Routine cryptococcal antigen screening for HIV-infected patients with low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts-time to implement in South Africa?

South African Medical Journal

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 232-234

  Jarvis, Joseph N ^a,b   Harrison, Thomas S ^b   Govender, Nelesh ^c   Lawn, Stephen D ^d   Longley, Nicky ^b   Bicanic, Tihana ^b   Maartens, Gary ^e   Venter, Francois ^f   Bekker, Linda Gail ^a   Wood, Robin ^a   Meintjes, Graeme ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^e UCT

^f UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^g UCT

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CRYPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN; FLUCONAZOLE; FUNGUS ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HIV TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; SCREENING TEST; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 79955930609     PISSN: 02569574     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7196/samj.4752     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009;23(4):525-530.
2. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Williams A, Brown Y, Crede T, Harrison TS. Adult meningitis in a setting of high HIV and TB prevalence: findings from 4961 suspected cases. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10(1):67.
3. Lessells R, Mutevedzi P, Heller T, Newell ML. Poor long-term outcomes from cryptococcal meningitis in rural South Africa. S Afr Med J 2011;101:251-252 (this issue).
4. Bicanic T, Meintjes G, Wood R, et al. Fungal burden, early fungicidal activity, and outcome in cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral-naive or antiretroviral-experienced patients treated with amphotericin B or fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(1):76-80.
5. Bicanic T, Wood R, Meintjes G, et al. High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(1):123-130.
6. Govender N, Cohen C, Meiring S, et al. Trends in treatment of adults with incident cryptococcosis, South Africa, 2005 to 2008. 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, 6-19 February 2010 (abstract 800).
7. Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, et al. The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(6):789-794.
8. 8. World Health Organization. Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report. Geneva 2007 (April). http://www.who.int/hiv/toronto2006/ towardsuniversalaccess.pdf (accessed 25 January 2011).
9. Lawn S, Harries A, Anglaret X, Myer L, Wood R. Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2008;22(15):1897-1908.
10. Jarvis JN, Boulle A, Loyse A, et al. High ongoing burden of cryptococcal disease in Africa despite antiretroviral roll out. AIDS 2009;23:1181-1185.
11. 11. Govender N, Cohen C, eds. Group for Enteric, Respiratory and Meningeal disease Surveillance in South Africa. GERMS-SA. Annual Report 2009. http://www.nicd.ac.za/units/germs/germs.htm (accessed 8 January 2011).
12. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Harrison TS. Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral naive and experienced patients in South Africa. J Infect 2010;60(6):496-498.
13. Lawn SD, Bekker LG, Myer L, Orrell C, Wood R. Cryptococcocal immune reconstitution disease: a major cause of early mortality in a South African antiretroviral programme. AIDS 2005;19(17):2050-2052.
14. Haddow LJ, Colebunders R, Meintjes G, et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10(11):791-802.
15. 15. Chang LW, Phipps WT, Kennedy GE, Rutherford GW. Antifungal interventions for the primary prevention of cryptococcal disease in adults with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(3):CD004773.
16. Goldman M, Cloud GA, Smedema M, et al. Does long-term itraconazole prophylaxis result in in vitro azole resistance in mucosal Candida albicans isolates from persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection? The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(6):1585-1587.
17. Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. The impact of primary prophylaxis for cryptococcosis on fluconazole resistance in Candida species. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2008;47(5):644-645.
18. John L, Nelson M. Primary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis. HIV Med 2004;5(3):131-132.
19. Scharfstein JA, Paltiel AD, Freedberg KA. The cost-effectiveness of fluconazole prophylaxis against primary systemic fungal infections in AIDS patients. Med Decis Making 1997;17(4):373-381.
20. Yazdanpanah Y, Goldie SJ, Paltiel AD, et al. Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus-related opportunistic infections in France: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(1):86-96.
21. Freedberg KA, Scharfstein JA, Seage GR, 3rd, et al. The cost-effectiveness of preventing AIDS-related opportunistic infections. JAMA 1998;279(2):130-136.
22. Jarvis JN, Lawn SD, Vogt M, Bangani N, Wood R, Harrison TS. Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(7):856-862.
23. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Wood R, Harrison TS. Testing but not treating: missed opportunities and lost lives in the South African antiretroviral therapy programme. AIDS 2010;24(8):1233-1235.
24. Lawn SD, Myer L, Orrell C, Bekker LG, Wood R. Early mortality among adults accessing a community-based antiretroviral service in South Africa: implications for programme design. AIDS 2005;19(18):2141-2148.
25. Fairall LR, Bachmann MO, Louwagie GM, et al. Effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in a South African program: a cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(1):86-93.
26. Ingle SM, May M, Uebel K, et al. Outcomes in patients waiting for antiretroviral treatment in the Free State Province, South Africa: prospective linkage study. AIDS 2010;24(17):2717-2725.
27. Longley N, Muzoora C, Taseera K, et al. Dose response effect of high-dose fluconazole for HIVassociated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(12):1556-1561.
28. Micol R, Tajahmady A, Lortholary O, et al. Cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis of AIDS associated cryptococcosis in Cambodia. PLoS ONE 2010;5(11):e13856.
29. Harling G, Orrell C, Wood R. Healthcare utilization of patients accessing an African national treatment program. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:80.
30. 30. Haile B, Maartens G, Wood R. Economic evaluation of cryptococcal meningitis and inpatient tuberculosis treatment for HIV-infected adults in South Africa. American Public Health Association 129th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 21-25 October 2001(abstract 25431).
31. Meya DB, Manabe YC, Castelnuovo B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of serum cryptococcal antigen screening to prevent deaths among HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ cell count < or = 100 cells/microL who start HIV therapy in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(4):448-455.
32. Manosuthi W, Athichathanabadi C, Uttayamakul S, Phoorisri T, Sungkanuparph S. Plasma nevirapine levels, adverse events and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients concurrently receiving nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy and fluconazole. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:14.
33. Wakeham K, Parkes-Ratanshi R, Watson V, Ggayi AB, Khoo S, Lalloo DG. Co-administration of fluconazole increases nevirapine concentrations in HIV-infected Ugandans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65(2):316-319.