Update: Modern approaches to the treatment of localized esophageal cancer

Current Oncology Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 157-167

  Welsh, James ^a   Amini, Arya ^b   Likhacheva, Anna ^a   Erasmus J , Jeremy ^a   Gomez, Daniel ^a   Davila, Marta ^a   Mehran, Reza J ^a   Komaki, Ritsuko ^a   Liao, Zhongxing ^a   Hofstetter, Wayne L ^a   Lee H , Jeffrey ^a   Bhutani, Manoop S ^a   Ajani, Jaffer A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemoradiation; Diagnosis; Esophageal cancer; Intensity modulated radiation therapy; Minimally invasive treatments; Photon therapy; Proton beam therapy

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; FLUOROURACIL; TUMOR MARKER;

ARTICLE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; METASTASIS; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PROTON THERAPY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR BIOPSY;

ABLATION TECHNIQUES; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROTONS;

EID: 79955907245     PISSN: 15233790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11912-011-0158-z     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2137-50. (Pubitemid 46655601)
2. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, National Cancer Institute. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophagus. Available at http:// seer.cancer.gov/ statfacts/html/esoph.html (access verified December 15, 2010)
3. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2010. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2010. available at http://www.cancer. org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/acspc- 024113.pdf. (access verified December 15, 2010)
4. Brown LM, Swanson CA, Gridley G, et al. Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 1998;9:467-74. (Pubitemid 29026910)
5. Islami F, Kamangar F, Aghcheli K, et al. Epidemiologic features of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in Northeastern Iran. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1402-6. (Pubitemid 38586269)
6. Jonge PJ DE, Wolters LM, Steyerberg EW, et al. Environmental risk factors in the development of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia: a cross-sectional study in a Dutch cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:31-9. (Pubitemid 46900725)
7. Brown LM, Devesa SS, Chow WH. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:1184-7.
8. Rice TW, Rusch VW, Ishwaran H, Blackstone EH. Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: data-driven staging for the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/ International Union against Cancer Cancer Staging Manuals. Cancer. 2010;116:3763-73.
9. Barbour AP, Jones M, Gonen M, et al. Refining esophageal cancer staging after neoadjuvant therapy: importance of treatment response. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2894-902.
10. Rizk NP, Venkatraman E, Bains MS, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system does not accurately predict survival in patients receiving multimodality therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:507-12. (Pubitemid 350002956)
11. Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, et al. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14:1479-90. This study helps to establish the utility of using endoscopic ultrasonography for esophageal cancer staging.
12. van Vliet EP, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Hunink MG, et al. Staging investigations for oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:547-57. This study helps to establish the utility of using endoscopic ultrasonography for esophageal cancer staging.
13. Lowe VJ, Booya F, Fletcher JG, et al. Comparison of positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound in the initial staging of patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2005;7:422-30. (Pubitemid 44193407)
14. Pfau PR, Perlman SB, Stanko P, et al. The role and clinical value of EUS in a multimodality esophageal carcinoma staging program with CT and positron emission tomography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:377-84.
15. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography of esophageal cancer predicts stage, tumor biology, and survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:391-4. discussion 394-5.
16. Rizk N, Downey RJ, Akhurst T, et al. Preoperative 18[F]- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography standardized uptake values predict survival after esophageal adenocarcinoma resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1076-81.
17. Little SG, Rice TW, Bybel B, et al. Is FDG-PET indicated for superficial esophageal cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:791-6.
18. Mamede M, Abreu ELP, Oliva MR, et al. FDG-PET/CT tumor segmentation-derived indices of metabolic activity to assess response to neoadjuvant therapy and progression-free survival in esophageal cancer: correlation with histopathology results. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30:377-88. (Pubitemid 47356682)
19. Bolton WD, Hofstetter WL, Francis AM, et al. Impact of tumor length on long-term survival of pT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 138:831-6. This study establishes the prognostic significance of tumor length.
20. Yendamuri S, Swisher SG, Correa AM, et al. Esophageal tumor length is independently associated with long-term survival. Cancer 2009; 115:508-16. This study establishes the prognostic significance of tumor length.
21. Okada M, Murakami T, Kumano S, et al. Integrated FDG-PET/CT compared with intravenous contrast-enhanced CT for evaluation of metastatic regional lymph nodes in patients with resectable early stage esophageal cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 2009;23:73-80.
22. van Westreenen HL, Westerterp M, Bossuyt PM, et al. Systematic review of the staging performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3805-12. (Pubitemid 41095222)
23. Katsoulis IE, Wong WL, Mattheou AK, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the preoperative staging of thoracic oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: a prospective study. Int J Surg. 2007;5:399-403. (Pubitemid 350213576)
24. Meyers BF, Downey RJ, Decker PA, et al. The utility of positron emission tomography in staging of potentially operable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0060 trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:738-45.
25. van Westreenen HL, Westerterp M, Sloof GW, et al. Limited additional value of positron emission tomography in staging oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1515-20. (Pubitemid 350275631)
26. Ell C, May A, Pech O, Gossner L, et al. Curative endoscopic resection of early esophageal adenocarcinomas (Barrett's cancer). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:3-10. (Pubitemid 44932158)
27. Gondrie JJ, Pouw RE, Sondermeijer CM, et al. Stepwise circumferential and focal ablation of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia: results of the first prospective series of 11 patients. Endoscopy 2008; 40:359-69. This study helps to demonstrate the outcomes of circumferential and focal ablation for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus.
28. Gondrie JJ, Pouw RE, Sondermeijer CM, et al. Effective treatment of early Barrett's neoplasia with stepwise circumferential and focal ablation using the HALO system. Endoscopy. 2008;40:370-9. (Pubitemid 351696373)
29. Sharma VK, Jae Kim H, Das A, et al. Circumferential and focal ablation of Barrett's esophagus containing dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104:310-7. This study helps to demonstrate the outcomes of focal ablation for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus.
30. Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360(22):2277-88. This study demonstrates in a randomized fashion the benefits of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus.
31. Dumot JA, Vargo JJ 2nd, Falk GW, et al. An open-label, prospective trial of cryospray ablation for Barrett's esophagus high-grade dysplasia and early esophageal cancer in high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70:635-44. This study demonstrates in a randomized fashion the benefits of cryospray for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus.
32. Shaheen NJ, Greenwald BD, Peery AF, et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic spray cryotherapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 71:680-5.
33. Kelsen DP, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Long-term results of RTOG trial 8911 (USA Intergroup 113): a random assignment trial comparison of chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3719-25.
34. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:161-7. (Pubitemid 27306287)
35. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-7. (Pubitemid 26269945)
36. Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:305-13. (Pubitemid 32112841)
37. Ellis Jr FH, Gibb SP, Watkins Jr E. Esophagogastrectomy. A safe, widely applicable, and expeditious form of palliation for patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. Ann Surg. 1983;198:531-40.
38. Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG, et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1662-9. (Pubitemid 35340784)
39. Chang AC, Ji H, Birkmeyer NJ, Orringer MB, Birkmeyer JD. Outcomes after transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:424-9. This study provides an update from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database suggesting a survival advantage to the transhiatal esophagectomy surgical technique.
40. Sun DR. Ten-year follow-up of esophageal cancer treated by radical radiation therapy: analysis of 869 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16:329-34.
41. Okawa T, Kita M, Tanaka M, Ikeda M. Results of radiotherapy for inoperable locally advanced esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:49-54. (Pubitemid 19173237)
42. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. 1999;281:1623-7. (Pubitemid 29211772)
43. Sun XD, Yu JM, Fan XL, et al. [Randomized clinical study of surgery versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer in the chest] (article in Chinese). Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006;28:784-7.
44. Schreiber D, Rineer J, Vongtama D, et al. Impact of postoperative radiation after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:244-50. This study shows the benefits of postoperative radiation following surgery versus surgery alone.
45. Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1593-8.
46. al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:277-84.
47. Smith TJ, Ryan LM, Douglass Jr HO, et al. Combined chemo-radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:269-76. (Pubitemid 28502772)
48. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1979-84. (Pubitemid 29024130)
49. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1727-33.
50. Allum WH, Stenning SP, Bancewicz J, et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:5062-7. This update from the large study conducted by the UK Medical Research Council [49] demonstrates limited impact of preoperative chemotherapy on overall survival.
51. Ando N, Iizuka T, Ide H, et al. Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study-JCOG9204. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4592-6. (Pubitemid 46594032)
52. Coia LR. Chemoradiation: a superior alternative for the primary management of esophageal carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol. 1994;4:157-64. (Pubitemid 24209915)
53. Gill PG, Denham JW, Jamieson GG, et al. Patterns of treatment failure and prognostic factors associated with the treatment of esophageal carcinoma with chemotherapy and radiotherapy either as sole treatment or followed by surgery. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:1037-43.
54. Coia LR, Engstrom PF, Paul AR, et al. Long-term results of infusional 5-FU, mitomycin-C and radiation as primary management of esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20:29-36.
55. Abrams JA, Buono DL, Strauss J, et al. Esophagectomy compared with chemoradiation for early stage esophageal cancer in the elderly. Cancer 2009; 115:4924-33. This study showed worse outcomes with chemoradiation in terms of disease-specific survival when compared to surgery in elderly patients.
56. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1167-74. (Pubitemid 34177421)
57. Welsh J, Palmer MB, Ajani JA, Liao Z, Swisher SG, Hofstetter WL, Allen PK, Settle SH, Gomez D, Likhacheva A, Cox JD, Komaki R. Esophageal Cancer Dose Escalation using a Simultaneous Integrated Boost Technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011, in press. This study shows most patients receiving definitive chemoradiation therapy recur within the GTV, suggesting that local disease control continues to be a problem with the current radiation doses.
58. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M. D. Anderson phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1097-105.
59. Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Hazuka MB, et al. Estimation of tumor control probability parameters from 3-D dose distributions of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 1999:31-37. (Pubitemid 29241815)
60. Kong F-M, Ten Haken RK, Schipper MJ, et al. High-dose radiation improved local tumor control and overall survival in patients with inoperable/ unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: long-term results of a radiation dose escalation study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:324-33. (Pubitemid 41317147)
61. Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Gebski V, et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:659-68. (Pubitemid 41222756)
62. Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086-92. This phase 3 study demonstrates the benefit of median and overall survival in multimodality therapy compared to surgery alone.
63. Gaast A, van Hagen P, Hulshof M, Richel D, et al. for the CROSS Study Group. Effect of preoperative concurrent chemo-radiotherapy on survival of patients with resectable esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancer: Results from a multicenter randomized phase III study (abstract 4004). J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28(15S):302S. This study presented in abstract form also showed benefit in median and overall survival in patients receiving multimodality therapy compared to surgery alone.
64. Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:226-34. (Pubitemid 46291702)
65. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:725-30.
66. Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, Rybicki LA, et al. Mature results from a phase II trial of postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy for poor prognosis cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. J Thorac Oncol. 2009; 4:1264-9. This study looked at patients with a high risk for distant failure and showed adjuvant chemoradiation to be beneficial in preventing recurrence. The regimen was also tolerable for patients.
67. Marks LB, Ma J. Challenges in the clinical application of advanced technologies to reduce radiation-associated normal tissue injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69:4-12. (Pubitemid 47247528)
68. Welsh J, Riley B, Palmera M, Amina M, Komakia R, Gomez D, Liao Z, Hofstetter W, Ajani J, Cox J. Intensity modulated proton therapy allows dose escalation and normal-tissue sparing in locally advanced distal esophageal tumors (abstract). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 78(3 Suppl 1):S808. This study showed the potential benefit of proton therapy compared to photon treatment in reducing the amount of radiation to normal lung, heart, and liver.
69. Guo X, Liao Z, Komaki R, Wen H, Chang JY, O'Reilly MS Jeter M, Bucci MK, Cox JD. Concurrent chemotherapy and proton beam therapy for esophageal cancer (abstract). Int J Radiat Biol. 2009; 75:S289-90. The early results in this study show proton therapy to have higher complete pathologic response and less severe side effects compared to intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
70. Sugahara S, Tokuuye K, Okumura T, et al. Clinical results of proton beam therapy for cancer of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:76-84. (Pubitemid 40039108)
71. Mizumoto M, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, et al. Clinical results of proton-beam therapy for locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 186:482-8.