Challenges of conducting a trial of uric-acid-lowering therapy in CKD

Nature Reviews Nephrology

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 295-300

  Badve, Sunil V ^a   Brown, Fiona ^a   Hawley, Carmel M ^a   Johnson, David W ^a   Kanellis, John ^a   Rangan, Gopala K ^a   Perkovic, Vlado ^a  

^a PRINCESS ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CREATININE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FEBUXOSTAT; OXIPURINOL; PLACEBO; URIC ACID;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; APLASTIC ANEMIA; CHRONIC ALLOGRAFT NEPHROPATHY; CHRONIC GRAFT REJECTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GOUT; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SELECTION; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; PUBLIC HEALTH; RENAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAMPLE SIZE; STUDY DESIGN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL;

ALLOPURINOL; GOUT SUPPRESSANTS; HUMANS; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS; URIC ACID;

EID: 79955640282     PISSN: 17595061     EISSN: 1759507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.186     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Coresh, J. et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298, 2038-2047 (2007). (Pubitemid 350074801)
2. Chadban, S. J. et al. Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults: the AusDiab kidney study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14 (Suppl. 2), 131-138 (2003).
3. Go, A. S., Chertow, G. M., Fan, D., McCulloch, C. E. & Hsu, C. Y. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1296-1305 (2004).
4. Anavekar, N. S. et al. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1285-1295 (2004). (Pubitemid 39258422)
5. Matsushita, K. et al. Change in estimated GFR associates with coronary heart disease and mortality. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 2617-2624 (2009).
6. Jafar, T. H. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann. Intern. Med. 135, 73-87 (2001). (Pubitemid 32661190)
7. Strippoli, G. F., Bonifati, C., Craig, M., Navaneethan, S. D. & Craig, J. C. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006257 (2006). (Pubitemid 46841144)
8. Brenner, B. M. et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 861-869 (2001).
9. Lewis, E. J. et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 851-860 (2001).
10. Perkovic, V. et al. Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events, and the effects of perindopril-based blood pressure lowering: data from the PROGRESS study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18, 2766-2772 (2007). (Pubitemid 47531204)
11. Dawson, J., Quinn, T. & Walters, M. Uric acid reduction: a new paradigm in the management of cardiovascular risk? Curr. Med. Chem. 14, 1879-1886 (2007). (Pubitemid 47163405)
12. Feig, D. I., Kang, D. H. & Johnson, R. J. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1811-1821 (2008).
13. Domrongkitchaiporn, S. et al. Risk factors for development of decreased kidney function in a southeast Asian population: a 12-year cohort study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 791-799 (2005). (Pubitemid 41725116)
14. Hsu, C. Y., Iribarren, C., McCulloch, C. E., Darbinian, J. & Go, A. S. Risk factors for end-stage renal disease: 25-year follow-up. Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 342-350 (2009).
15. Iseki, K. et al. Significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for developing ESRD in a screened cohort. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 44, 642-650 (2004). (Pubitemid 39237608)
16. Obermayr, R. P. et al. Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 2407-2413 (2008).
17. Weiner, D. E. et al. Uric acid and incident kidney disease in the community. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 1204-1211 (2008).
18. Chonchol, M. et al. Relationship of uric acid with progression of kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 50, 239-247 (2007). (Pubitemid 47095076)
19. Rosolowsky, E. T. et al. High-normal serum uric acid is associated with impaired glomerular filtration rate in nonproteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 706-713 (2008).
20. Sturm, G., Kollerits, B., Neyer, U., Ritz, E. & Kronenberg, F. Uric acid as a risk factor for progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease? The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. Exp. Gerontol. 43, 347-352 (2008).
21. Syrjänen, J., Mustonen, J. & Pasternack, A. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperuricemia are risk factors for progression of IgA nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15, 34-42 (2000). (Pubitemid 30037928)
22. Myllymäki, J. et al. Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 89-95 (2005). (Pubitemid 40207612)
23. Tang, Z., Cheng, L. T., Li, H. Y. & Wang, T. Serum uric acid and endothelial dysfunction in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 29, 368-373 (2009).
24. Park, J. T. et al. Uric acid is associated with the rate of residual renal function decline in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 3520-3525 (2009).
25. Madero, M. et al. Uric acid and long-term outcomes in CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 53, 796-803 (2009).
26. Suliman, M. E. et al. J-shaped mortality relationship for uric acid in CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 48, 761-771 (2006). (Pubitemid 44740052)
27. Lee, S. M. et al. Low serum uric acid level is a risk factor for death in incident hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 29, 79-85 (2009).
28. Navaneethan, S. D. & Beddhu, S. Associations of serum uric acid with cardiovascular events and mortality in moderate chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 1260-1266 (2009).
29. Armstrong, K. A., Johnson, D. W., Campbell, S. B., Isbel, N. M. & Hawley, C. M. Does uric acid have a pathogenetic role in graft dysfunction and hypertension in renal transplant recipients? Transplantation 80, 1565-1571 (2005). (Pubitemid 43005867)
30. Haririan, A. et al. The independent association between serum uric acid and graft outcomes after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 89, 573-579 (2010).
31. Akalin, E., Ganeshan, S. V., Winston, J. & Muntner, P. Hyperuricemia is associated with the development of the composite outcomes of new cardiovascular events and chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplantation 86, 652-658 (2008).
32. Doehner, W. et al. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation 105, 2619-2624 (2002). (Pubitemid 34596038)
33. Guthikonda, S., Sinkey, C., Barenz, T. & Haynes, W. G. Xanthine oxidase inhibition reverses endothelial dysfunction in heavy smokers. Circulation 107, 416-421 (2003). (Pubitemid 36158043)
34. Feig, D. I., Soletsky, B. & Johnson, R. J. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA 300, 924-932 (2008).
35. Shelmadine, B., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Beavers, D. & Hartman, J. The effects of lowering uric acid levels using allopurinol on markers of metabolic syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients: a pilot study. Anadolu. Kardiyol. Derg. 9, 385-389 (2009).
36. Neal, D. A., Tom, B. D., Gimson, A. E., Gibbs, P. & Alexander, G. J. Hyperuricemia, gout, and renal function after liver transplantation. Transplantation 72, 1689-1691 (2001). (Pubitemid 33096748)
37. Siu, Y. P., Leung, K. T., Tong, M. K. & Kwan, T. H. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 47, 51-59 (2006). (Pubitemid 41828266)
38. Goicoechea, M. et al. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 1388-1393 (2010).
39. Kao, M. P., Ang, D. S. & Struthers, A. D. Allopurinol reduces both left ventricular hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease. Presented at the XLVII ERA-EDTA Congress, Munich, Germany (2010).
40. Sanchez-Lozada, L. G. et al. Effect of febuxostat on the progression of renal disease in 5/6 nephrectomy rats with and without hyperuricemia. Nephron Physiol. 108, 69-78 (2008).