assault. JE Myles A Hirozawa MH Katz R Kimmerling JD Bamberger, JAMA 2000 284 1516 1518 10.1001/jama.284.12.1516 11000643
129. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection after sexual assault: when is it indicated? C Fong, Emerg Med J 2001 18 242 245 10.1136/emj.18.4.242 11435354 (Pubitemid 34070919)
130. Hepatitis C transmission and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis after needle-and syringe-sharing in Australian prisons. B O'Sullivan MH Levy KA Dolan JJ Post SG Barton DE Dwyer JM Kaldor AE Grulich, Medical Journal of Australia 2003 178 11 546 549 12765501 (Pubitemid 36705707)
131. UNAIDS, HIV/AIDS in Prisons - Statement by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Geneva: UNAIDS 1996
132. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Interventions to Address HIV in Prisons: HIV Care, Treatment and Support Geneva: World Health Organization 2007
133. Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected prisoners: reincarceration and the lack of sustained benefit after release to the community. SA Springer E Pesanti J Hodges T Macura G Doros FL Altice, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004 38 1754 1760 10.1086/421392 15227623 (Pubitemid 38781669)
134. Antiretroviral treatment in correctional facilities. E Pontali, HIV Clinical Trials 2005 6 1 25 37 10.1310/GTQM-QRM1-FDW8-Y2FT 15765308 (Pubitemid 40533111)
135. National Commission on Correctional Health Care, Administrative management of HIV in correctional institutions [Position statement - first adopted on 8 Nov 1987; revised 9 Oct 2005]. Chicago: The Commission 2005
136. A health care needs assessment of federal inmates in Canada. Correctional Service Canada, Canadian Journal of Public Health 2004 95 suppl 1 1 S63
137. Health care for prisoners: implications of "Kalk's refusal.". Editorial, The Lancet 1991 337 647 648 March 16
138. UNAIDS, Prisons and AIDS: UNAIDS Point of View Geneva: UNAIDS 1997
139. UNODC & UNAIDS, Women and HIV in Prison Settings Vienna: UNODC 2008
140. World Health Organization: Statement from the Consultation on Prevention and Control of AIDS in Prisons, Global Programme on AIDS Geneva: WHO; 1987.
141. Nowak M: Fact-finding on torture and ill-treatment and conditions of detention. J Human Rights Practice 2009, 1(1):101-119.