Indices to measure gingival bleeding

Journal of Periodontology

Volumn 67, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 555-561

  Newbrun, Ernest ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bleeding index; Gingival hemorrhage; Gingival index; Gingivitis diagnosis; Periodontal diseases diagnosis; Periodontal pocket diagnosis; Smoking adverse effects

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; GINGIVA BLEEDING; GINGIVITIS; HUMAN; PERIODONTICS; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; PRESSURE; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SMOKING;

GINGIVAL HEMORRHAGE; GINGIVITIS; HUMANS; PERIODONTAL INDEX; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PRESSURE; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SMOKING;

EID: 0030160236     PISSN: 00223492     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.6.555     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Croxson L. Periodontal awareness: the key to periodontal health. Int Dent J 1993;43:167-177.
2. Buckley L. A comparison of the attitudes of dentists and the public to periodontal health. Int Dent J 1993;43:161-166.
3. Mühlemann H, Son S. Gingival sulcus bleeding - a leading symptom in initial gingivitis. Helv Odontol Acta 1971;15:107-113.
4. Greenstein G. The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. A literature review. J Periodontol 1984;55: 684-688.
5. Kopcyzk RA, Graham R, Abrams H, Kaplan A, Matheny J, Jasper SJ. The feasibility and reliability of using a home screening test to detect gingival inflammation. J Periodontol 1995;66:52-54.
6. Russell A. Systems of classification and scoring for prevalence surveys of periodontal disease. J Dent Res 1956;35:350-359.
7. Ramfjord S. Indices for the prevalence and incidence of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1959;30:51-59.
8. Schour I, Massler M. Gingival disease in postwar Italy (1945). I. Prevalence of gingivitis in various age groups. J Am Dent Assoc 1947;35:475-482.
9. Löe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 1963;21:533-551.
10. Mühlemann H, Mazor Z. Gingivitis in Zurich schoolchildren. Helv Odontol Acta 1958;2:3-12.
11. Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 1975;25:229-235.
12. Saxer U, Turconi B, Elsässer C. Patient motivation with the papillary bleeding index. J Prev Dent 1977;4:20-22.
13. Barnett M, Ciancio S, Mather M. The modified Papillary Bleeding Index: comparison with Gingival Index during the resolution of gingivitis. J Prev Dent 1980;6:135-138.
14. Nowicki D, Vogel R, Melcer S, Deasy M. The gingival bleeding time index. J Periodontol 1981;52:260-262.
15. Loesche W. Clinical and microbiological aspects of chemotherapeutic agents according to the specific plaque hypothesis. J Dent Res 1979;58:2404-2412.
16. Abrams K, Caton J, Polson A. Histologic comparisons of interproximal gingival tissues related to the presence or absence of bleeding. J Periodontol 1984;55:629-632.
17. Caton J, Polson A. The interdental bleeding index: a simplified procedure for monitoring gingival health. Compendium Continuing Educ Dent 1985;6:88-92.
18. Caton J, Bouwsma O, Polson A, Espeland M. Effects of personal oral hygiene and subgingival scaling on bleeding interdental gingiva. J Periodontol 1989;60:84-89.
19. Carter H, Barnes G. The gingival bleeding index. J Periodontol 1974;45:801-805.
20. Saxer U, Mühlemann H. Motivation und Aufklärung. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkunde 1975;85:905-919.
21. van der Velden U. Probing force and the relationship of the probe tip to the periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 1979;6:106-114.
22. Mombelli A, van Oosten MAC, Schürch E, Lang NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987;2:145-151.
23. Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G. Development of the World Oral Health Organization (WHO) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Int Dent J 1982;32:281-291.
24. Jacobsson L. Hur upptäcker man parodontit i tid? Tandlälartidningen 1979;71:1412-1421.
25. Ericsson L. Förenklad parodontal undersökning-vad missar man? Tandläkartidningen 1981;73:728-732.
26. Ericsson L. Paradontal epidemiologi på kliniknivå. Tandläkartidningen 1983;75:172-177.
27. Lennon MA, Tut T, Hull PS, Clerehugh V. The use of the CPITN to monitor the outcome of periodontal treatment in a dental hospital setting. Br Dent J 1992;172:374-377.
28. Pihlstrom B, Wolff L, Bakdash M, et al. Salt and peroxide compared with conventional oral hygiene. I. Clinical results. J Periodontol 1987;58:291-300.
29. Schlagenhauf U, Stellwag P, Fieder A. Subgingival irrigation in the maintenance phase of periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:650-653.
30. Haffajee A, Socransky S, Goodson J. Clinical parameters as predictors of destructive periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol 1983;10:257-265.
31. Badersten A, Nilvéus R, Egelberg J. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. VII. Bleeding, suppuration and probing depth in sites with probing attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol 1985;12:432-440.
32. Lang N, Joss A, Orsanic T, Gusberti F, Siegrist B. Bleeding on probing. A predictor for the progression of periodontal disease? J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:590-596.
33. Lang N, Adler R, Joss A, Nyman S. Absence of bleeding on probing. An indicator of periodontal stability. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:714-721.
34. Claffey N, Nylund K, Kiger R, Garrett S, Egelberg J. Diagnostic predictability of scores of plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing depth for attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:108-114.
35. Kaldahl W, Kalkwarf K, Patil K, Molvar M. Relationship of gingival bleeding, gingival suppuration, and supragingival plaque to attachment loss. J Periodontol 1990;61:347-351.
36. Lang N, Nyman S, Senn C. Joss A. Bleeding on probing as it relates to probing pressure and gingival health. J Clin Periodontol 1991;18: 257-261.
37. Ah M, Johnson G, Kaldahl W, Patil K, Kalkwarf K. The effect of smoking on periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:91-97.
38. Joss A, Adler R, Lang N. Bleeding on probing. A parameter for monitoring periodontal conditions in clinical practice. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:402-408.
39. van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Nijboer A, Reijerse E, van der Velden U. Comparison of different approaches to assess bleeding on probing as indicators of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21: 589-594.
40. van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Saxton CA, Russell JI, Huntington E, van der Velden U. Intra-/inter-examiner reproducibility study of gingival bleeding. J Periodont Res 1994;29:236-241.
41. Armitage G. Clinical evaluation of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1995;7:39-53.
42. Vanooteghem R, Hutchens L, Garrett S, Kiger R, Egelberg J. Bleeding on probing and probing depth as indicators of the response to plaque control and root debridement. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14: 226-230.
43. Abbas F, Nijboer A, Hart A, van der Velden U. The effect of mechanical oral hygiene procedures on bleeding on probing. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:199-203.
44. Chaves E, Wood R, Jones A, Newbold D, Manwell M, Kornman K. Relationship of "bleeding on probing" and "gingival index bleeding" as clinical parameters of gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 1993;20:139-143.
45. Perry D, Taggert E, Leung A, Newbrun E. Comparison of a conventional probe with electronic and manual pressure-regulated probes. J Periodontol 1994;65:908-913.
46. Hunter F. Periodontal probes and probing. Int Dent J 1994;44:577-583.
47. Preber H, Bergström J. Occurrence of gingival bleeding in smoker and non-smoker patients. Acta Odontol Scand 1985;43:315-320.
48. Bleiden T, Caton J, Proskin H, Stein S, Wagener C. Examiner reliability for an invasive gingival bleeding index. J Clin Periodontol 1992;19:262-267.
49. Feldman R, Douglass C, Loftus E, Kapur K, Chauncey H. Interexaminer agreement in the measurement of periodontal disease. J Periodont Res 1982;17:80-89.
50. Janssen P, van Palenstein Helderman W. Analysis of successive bleeding scores in the individual patient. J Dent Res 1985;64(Spec. Issue):262(Abstr. 785).
51. Bergström J, Floderus-Myrhed B. Co-twin control study of the relationship between smoking and some periodontal disease factors. Community Dent Oral Epidermiol 1983;11:113-116.
52. Ismail A, Burt B, Edlund S. Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 1983;106: 617-621.
53. Haber J. Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis. In: Williams R, Yukna R, Newman M, ed. Current Opinion in Periodontology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Current Science; 1994;12-18.
54. Grossi S, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, et al. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol 1994;65:260-267.
55. Bergström J, Preber H. The influence of cigarette smoking on the development of experimental gingivitis. J Periodont Res 1986;21: 668-676.
56. Goultschin J, Sgan Cohen HD, Donchin M, Brayer L, Soskolne W. Association of smoking with periodontal treatment needs. J Periodontol 1990;61:364-367.
57. Danielsen B, Manji F, Fejerskov O, Baelum V. Effect of cigarette smoking on the transition dynamics in experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:159-164.
58. Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent R. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993;64:16-23.
59. Fung C, Corbet E. Gingival bleeding response in smokers and non-smokers. J Dent Res 1995;74(Spec. Issue):468(Abstr. 541).
60. Egelberg J. Periodontics: The Scientific Way., 2nd ed. Malmö: OdontoScience; 1995:353-366.
61. Clarke N, Carey S. Etiology of chronic periodontal disease: an alternative perspective. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;110:689-691.
62. Baab D, Öberg P. The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival blood flow in humans. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:418-424.
63. Armitage G, Jeffcoat M, Chadwick D, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of elastase as a marker for the progression of periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994;65:120-128.
64. Clerehugh V, Worthington HV, Lennon MA, Chandler R. Site progression of loss of attachment over 5 years in 14- to 19-year-old adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 1995;22:15-21.
65. Schlagenhauf U, Riehle C, Löst C. Therapeutische Relevanz des Diagnostikums Reizblutung. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1994;49:329-331.