Prevalence of bleeding on probing: A cohort study in a specialist periodontal clinic

Quintessence International

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-68

  Farina, Roberto ^a   Scapoli, Chiara ^a   Carrieri, Alberto ^a   Guarnelli, Maria Elena ^a   Trombelli, Leonardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bleeding on probing; Gingival inflammation; Periodontal disease

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; DENTAL CLINIC; DIABETES MELLITUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; GINGIVITIS; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PATHOLOGY; PERIODONTAL POCKET; PERIODONTICS; PERIODONTITIS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; COHORT STUDIES; DENTAL CLINICS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; GINGIVITIS; HUMANS; ITALY; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERIODONTAL INDEX; PERIODONTAL POCKET; PERIODONTICS; PERIODONTITIS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SELECTION BIAS; SEX FACTORS; SMOKING; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79955698919     PISSN: 00336572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Cooper PG, Caton JG, Polson AM. Cell populations associated with gingival bleeding. J Periodontol 1983;54:497-502.
2. Thilo BE, Caton JG, Polson AM, Espeland MA. Cell populations associated with interdental gingival bleeding. J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:324-329.
3. Davenport RH Jr, Simpson DM, Hassell TM. Histometric comparison of active and inactive lesions of advanced periodontitis. J Periodontol 1982;53:285-295.
4. Loesche WJ, Grossman NS. Periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: Diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:727-752.
5. Greenstein G, Caton J, Polson AM. Histologic characteristics associated with bleeding after probing and visual signs of inflammation. J Periodontol 1981;52:420-425.
6. Mühlemann HR, Son S. Gingival sulcus bleeding-A leading symptom in initial gingivitis. Helv Odontol Acta 1971;15:107-113.
7. Lenox JA, Kopczyk RA. A clinical system for scoring a patient's oral hygiene performance. J Am Dent Assoc 1973;86:849-852.
8. Lang NP, Adler R, Joss A, Nyman S. Absence of bleeding on probing. An indicator of periodontal stability. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:714-721.
9. Newbrun E. Indices to measure gingival bleeding. J Periodontol 1996;67:555-561.
10. Joss A, Adler R, Lang NP. Bleeding on probing. A parameter for monitoring periodontal conditions in clinical practice. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:402-408.
11. Page RC, Krall EA, Martin J, Mancl L, Garcia RI. Validity and accuracy of a risk calculator in predicting periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133:569-576.
12. Lang NP, Tonetti MS. Periodontal risk assessment (PRA) for patients in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1:7-16.
13. Renvert S, Persson GR. Patient-based assessments of clinical periodontal conditions in relation to alveolar bone loss. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:208-213.
14. Trombelli L, Farina R, Ferrari S, Pasetti P, Calura G. Comparison between two methods for periodontal risk assessment. Minerva Stomatol 2009 (in press).
15. Greenwell H. Committee on research, science and therapy. American Academy of Periodontology. Position paper: Guidelines for periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2001;72:1624-1628.
16. Krebs KA, Clem DS 3rd. American Academy of Periodontology. A report from the American Academy of Periodontology. Guidelines for the management of patients with periodontal diseases. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006;27:654-658.
17. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 1965;36:177-187.
18. Tatakis DN, Trombelli L. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis. I. Background review and rationale. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:229-238.
19. Wiedemann W, Lahrsow J, Naujoks R. The effect of periodontal resistance on experimental gingivitis [in German]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1979;34:6-9.
20. Abbas F, Van der Velden U, Hart AA, Moorer WR, Vroom TM, Scholte G. Bleeding/plaque ratio and the development of gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:774-782.
21. Winkel EG, Abbas F, Van der Velden U, Vroom TM, Scholte G, Hart AA. Experimental gingivitis in relation to age in individuals not susceptible to periodontal destruction. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:499-507.
22. Müller HP, Heinecke A, Eger T. Site-specific association between supragingival plaque and bleeding upon probing in young adults. Clin Oral Investig 2000;4:212-218.
23. Müller HP, Stadermann S, Heinecke A. Bleeding on probing in smokers and nonsmokers in a steady state plaque environment. Clin Oral Investig 2001;5:177-184.
24. Trombelli L, Tatakis DN, Scapoli C, Bottega S, Orlandini E, Tosi M. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis. II. Identification of "high-responder" and "low-responder" subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:239-252.
25. Trombelli L, Scapoli C, Orlandini E, Tosi M, Bottega S, Tatakis DN. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis. III. Response of "high responders" and "low responders" to therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:253-259.
26. Trombelli L, Farina R, Manfrini R, Tatakis DN. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: Effect of incisor crown form. J Dent Res 2004;83:728-731.
27. Trombelli L, Scapoli C, Tatakis DN, Grassi L. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: Effects of personality traits, social support and stress. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:1143-1150.
28. Trombelli L, Scapoli C, Calura G, Tatakis DN. Time as a factor in the identification of subjects with different susceptibility to plaque-induced gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:324-328.
29. Trombelli L, Scapoli C, Tatakis DN, Minenna L. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: Response in aggressive periodontitis subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:79-85.
30. Trombelli L, Farina R, Minenna L, Carrieri A, Scapoli C, Tatakis DN. Experimental gingivitis: Reproducibility of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation parameters in selected populations during a repeat trial. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35:955-960.
31. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:1-6.
32. Albandar JM, Kingman A. Gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994. J Periodontol 1999;70:30-43.
33. Schätzle M, Löe H, Bürgin W, Anerud A, Boysen H, Lang NP. Clinical course of chronic periodontitis. I. Role of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:887-901.
34. Schätzle M, Löe H, Lang NP, Bürgin W, Anerud A, Boysen H. The clinical course of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1122-1127.
35. Armitage GC, Dickinson WR, Jenderseck RS, Levine SM, Chambers DW. Relationship between the percentage of subgingival spirochetes and the severity of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1982;53:550-556.
36. Albandar JM, Olsen I, Gjermo P. Associations between six DNA probe-detected periodontal bacteria and alveolar bone loss and other clinical signs of periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 1990;48:415-423.
37. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, Dibart S. Relation of counts of microbial species to clinical status at the sampled site. J Clin Periodontol 1991;18:766-775.
38. Dong YJ, Lee MM, Pai L, Peng TK. Relationship of gingival calculus and bleeding on probing in CPITN code 2 sextants. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994;22:294-297.
39. Demmer RT, Papapanou PN, Jacobs DR Jr, Desvarieux M. Bleeding on probing differentially relates to bacterial profiles: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35:479-486.
40. Müller HP. Multilevel modeling of gingival bleeding on probing in young adult carriers of non-JP2-like strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Clin Oral Investig 2008;13:195-199.
41. Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen M, Pedersen BK. Aging and proinflammatory cytokines. Curr Opin Hematol 2001;8:131-136.
42. Krabbe KS, Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H. Inflammatory mediators in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2004;39:687-699.
43. Holm-Pedersen P, Agerbaek N, Theilade E. Experimental gingivitis in young and elderly individuals. J Clin Periodontol 1975;2:14-24.
44. Fransson C, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. The effect of age on the development of gingivitis. Clinical, microbiological and histological findings. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23:379-385.
45. Van der Velden U. Location of probe tip in bleeding and non-bleeding pockets with minimal gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 1982;9:421-427.
46. Chaves ES, Wood RC, Jones AA, Newbold DA, Manwell MA, Kornman KS. Relationship of "bleeding on probing" and "gingival index bleeding" as clinical parameters of gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 1993;20:139-143.
47. Klein MI, Gonçalves RB. Detection of Tannerella forsythensis (Bacteroides forsythus) and porphyromonas gingivalis by polymerase chain reaction in subjects with different periodontal status. J Periodontol 2003;74:798-802.
48. Alves AC, Napimoga MH, Klein MI, Hofling JF, Gonçalves RB. Increase in probing depth is correlated with a higher number of Prevotella intermedia genotypes. J Periodontol 2006;77:61-66.
49. Haffajee AD, Teles RP, Patel MR, Song X, Veiga N, Socransky SS. Factors affecting human supragingival biofilm composition. I. Plaque mass. J Periodontal Res 2008;7.
50. Mineoka T, Awano S, Rikimaru T, et al. Site-specific development of periodontal disease is associated with increased levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque. J Periodontol 2008;79:670-676.
51. Petersilka GJ, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF. Antimicrobial effects of mechanical debridement. Periodontol 2000 2002;28:56-71.
52. Khader YS, Dauod AS, El-Qaderi SS, Alkafajei A, Batayha WQ. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2006;20:59-68.
53. Javed F, Näsström K, Benchimol D, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. Comparison of periodontal and socioeconomic status between subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls. J Periodontol 2007;78:2112-2119.
54. Lim LP, Tay FB, Sum CF, Thai AC. Relationship between markers of metabolic control and inflammation on severity of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:118-123.
55. Preber H, Bergström J. Cigarette smoking in patients referred for periodontal treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1986;94:102-108.
56. Bergström J, Preber H. The influence of cigarette smoking on the development of experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 1986;21:668-676.
57. Bergström J, Persson L, Preber H. Influence of cigarette smoking on vascular reaction during experimental gingivitis. Scand J Dent Res 1988;96:34-39.
58. Dietrich T, Bernimoulin JP, Glynn RJ. The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival bleeding. J Periodontol 2004;75:16-22.
59. Bergström J, Eliasson S, Dock J. A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. J Periodontol 2000;71:1338-1347.
60. van der Weijden GA, de Slegte C, Timmerman MF, van der Velden U. Periodontitis in smokers and nonsmokers:Intra-oral distribution of pockets. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:955-960.
61. Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993;64:16-23.
62. Müller HP, Stadermann S. Multivariate multilevel models for repeated measures in the study of smoking effects on the association between plaque and gingival bleeding. Clin Oral Investig 2006;10:311-316.
63. Spalj S, Plancak D. The distribution of periodontal disease and loss of attachment in jaw sextants in different age groups-cross-sectional study. Coll Antropol 2003;27(suppl)1:183-190.
64. Furuichi Y, Lindhe J, Ramberg P, Volpe AR. Patterns of de novo plaque formation in the human dentition. J Clin Periodontol 1992;19:423-433.
65. Haffajee AD, Teles RP, Patel MR, Song X, Yaskell T, Socransky SS. Factors affecting human supragingival biofilm composition. II. Tooth position. J Periodontal Res 2008;7.
66. Danielsen B, Manji F, Nagelkerke N, Fejerskov O, Baelum V. Transition dynamics in experimental gingivitis in humans. J Periodontal Res 1989;24:254-260.
67. Shapira L, Wilensky A, Kinane DF. Effect of genetic variability on the inflammatory response to periodontal infection. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32(suppl 6):72-86.
68. Müller HP, Barrieshi-Nusair KM. A combination of alleles 2 of interleukin (IL)-1A(-889) and IL-1B(+3954) is associated with lower gingival bleeding tendency in plaque-induced gingivitis in young adults of Arabic heritage. Clin Oral Investig 2007;11:297-302.
69. Sidi AD, Ashley FP. Influence of frequent sugar intakes on experimental gingivitis. J Periodontol 1984;55:419-423.
70. Leggott PJ, Robertson PB, Jacob RA, Zambon JJ, Walsh M, Armitage GC. Effects of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation on periodontal health and subgingival microflora in humans. J Dent Res 1991;70:1531-1536.
71. Stabholz A, Soskolne V, Machtei E, Or R, Soskolne WA. Effect of benign familial neutropenia on the periodontium of Yemenite Jews. J Periodontol 1990;61:51-54.
72. Deinzer R, Rüttermann S, Möbes O, Herforth A. Increase in gingival inflammation under academic stress. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:431-433.
73. Mombelli A, Gusberti FA, van Oosten MA, Lang NP. Gingival health and gingivitis development during puberty. A 4-year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 1989;16:451-456.
74. Holm-Pedersen P, Löe H. Flow of gingival exudate as related to menstruation and pregnancy. J Periodontal Res 1967;2:13-20.