Bt cotton (Gossypium sp.) in India and its agronomic requirements - A review

Indian Journal of Agronomy

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 343-360

  Venugopalan, M V ^a   Sankaranarayanan, K ^a   Blaise, D ^a,b   Nalayini, P ^a   Prahraj, C S ^a   Gangaiah, B ^a,c  

^a CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR COTTON RESEARCH   (India)

^b Indian Institute for Soil Science   (India)

^c INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Agronomic characters; Cotton; Cry toxin; Fibre quality

Indexed keywords

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); GOSSYPIUM; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM; HARNESS;

EID: 79955786960     PISSN: 0537197X     EISSN: 09744460     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Adamczyk, J. J., Hardee, D. D., Adams L. C. and Sumerford, D. V. 2001. Correlating difference in larval survival and development of bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to differential expression of Cry 1 A (c) delta-endotoxin in various plant parts among commercial cultivars of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:284-290. (Pubitemid 33749913)
2. Ahlawat, I. P. S. and Gangaiah, B. 2007. Impact of irrigation on transgenic cottons. In: Annual Report, 2006-07'. Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. p. 50.
3. Ahlawat, I. P. S. and Gangaiah, B. 2009. Intercropping of mungbean in cotton. In: Annual Report, 2008-09, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. p. 47.
4. Ahuja, S. L. 2006. Evaluation for the retention of reproductive structures by Bt and non-Bt intra-hirsutum cotton hybrids in different sowing dates and spacings. African Journal of Biotechnology 5:862-865. (Pubitemid 43793448)
5. AICCIP. 2008. Annual Report, 2007-08. All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Coimbatore.
6. AICCIP. 2009. Annual Report, 2008-09. All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Coimbatore.
7. Ansingkar, A. S., More, S. S., Bhatade, S. S., Dhuppe, M. and Choudhary, L. M. 2005. Evaluation of transgenic Bt cotton hybrids in comparison with non-Bt and checks in rainfed condition. Journal of Soils and Crops 15 (2):338-342.
8. APCoAB. 2006. Bt cotton in India - A status report. Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agriculture Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. pp. 34.
9. Arndt, C. H. 1945. Temperature-growth relationships of the root and hypocotyls of cotton seedlings. Plant Physiology 20:200-220.
10. Atwell, S. D., Perkins, R., Guice, B., Stewart, W., Harden, J. and Odeneal, T. 1996. Essential steps to successful ultra narrow row on cotton production. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference. National Cotton Council of America, Nashville, Memphis, TN, January 1996. pp. 1210-1211.
11. Babou, C, Gururajan, B. and Suresh, P. 2005. Effect of cotton cropresidue management practices and levels of nitrogen and potassium on rice (Oryza sativa) and succeeding blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) in rice-blackgram cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 50:260-264. (Pubitemid 43874127)
12. Bambawale, O. M. and Jeyakumar, P. 2009. In: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Production Processing and Utilisation of Natural Fibres. 16-18 April, 2009 Mayfair, Worli, Mumbai, India. Book of papers Vol. 1, pp. 155-161.
13. Bandhopadhyay, K. K., Prakash, A. H., Sankarnarayanan, K., Dharajyothi, B. and Gopalkrishnan, N. 2009. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on soil water dynamics, productivity and input use efficiency of Bt cotton in Vertic Ustropept. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79:448-453.
14. Bange, Michael P., Sarah, J. Caton and Stephen P. Mlroy. 2008. Managing yields of high fruit retention in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using sowing date. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59:733-741.
15. Basinski, J. J. 1963. Cotton growing in Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne.
16. Bhalerao, P. D., Gawande, P. P., Ghatol, PU. and Patil, B. R. 2008. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids for various spacing under rainfed condition. Agricultural Science Digest 28 (1):54-56.
17. nd International Agronomy Congress on "Balancing Food and Environmental Security - A continuing challenge" held at New Delhi, 26-30 November, 2002, Extended Summaries Vol. 2:804-805.
18. Bhat, J. G. 1996. Growth of cotton under rainfed conditions. In: Cotton Physiology (Sundaram, V and Rao, S. B. P Eds.), Cotton Monograph Series, Indian Society for Cotton Improvement, Mumbai, 1996, pp. 26-37.
19. Bheemanna, M., Patil, B. V, Hanchinal, S. G, Hosamani, A. C. and Bansi, A. B. 2008. Comparative performance and economics of bollgard-II Bt cotton under irrigated conditions. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 22 (1):118-121.
20. Blaise, D. 2003. Stratification of mineral-N, P, K and organic C in the vertisols as affected by tillage systems. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 49:51-59.
21. Blaise, D. 2006a. Balanced fertilization for high yield and quality of cotton. In: Proceedings International Symposium Balanced Fertilization for Sustaining Crop Productivity. Vol. I. (Benbi D. K., Brar M. S. and Bawal S. K. Eds.) PAU, Ludhiana, India. 22-25, November, 2006, International Potash Institute, pp. 255-273.
22. Blaise, D. 2006b. Effect of tillage systems on weed control, yield and fibre quality of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Asiatic tree cotton (G. arboreum L.). Soil and Tillage Research 91:207-216. (Pubitemid 44472513)
23. Blaise, D. 2008. Conservation tillage for rainfed cotton. In: National Seminar on 'Second Green Revolution - necessity or compulsion' 19-21 October, 2008, ANGRAU-ARS Adilabad, pp. 33-34.
24. Blaise, D. and Bhaskar, K. S. 2003. Carbon mineralization patterns of cotton leaves and stems in Vertisols and Inceptisols. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 49:171-177.
25. Blaise, D. and Ravindran, CD. 2003. Influence of tillage and residue management on growth and yield of cotton grown on a Vertisol over 5 years in a semi-arid region of India. Soil and Tillage Research 70:163-173. (Pubitemid 36374662)
26. Blaise, D., Majumdar, G. and Tekale, K. U. 2005. On-farm evaluation of fertilizer application and conservation tillage on productivity of cotton + pigeon pea strip intercropping on rainfed Vertisols of central India. Soil and Tillage Research 84:108-117. (Pubitemid 41253752)
27. Boquet, D. J., Hutchinson, R. L., Breitenbeck, GA. 2004. Long-term tillage, cover crop, and nitrogen rate effects on cotton: Yield and fiber properties. Agronomy Journal 96:1436-1442. (Pubitemid 39252109)
28. Bradow Judith, M. and Davidonis Gayle, H. 2000. Quantization of Fibre quality and the cotton production-processing tnterface: a physiologist's perspective. The Journal of Cotton Science 4:34-64.
29. Brar, J. S., Sidhu, B. S., Sekhon, K. S. and Buttar, GS. 2008a. Response of Bt cotton to plant geometry and nutrient combinations in sandy loam soil. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 22:59-61.
30. Brar, M. S., Gitt, M. S., Sekhar, K. S., Sidhu, B. S., Sharma, P. and Singh, A. 2008b. Effect of soil and foliar application of nutrients on yield and nutrient concentration in Bt cotton. Journal of Research, Punjab of Agricultural University 45:126-131.
31. Brar, M. S., Sindhu, B. S. and Singh, B. 1983. Response of cotton to application of boran and copper in Punjab. Fertilizer News 28 (6):31.
32. Brubaker, C. L., Bourland, F. and Wendel, J. F. 1999. The origin and domestication of cotton. In: Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. (Smith, C. and Cothren, J.) Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-31.
33. Bruns Arnold, H and Abel, Craig A. 2003. Nitrogen fertility effects on Bt 8-endotoxin and nitrogen concentrations of maize during early growth. Agronomy Journal 95:207-211.
34. Buttar, GS. and Singh, P. 2006. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different plant populations in South-Eastern regions of Punjab. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 20 (1):97-98.
35. Cassman, K. G, Kerby, T. A., Roberts, B. A., Bryant, D. C. and Higashi, S. L. 1990. Potassium nutrition effects on lint yield and fibre quality of acala cotton. Crop Science 30:672-677.
36. Causarano, H. J., Franzluebbers, A. J., Reeves, D. W. and Shaw, J. N. 2006. Soil organic C sequestration in cotton production systems of the south-eastern United States: a review. Journal of Environment Quality 35:1374-1383. (Pubitemid 44125831)
37. Chen, D., Ye, G, Yang, C, Chen, y and Wu, y 2005. The effect of high temperature on the insecticidal properties of Bt cotton. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53:333-340.
38. Chen, D. H., Yang, C. Q., Chen, y and Wu, Y. K.2002. The effects on the boll weight and the source-sink characteristic in the coordination of nitrogen fertilizer and DPC in Bt transgenic cotton. Cotton Science 3:147-150
39. CICR. 2002. Annual Report, 2001-02. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
40. CICR. 2007. Annual Report, 2006-07. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
41. CICR. 2008. Annual Report, 2007-08. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
42. CICR. 2009. Annual Report, 2008-09. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
43. Constable, GA. and Hearn, A. B. 1981. Irrigation for crops in a subhumid environment. VI. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cotton. Irrigation Science 3 (1):17-28. (Pubitemid 12555397)
44. Constable, G. A., Rochester, I. J. and Daniells, I. G 1992. Cotton yield and nitrogen requirement is modified by crop rotation and tillage method. Soil and Tillage Research 23:41-59. (Pubitemid 23397109)
45. 2 and nitrogen in transgenic cotton plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 53:323-331. (Pubitemid 34140379)
46. CSM. 2005. Cotton Scientists Meet Annual Report, Department of Cotton, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
47. Culpepper, A. S. and York, A. C. 1998. Weed management in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Journal of Cotton Science 2:174-185.
48. Deosarkar, B., Bhatade, S. S. and Gaikwad, A. R.2004. Comparative performance of Bt cotton hybrids and their conventional version under rainfed conditions of Marathwada region. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 22 (1):150-152.
49. Dong, H., Li, W, Li, Z., Tang, W and Zhang, D. 2005. Evaluation of production systems in china that uses reduced plant densities and retention of vegetative branches. Journal of Cotton Science 9:1-9. (Pubitemid 41519103)
50. Dong, H. Z., W. J. Li, W. Tang, and Zhang, D. M. 2004. Development of hybrid Bt cotton in China: A successful integration of transgenic technology and conventional techniques. Current Science 86:778-782. (Pubitemid 39160201)
51. Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A. H. 1979. Yield response to water. FAO, Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33, FAO, Rome.
52. Ebelhar, M. W, Welch, RA. and Meredith Jr., WR. 1996. Nitrogen rates and mepiquat chloride effects on cotton lint yield and quality. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Nashville, TN. 9-12 January, 1996. National Cotton Council of America, Nashville, Memphis, TN. pp. 1373-1378.
53. Ethridge, M. D. and Hequet, E. F 2000. Fibre properties and textile performance of transgenic cotton versus parent varieties. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, National Cotton Council of America 1:488-494.
54. Falconer, D. S. 1989. Introduction of quantitative genetics. 3 Edn. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
55. Giri, A. N., Aundhekar, R. L., Kapse, PS. and Suryavanshi, S. B. 2008. Response of Bt cotton hybrids to plant densities and fertilizer levels. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 22:45-47.
56. Hake, S. J., Kerby, TA. and Hake, K. D. 1996. Cotton Production Manual. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Publication No. 3352.
57. Halemani, H. L., Haliikeri, S. S., Nandagavi, R. A. and Nooli, S. S. 2004. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different levels of fertilizers under protective irrigation. In: International Symposium on Strategic for Sustainable Cotton Production-A Global Vision during November 23-25, 2004, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. pp. 153-155.
58. Hallikeri, S. S. 2008. 'Studies on the effect of time of sowing nitrogen and irrigation levels on growth, yield, fibre quality and endotoxin concentration of Bt cotton. Ph. D. Thesis, UAS, Dharwad.
59. Hallikeri, S. S., Halemani, H. L., Nandagavi, R. A. and Nooli, S. S. 2004. Response of Mahyco Bt cotton hybrids to levels of fertilizer under protective irrigation. In: International Symposium on "Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production-A Global Vision" 23-25, November, 2004, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. pp. 139-141.
60. Hebbar, K. B., Rao, M. R. K. and Khadi, B. M. 2007. Synchronized boll development of Bt cotton hybrids and their physiological consequences. Current Science 93:693-695. (Pubitemid 47481759)
61. Hosmath, J. A., Biradar, D. P, Deshpande, S. K., Dodamani S. V. and Rizwan Haris, M. D. 2004. Analysis of Bt toxin (Cry 1 Ac protein) under organics. In: National Symposium on Changing world order - Cotton Research, Development and Policy in Context, 10-12, August, 2004, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. pp. 133-134.
62. Howard, D. D., Essington, M. E. and Tyler, D. D. 1999. Vertical phosphorous and potassium stratification in no-till cotton soils.Agronomy Journal 91:266-269. (Pubitemid 29351179)
63. ICAC. 2009. Biotech Cotton and Technology Fee. ICAC Recorder 27 (1):4-8.
64. ISAAA, 2002. Bt Cotton: Indian case study. Global Knowledge Centre on Crop Biotechnology. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. Ithaca, NY
65. ISAAA. 2009. Biotech Crops in India: the Dawn of a New Era. ISAAA Brief No. 39. ISAAA South Asia Office, New Delhi, India. p. 34.
66. Jalota, S. K., Buttar, G. S., Sood, A., Chahal, G. B. S., Ray, S. S. and Panigrahy, S. 2008. Effects of sowing date, tillage and residue management on productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in North West India. Soil and Tillage Research 99:76-83. (Pubitemid 351417495)
67. James, C. 2006. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2006. ISAAA Briefs No. 35, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY.
68. James, C. 2008. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops. ISAAA Briefs No. 39, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY
69. Jenkins, J. N., McCarty Jr, J. C., Buehler, RE., Kiser, J., Williams, C. and Wofford, T. 1997. Resistance of cotton with ó-endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on selected lepidopteran insects. Agronomy Journal 89:768-780. (Pubitemid 27476292)
70. Jenkins, J. N., Parrot, W. L., McCarty Jr, J. C., Barton, K. A. and Umbeck, PF. 1991. Field test of transgenic cottons containing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. Missisipi Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin: 174 p.
71. Jiang, L., Duan, L.X. Tian, B. Wang, H. Zhang, and Z. Li 2006. NaCl salinity dtress decreased Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein content of transgenic Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 55:315-320. (Pubitemid 41785575)
72. Justic, M. M., Bolonehzi, A., Olivera, FG. and De, R. C.1999. Evaluation of the retention of reproductive structures by different varieties and populations of plants of herbaceous cotton. Empresa Brasilera de Pesquisa Agropecuala, Embrapa algodao. pp. 90-92.
73. Kairon, M. S., Venugopalan, M. V. and Blaise, D. 2002. Cotton In: Field Crop Production: Principles and Practices. (Prasad, R. Ed.), ICAR, New Delhi. pp. 646-674.
74. Kalaichelvi, K. 2009. Bt cotton response to plant geometry and fertilizer levels. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 23 (1):96-99.
75. Khadi, B. M. 2009. Biotech cotton: Issues for consideration. ICAC Recorder 26 (4):7-8.
76. Khargharate, V. K., Pandagale, A. D., Deosarkar, D. B. and Awsarmal, V. B. 2008. Response of Cotton hybrid under Varied Plant Densities and Fertilizer Levels. In: National Seminar on Second Green Revolution 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. pp. 153-154.
77. Kranthi, K. R., Naidu, S. Dharwad, C. S., Tatwawadi, A., Mate, K. Patil, E., Bharose, AA., Behere, G. T., Wadaskar, R. M. and Kranthi, S. 2005.Temporal and intra-plant variability of Cry 1ac expression in Bt cotton and its influence on the survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Current Science 89:291-297.
78. Kranthi, K. R., Yadav, M. S. and Venugopalan, M. V. 2009. In: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Production Processing and Utilisation of Natural Fibres. 16-18 April, 2009, Mayfair, Worli, Mumbai, India. Book of papers Vol. 1: pp. 1-13.
79. Kulandaivelu, R. 1980. Climatic requirements of cotton. In: Monograph on Cotton, TNAU, Coimbatore, pp. 37-40.
80. Lachnicht, S. L., Hendrix, P. F., Potter, R. L., Coleman, D. C. and Crossley Jr. D. A. 2004. Winter decomposition of transgenic cotton residue in conventional-till and no-till systems. Applied Soil Ecology 27:135-142. (Pubitemid 39351222)
81. Mandal, D. K., Mandal, C. and Venugoplan, M. V. 2005. Suitability of cotton cultivation in swell-shrink soils in central India. Agricultural Systems 84:55-75. (Pubitemid 40257099)
82. th International Cotton Conference, Bremen Germany (Marquardt, F. Ed.), Faserinstitut Bremen and Bremer Baumwoll-boerse, 2-5 April, 2008, pp. 65-76.
83. Mayee, CD., and Rao, M. R. K. 2002. Likely impact of Bt cotton cultivation on production and utilization in India. In: Proceedings National Seminar on Bt cotton scenario with special references to India, 23 May 2002, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. pp. 51-57.
84. Mayee, CD., Monga, D., Dhillon, S. S., Nehra, PL. and Pundhir, P. 2008. Cotton-Wheat Production System in South Asia: A Success Story. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions. C/o FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.
85. Mayee, CD., Phundan Singh, Punit Mohan and Agarwal, D. K. 2004. Evaluation of Bt transgenic intra hirsutum hybrids for yield and fibre properties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 74 (1):746-747.
86. Monga, D. 2008.Problem and prospects of cultivation of By hybrids in the North India cotton zone. ICAC Recorder 26 (4):8-9.
87. Naidu, L. G. K., Ramamurthy, V, Challa, O, Hegde, R. and Krishnan, T. 2006. Manual Soil-Site Suitability Criteria for Major Crops. NBSS Publication No. 129, NBSS & LUP, Nagpur, 118 p.
88. Naik, G. 2001. An analysis of socio-economic impact of Bt technology on Indian cotton farmers. Centre for Management in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India p. 19.
89. Nalayini, P., Kandasamy, O. S. and Balasubramaniyan. 1999a. Density and Dry matter Production of Weeds as Influenced by cotton hybrids - levels and weed control methods. World Weeds VI: 37-45.
90. Nalayini, P., Kandasamy, O. S. and Balasubramaniyan. 1999b. Influence of Cotton Hybrids, N levels and Weed Control Methods in Nutrient Depletion By Weeds. World Weeds VI: 179-184.
91. Nalayini, P., Rajendran, T. P, Anandham, R., Sankaranarayanan, K and Anderson A. Kumar. 2004. Poly ethylene mulching - A new cultivation technique for better water management and efficient weed control in cotton. In: Proceedings on crop production International Symposium on Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production - A Global Vision, 23-25, November, University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad. pp. 75-77.
92. Narayana, E., Aparna, D. and Subbarami Reddy, A. 2008b. Intercropping studies in Bt cotton under rainfed conditions. In: Proceedings, National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008. ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. p. 175.
93. Narayana, E., Aparna, D. and Subbarami Reddy, A. 2008c. Performance of Bt cotton based double cropping system in black cotton soils under irrigated conditions. In: Proceedings, National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. pp. 175-176.
94. Narayana, E., Hema, K, Srinivasulu, K, Prasad, N. VVS. D. and Rao, N. H. P 2008a. Performance of Bt cotton hybrid (NCS-145 Bt) to varied spacing and fertilizer levels in vertisol under rainfed conditions. Journal of the Indian Society for Cotton Improvement. pp. 33-36.
95. Nehra, PL., Nehra, K. C. and Kumawat, PD. 2004. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different spacings and canal command area of North-Western Rajasthan. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 18 (2):189-190.
96. Patil, A. S. P, Chittapur, B. M., Patil, B. N., Hiremath, S. M., Channal, H. T., Koti, R. V and Udikeri, S. S. 2009. Response of Bt cotton hybrids to site specific nutrient management for targeted yields. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22:188-189.
97. Pettigrew, WT. 1996. Low light conditions compromise the quality of fibre produced. pp. 1238-1239. In: Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conference, Nashville, TN. 9-12 January. 1996, National Cotton Council of America, Nashville, Memphis, TN. (Pubitemid 27070664)
98. Pettigrew, WT. 1999. Potassium deficiency increases specific leaf weights and leaf glucose levels in field-grown cotton. Agronomy Journal 91:962-968. (Pubitemid 30097718)
99. Pettigrew, W. T. and Adamczyk, J. J.2006. Nitrogen fertility and planting date effects on lint Yield and Cry 1 Ac (Bt) endotoxin production. Agronomy Journal 98:691-697. (Pubitemid 43764941)
100. Prakash, A. H., Bandyopadyaya, K. K. and Gopalkrishnan, N. 2008. Growth and biomass portioning in Bt vs non Bt cotton hybrids in winter irrigated situation in southern zone of India. Journal of Indian Society of Cotton Improvement 129-142.
101. Prasad, M. and Prasad, R. 1994. Response of upland cotton to micronutrients and sulphur. Indian Journal of Agronomy 39:707-708.
102. Prasad, R. and Power, J. F. 1991. Crop residue management. Advances in Soil Science 15:205-251.
103. Rajendran, T. P. and Jain, K. C. 2004. Achievements in Cotton Research in the All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project. CICR Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
104. Raju, A. R. 2008. Identification of profitable Bt cotton based cropping systems. Annual Report, Technical Mission of Cotton, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur.
105. Ramamurthy, V and Venugopalan, M. V. 2009.Performance of Bt cotton hybrid on shrink - swell soils of central India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79 (12):1026-1029.
106. Ramasundaram, P., Vennila, S. and Ingle, R. K. 2007. Bt cotton performance and constrains in Central India. Outlook in Agriculture 36 (3):175-180. (Pubitemid 350041492)
107. Rana, D. S., Kapur, ML., Sodhi, J. S. and Sharma, K. N. 1984. Response of cotton to the application of fertilizer on cultivators fields. Journal of Research, PAU 21:163-166.
108. Rao, P. M. and Alapati, S. 2007. Bt cotton offers planting at higher planting densities in India. In: Proceedings WCRC, 10-14 September, 2007, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
109. Read, J. J., Reddy, K. R. and Jenkins, J. N. 2006. Yield and fiber quality of upland cotton as influenced by nitrogen and potassium nutrition European Journal of Agronomy 24:282-290. (Pubitemid 43247872)
110. Reddy, P. R. R. and Gopinath, M. 2008. Influence of fertilizer and plant geometry on the performance of Bt cotton hybrid. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 22:78-80.
111. Reddy, V. R., Baker, D. N. and Hodges, H. F. 1991. Temperature effects on cotton canopy growth, photosynthesis and respiration. Agronomy Journal 83:699-704.
112. Rekha, GO. 2007. A Comparative Assessment of morpho physiological characters and yield in Bt and Non-Bt cotton hybrids, Abstract Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20 (4):
113. Rochester, I. J. 2006. Effect of genotype, edaphic, environmental conditions and agronomic practices on Cry 1 Ac protein expression in transgenic cotton. Journal of Cotton Science 10:252-262. (Pubitemid 46117567)
114. Sachs, E. S., Benedict, J. H., Stelly, D. M., Taylor, J. F., Altman, D. W., Berberich, SA. and Davis, S. K. 1998. Expression and segregation of genes encoding Cry 1 A insecticidal proteins in cotton. Crop Science 38:1-11. (Pubitemid 28139682)
115. Sahai, S. and Rahman, S. 2003. Mahyco-Monsanto's Bt cotton fails to perform. Current Science 85:426-427.
116. Sankaranarayanan, K, Nalayini, P., Praharaj, C. S. and Dharajothi, B. 2004b. Effects of dates of sowing on the productivity of Bt cotton hybrid. In: International Symposium on Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production. A Global Vision. 23-25, November, 2004, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, pp. 103-104.
117. Sankarnarayanan, K, Nalayini, P. and Praharaj, C. S. 2004a. Agronomic requirements of Bt cotton hybrid in relation to plant density and fertilizer requirements. In: International Symposium on Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production-A Global Vision. 23-25, November, 2004, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. p. 248.
118. th Vasantrao Naik Memorial National Agriculture Seminar in "Livelihood Security through Rainwater Management. 22-23 January, 2008, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. p. 39.
119. Sankarnarayanan, K., Praharaj, C. S., Nalayini, P. and Dharajothi, B. 2004c. Studies on intercropping in Bt cotton hybrid. In: Abstracts, National Symposium on Changing World order Cotton Research, Development and Policy in Context: 10-12 August, 2004, ANGRAU, Hyderabad. p. 42.
120. Sehgal, J. L. 1991. Soil site suitability evaluation for cotton. Agropedology 1:49-63.
121. Sekhon, PS., Nehra, PL., Sarlach, R. S. and Cumber, R. K. 2008. High temperature at boll bursting stage - a threat to cotton cultivation in north India. Journal of Cotton Research and Development. 22:143-146.
122. Sepat, Seema and Ahlawat, I. PS. 2009. Phosphorus management in Bt cotton based intercropping system. Ph. D. Thesis, Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
123. Shekhawat, M. S. and Singh, H. G. 1985. Studies on stand geometry, intercropping and mulching of cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal 72:493-496.
124. Shinde, VS., Deshmukh, L. S., Shinde, S. A. and Zade, K. K. 2009. Influence of rainwater management through different agrotechniques on yield, yield attributing characters and economics of cotton. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 23 (1):51-55.
125. Showalter Ann, M., Heuberger Shannon, Tabashnik Bruce, E. and Carriere Yves. 2009. A primer for using transgenic insecticidal cotton in developing countries. Journal of Insect Science 6: (In Press).
126. Sikka, MA. and Dastur, R. H. 1960.Climate and Soils. In: Cotton in India - a monograph. Vol. 1, Indian Central Cotton Committee, Bombay, pp. 40-59.
127. Singh Kulvir, Jindal, V., Singh, V. and Rathore, P. 2007. Performance of Bt cotton hybrids under different geometrical arrangements. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 21:41-44.
128. Singh, J. and Kairon, M. S. 2001. Yield and nutrient content of cotton and sunflower as influenced by applied sulphur in irrigated inceptisol. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71:35-37. (Pubitemid 32103038)
129. Singh, J., Blaise, D., Rao, M. R. K., Mayee, CD. and Deshmukh, M. S. 2003. Assessment of agronomic efficiency of Bt cotton in rainfed Vertisols. Journal of Indian Society of Cotton Improvement pp. 185-190.
130. Singh, J., Monga, D. and Deshmukh, M. S. 2004. Effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of cotton-mustard cropping system. Journal of Cotton Research Development 18:172-174.
131. Singh, J., Raju, A. R., Bharambe, PR., Deshmukh, R. S. and Babar, Shilpa. 2008. Agronomic requirement for Bt hybrid cotton in different agro-eco regions. In: National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad.
132. Singh, Ramanjeet, Ahlawat, I. PS. and Gangaiah, B. 2009. Direct and residual effects of nitrogen management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 54 (4):401-408.
133. Sivanappan, R. K. 2004. Irrigation and rainwater management for improving water use efficiency and production in cotton crop. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Sustainable Cotton Production, 23-25 November, 2004, UAS, Dharwad.
134. Sree Rekha, M., Pradeep, T. and Sukumar, K. 2008. Performance of RCH-2 Bt cotton at different plant densities and scheduling of nitrogen under rainfed conditions. In: National Seminar on Second Green Revolution. 19-21 October, 2008, ARS, ANGRAU, Adilabad. pp. 162-163.
135. Sreenivasan, S. 2004. Quality scenario of Indian cotton and fibre requirements. In: National Symposium on Changing world order-cotton, Research & Development and policy in context. Cotton Research and Development Association, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, 10-12, August, 2004. pp. 138-142.
136. Sreenivasan, S. 2009. Technology Interventions in cotton for enhancing its diversified use. In: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Production, Processing and Utilisation of Natural Fibres. Book of papers, pp. 208-215.
137. Srinivasan, G 2006. Agronomic evaluation of Bt cotton hybrids in season irrigated trait of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 20:224-225.
138. Srinivasulu, K., Hena, K., Narayana, E., Prasad, N. V. V. S. D. and Rao, N. H. P 2006. Agronomic evaluation of Bt hybrid (NCS 207) in Vertisols of AP under rainfed condition. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 21:191-193.
139. Tharp, W. H. 1960. The Cotton Plant. Handbook 178, USDA, USA.
140. Thind, S. K. 2007. Advances in Cotton Physiology. pp. 316. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi 110 033.
141. Tian, X. L., He, Z. P and Wang, B. M. 2000. Boll development and yield components of Bt cotton CCRI30 influenced by flowering date. Acta Gossypii, Sinica 6:306-309.
142. TMC. 2008. Annual Report, 2007-08. Technology Mssion on Cotton, Mni Mssion I. Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 010.
143. Van Gessel, M. J. 2001.Glyphosate resistant horseweed from Delaware. Weed Science 49:703-705.
144. Venkateswarlu, J. 1980. Improved dryland farming system for India. The Andhra Agricultural Journal 27:133-148.
145. Venugopalan, M. V and Blaise, D. 2001. Effect of planting density and N levels on the productivity and N use efficiency of rainfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of Agronomy 46 (3):346-353.
146. Venugopalan, M. V. and Tarhalkar, P. P. 2003. Evaluation of organic recycling techniques in improving the productivity of rainfed cotton on marginal soils. Tropical Agriculture 80:163-167. (Pubitemid 39103624)
147. Venugopalan, M. V, Hebbar, K. B., Tiwary, P., Chatterji, S., Ramamurthy, V, Challa, O. and Sonune, BA. 2007. Productivity and nitrogen use efficiency parameters in cotton cultivars with varying N levels and soil types under rainfed conditions. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 55:383-391. (Pubitemid 47451212)
148. Vishwanath. 2007. Response of late sown Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to plant spacings, fertilizers levels and NAA applications under irrigation. Abstract Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20 (4):
149. Waddle, BA. 1984. Crop growing practices. In: Cotton: Monograph No. 24. Kohel, R. J. and Lewis, C. F. (Eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, pp. 234-263.
150. Wan, P., Zhang, Y, Wu, K. and Huang, M. 2005. Seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera for Bt cotton in the Yangtze river valley of China. Journal of Economic Entomology 98:195-201. (Pubitemid 40328482)
151. Yeledhalli, N. A., Prakash, S. S. and Ravi, M. V. 2008. Productive Potential of Soils of Tungabhadra Project Area for Bt Cotton. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 21 (1):35-37.
152. Zhang Zhiyong, Tian Xiaoli, Duan Liusheng, Wang Baomin, He Zhongpei and Li Zhaohu.2007. Differential responses of conventional and Bt-transgenic cotton to potassium deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30:659-670.
153. Zhang, Y. K. WU. and Guo, Y. 2001. On the spatio - temporal expression of the contents of Bt insecticidal protein and the resistance of Bt transgenic cotton to cotton bollworm. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica 28:1-6.
154. Zhao, H. Z., Liang, Z., Qi, H., Wang, Y., Liang, Z. J., Qi, H. L. and Wang, Y. X. 2002. Studies on the biological characteristic of Bt transgenic bollworm resistant cotton varieties. China Cottons 29 (10):10-11.
155. Zhao, K., Zhao, J., Fan, X., Rui, C. and Mei, X. 2000. Temporal and spatial dynamics of transgenic Bt cotton toxins to cotton bollworm in north China. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 8:49-52.