A "curious and sometimes a trifle macabre artistry": Some aspects of symbolism in Neolithic Turkey

Current Anthropology

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 235-263

  Hodder, Ian ^a   Meskell, Lynn ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955457126     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/659250     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Aldenderfer, M. 2009. Editorial: the continuing conversation about the origins of agriculture. Current Anthropology 50(5):585. [KK]
2. Andrews, P., T. Molleson, and B. Boz. 2005. The human burials at Çatalhöyük. In Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 261-278. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
3. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. 2007. Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.
4. Bailey, D. W. 2005. Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic. London: Routledge.
5. Baird, D. 2007. Pi{dotless}narbaşi{dotless}: from Epipalaeolithic camp site to sedentarising village in central Anatolia. In The Neolithic in Turkey: new excavations and new discoveries. M. Özdoǧan and N. Başgelen, eds. Pp. 285-311. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}.
6. Bar-Yosef, O. 1981. The "Pre-Pottery Neolithic" period in the southern Levant. In Préhistoire du Levant. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville, eds. Pp. 551-570. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
7. Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. Early Egypt and the agricultural dispersals. In Magic practices and ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. H.-G. K. Gebel, B. D. Hermansen, and C. Hoffmann Jensen, eds. Pp. 49-65. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
8. Bataille, G. 1986. Eroticism, death and sexuality. San Francisco: City Lights.
9. Belfer-Cohen, A., and A. N. Goring-Morris. 2002. Recent developments in Near Eastern Neolithic research. Paléorient 28:143-148. [B-C/G-M]
10. Belfer-Cohen, A., and A. N. Goring-Morris. 2005. Which way to look? conceptual frameworks for understanding Neolithic processes. In "Dialogue on the Early Neolithic origin of ritual centres. " Neo-Lithics 2/05:22-24. [B-C/G-M]
11. Bloch, M. 1992. Prey into hunter: the politics of religious experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Bloch, M. 2010. Is there religion at Çatalhöyük... or are there just houses? In Religion in the emergence of civilization: Çatalhöyük as a case study. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 146-162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Bonogofsky, M. 2005. A bioarchaeological study of plastered skulls from Anatolia: new discoveries and interpretations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15:124-135.
14. Bonogofsky, M. ed. 2006. Skull collection, modification and decoration. BAR International Series 1539. Oxford: Archaeopress. [B-C/G-M]
15. Byrd, B. 2000. Households in transition: Neolithic social organization within southwest Asia. In Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. I. Kuijt, ed. Pp. 63-98. New York: Kluwer Academic.
16. Carter, T., J. Conolly, and A. Spasojević. 2005. The chipped stone. In Changing materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 221-283, 467-533. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
17. Cauvin, J. 1994. Naissance des divinités, naissance de l'agriculture. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
18. Cauvin, J. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Çelik, B. 2000. An early Neolithic settlement: Karahan Tepe. Neo-Lithics 2-3/00:6-8.
20. Çelik, B. 2004. A new early Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey: Hamzan Tepe. Neo-Lithics 2/04:3-5. [B-C/G-M]
21. Çelik, B. 2006. Sefer Tepe: a new Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. Neo-Lithics 1/06:23-25. [B-C/G-M]
22. Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in archaeology: people, places, and broken objects in the prehistory of south-eastern Europe. London: Routledge.
23. Clark, G. 1977. World prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Clottes, J. 2008. Cave art. New York: Phaidon.
25. Daems, A., and K. Croucher. 2007. Artificial cranial modification in prehistoric Iran: evidence from crania and figurines. Iranica Antiqua XLII:1-21.
26. Düring, B. S. 2006. Constructing communities: clustered neighbourhood settlements of the central Anatolian Neolithic, ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
27. Erim-Özdoǧan, A. 2007. Çayönü. In Anadolu'da Uygarli{dotless}ǧi{dotless}n Doǧuşu ve Avrupa'ya Yayi{dotless}li{dotless}mi{dotless}: Türkiye'de Neolitik Dönem: Yeni Kazi{dotless}lar, Yeni Bulgular. M. Özdoǧan and N. Başgelen, eds. Pp. 57-97. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}. [MO]
28. Esin, U., and S. Harmankaya. 1999. Asikli. In The Neolithic in Turkey: new excavations and new discoveries. M. Özdoǧan and N. Başgelen, eds. Pp. 115-131. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}. [B-C/GM]
29. Flannery, K. V., and J. Marcus. 1983. The cloud people. New York: Academic Press.
30. Fletcher, A., J. Pearson, and J. Ambers. 2008. The manipulation of social and physical identity in the Pre-PotteryNeolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18:309-325.
31. Frazer, J. G. 1922. The golden bough: a study in magic and religion. New York: Macmillan.
32. Fuller, D. Q., R. G. Allaby, and C. Stevens. 2010. Domestication as innovation: the entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops. World Archaeology 42(1):13-28.
33. Garrod, D. A. E. 1957. The Natufian culture: the life and economy of a Mesolithic people in the Near East. Proceedings of the British Academy 43:211-222.
34. Gérard, F., and L. Thissen. 2002. The Neolithic of central Anatolia: internal developments and external relations during the 9th-6th millennia cal BC. In Proceedings of the International CANeWRound Table, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. F. Gérard and L. Thissen, eds. Pp. 181-192. Istanbul: Ege Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}.
35. Gimbutas, M. 1982. The goddesses and gods of old Europe. Rev. edition. London: Thames & Hudson.
36. Gimbutas, M. 1989. The language of the goddess: unearthing hidden symbols of Western civilisation. London: Thames & Hudson.
37. Girard, R. 1977. Violence and the sacred. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
38. Gopher, A. 1994. Arrowheads of the Neolithic Levant. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
39. Goring-Morris, A. N., H. Ashkenazi, O. Barzilai, M. Birkenfeld, V. Eshed, Y. Goren, L. K. Horwitz, M. Oron, and J. Williams. 2008. The 2007-8 excavation seasons at Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Kfar HaHoresh, Israel. Antiquity 82(318), http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/goringmorris/index.html.
40. Goring-Morris, A. N., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 2001. The symbolic realms of utilitarian material culture: the role of lithics. In Beyond tools. I. Caneva, C. Lemorini, D. Ampetti, and P. Biagi, eds. Pp. 257-271. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
41. Goring-Morris, A. N., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 2002. Symbolic behaviour from the Epipalaeolithic and Early Neolithic of the Near East: preliminary observations on continuity and change. In Magic practices and ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. H.-G. K. Gebel, B. D. Hermansen, and C. Hoffmann Jensen, eds. Pp. 67-79. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
42. Goring-Morris, A. N., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 2008. A roof over one's head: developments in Near Eastern residential architecture across the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition. In The Neolithic demographic transition and its consequences. J.-P. Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef, eds. Pp. 239-286. New York: Springer. [B-C/G-M]
43. Goring-Morris, A. N., and L. K. Horwitz. 2007. Funerals and feasts during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Near East. Antiquity 81:902-919.
44. Grosman, L., N. D. Munro, and A. Belfer-Cohen. 2008. A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105:17665-17669.
45. Hamilton, N. 1996. Figurines, clay balls, small finds and burials. In On the surface: Çatalhöyük 1993-1995. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 215-263. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
46. Hansen, S. 2007. Bilder vom Menschen der Steinzeit. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
47. Hauptmann, H. 2007. Nevali{dotless} Çori. In Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. Pp. 86-93. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.
48. Hauptmann, H., and K. Schmidt. 2007. Anatolien vor 12 000 Jahren: die Skulpturen des Frühneolithikums. In Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. Pp. 67-82. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.
49. Henry, D. 1989. From foraging to agriculture: the Levant at the end of the Ice Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
50. Hodder, I., ed. 1987. Archaeology as long-term history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Hodder, I., ed. 1990. The domestication of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
52. Hodder, I., ed. 1996. On the surface: Çatalhöyük 1993-1995. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
53. Hodder, I., ed. 2000. Towards reflexive method in Archaeology: the example at Çatalhöyük. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
54. Hodder, I., ed. 2005a. Çatalhöyük perspectives: themes from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
55. Hodder, I., ed. 2005b. Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
56. Hodder, I., ed. 2006a. Çatalhöyük: the leopard's tale: revealing the mysteries of Turkey's ancient "town." London: Thames & Hudson.
57. Hodder, I., ed. 2006b. Changing materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
58. Hodder, I., ed. 2006c. The leopard's tale: revealing the mysteries of Çatalhöyük. London: Thames & Hudson.
59. Hodder, I., ed. 2007a. Çatalhöyük in the context of the Middle East Neolithic. Annual Review of Anthropology 36:105-120.
60. Hodder, I., ed. 2007b. Excavating Çatalhöyük: south, north and KOPAL area reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
61. Hodder, I., ed. 2009. An archaeological response. Paléorient 35(1):109-111.
62. Hodder, I., ed. 2010. Religion in the emergence of civilization: Çatalhöyük as a case study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Hodder, I., and L. Meskell. 2010. The symbolism of Çatalhöyük in its regional context. In Religion in the emergence of civilization: Çatalhöyük as a case study. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 32-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Hodder, I., and P. Pels. 2010. History houses: a new interpretation of architectural elaboration at Çatalhöyük. In Religion in the emergence of civilization: Çatalhöyük as a case study. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 163-186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Hutton, R. 1997. The Neolithic great goddess: a study in modern tradition. Antiquity 71:91-99.
66. Karul, N., A. Ayhan, and M. Özdoǧan. 2002. Mezraa-Teleilat 2000. In Salvage project of the archaeological heritage of the Ili{dotless}su and Carchemish Dam reservoirs: activities in 2000. N. Tuna and J. Velibeyoǧlu, eds. Pp. 101-148. Ankara: Middle East Technical University, Centre for Research and Assessment of the Historic Environment (TAÇDAM). [MO]
67. Kemp, B. J. 2000. The colossi from the early shrine at Coptos in Egypt. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20:211-242.
68. Knapp, A. B., ed. 1992. Archaeology, annales, and ethnohistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Knappett, Carl. 2005. Thinking through material culture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [KK]
70. Kozlowski, S. K. 1992. Nemrik 9: Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Iraq 2. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
71. Kozlowski, S. K. 2002. Nemrik 9: an Aceramic village in northern Iraq. Warsaw: University of Warsaw Institute of Archaeology.
72. Kuijt, I. 2008. The regeneration of life: Neolithic structures of symbolic remembering and forgetting. Current Anthropology 49(2):171-197.
73. Kuijt, I., and M. Chesson. 2005. Lumps of clay, pieces of stone: ambiguity, bodies and identity as portrayed in Neolithic figurines. In Archaeologies of the Middle East: critical perspectives. S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck, eds. Pp. 152-183. Oxford: Blackwell.
74. Lévi-Strauss, C. 1963. Totemism. R. Needham, trans. Boston: Beacon. [EBB]
75. Lewis-Williams, D. 2004. Constructing a cosmos: architecture, power and domestication at Çatalhöyük. Journal of Social Archaeology 4:28-59.
76. Lohman, R. 2005. The afterlife of Asabano corpses: relationships with the deceased in Papua New Guinea. Ethnology 44(2):189-206. [EBB]
77. Mellaart, J. 1966. Excavations at Catal Hüyük, 1965: fourth preliminary report. Anatolian Studies 16:165-191.
78. Mellaart, J. 1967. Çatal Hüyük: a Neolithic town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson.
79. Meskell, L. M. 1995. Goddesses, Gimbutas and New Age archaeology. Antiquity 69:74-86.
80. Meskell, L. M. 2007. Refiguring the corpus at Çatalhöyük. In Material beginnings: a global prehistory of figurative representation. A. C. Renfrew and I. Morley, eds. Pp. 137-149. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
81. Meskell, L. M. 2008. The nature of the beast: curating animals and ancestors at Çatalhöyük. World Archaeology 40:373-389.
82. Meskell, L. M., and C. Nakamura. 2005. Çatalhöyük figurines: archive report on the Çatalhöyük season 2005. http://www.catalhoyuk.com.
83. Meskell, L. M., C. Nakamura, R. King, and S. Farid. 2008. Figured lifeworlds and depositional practices at Çatalhöyük. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 182(2):139-161.
84. Mithen, S. 2004. After the ice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85. Mithen, S., B. Finlayson, and R. Shaffrey. 2005. Sexual symbolism in the Early Neolithic of the southern Levant: pestles and mortars from WF16. Documenta Praehistorica XXXII:103-110.
86. Molleson, T., P. Andrews, and B. Boz. 2005. Reconstruction of the Neolithic people of Çatalhöyük. In Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 279-300. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
87. Morsch, M. G. F. 2002. Magic figurines? some remarks about the clay objects of Nevali{dotless} Çori. In Magic practices and ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. H.-G. K. Gebel, B. D. Hermansen, and C. Hoffmann Jensen, eds. Pp. 145-162. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
88. Nakamura, C., and L. M. Meskell. 2006. Çatalhöyük figurines: archive report on the Çatalhöyük season 2006. http://www.catalhoyuk.com.
89. Nakamura, C., and L. M. Meskell. 2009. Articulate bodies: forms and figures at Çatalhöyük. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16:205-230.
90. Nanoglou, S. 2006. Regional perspectives on the Neolithic anthropomorphic imagery of northern Greece. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19:155-176.
91. Nanoglou, S. 2008. Building biographies and households: aspects of community life in Neolithic northern Greece. Journal of Social Archaeology 8:139-160.
92. Nergis, S. 2008. Yakin Dogu Neolitikinde Phallus Sembolü Sorunu (The problems concerning the phallic symbols in the Neolithic of the Near East). PhD dissertation, Prehistory Section, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University.
93. Noy, T. 1991. Art and decoration of the Natufian at Nahal Oren. In The Natufian culture in the Levant. O. Bar-Yosef and F. R. Valla, eds. Pp. 557-568. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.
94. Özdoǧan, M. 2001. The Neolithic deity: male or female. In Lux Orientis, Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann. R. M. Boehmer and J. Maran, eds. Pp. 313-318. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.
95. Özdoǧan, M. 2002. Defining the Neolithic of central Anatolia. In Proceedings of the International CANeW Round Table, Istanbul, 23-24 November 2001. F. Gérard and L. Thissen, eds. Pp. 253-261. Istanbul: Ege Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}.
96. Özdoǧan, M. 2003. A group of Neolithic stone figurines from Mezraa-Teleilat. In From village to cities: early villages in the Near East. M. Özdoǧan, H. Hauptmann, and N. Başgelen, eds. Pp. 511-523. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}.
97. Özdoǧan, M. 2007. Von Zentralanatolien nach Europa: die Ausbreitung der neolithischen Lebensweise. In Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. Pp. 150-160. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum. [MO]
98. Özdoǧan, M., and N. Başgelen, eds. 1999. The Neolithic in Turkey: new excavations and new discoveries. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}.
99. Özkaya, V., and O. San. 2007. Körtik Tepe: Bulgular Işi{dotless}ǧi{dotless}nda Kültürel Doku Üzerine İlk Gözlemler. In Anadolu'da Uygarli{dotless}ǧi{dotless}n Doǧuşu ve Avrupa'ya Yayi{dotless}li{dotless}mi{dotless}. Türkiye'de Neolitik Dönem: Yeni Kazi{dotless}lar, Yeni Bulgular. M. Özdoǧan and N. Başgelen, eds. Pp. 21-36. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}. [MO]
100. Peters, J., D. Helmer, M. Saña Segui, and A. Von Den Driesch. 1999. Early animal husbandry in the northern Levant. Paleorient 25:27-48.
101. Peters, J., and K. Schmidt. 2004. Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica 39:179-218. [EBB, B-C/GM]
102. Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Rollefson, G. O. 2008. Charming lives: human and animal figurines in the Late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic periods in the greater Levant and eastern Anatolia. In The Neolithic demographic transition and its consequences. J.-P. Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef, eds. Pp. 387-416. New York: Springer.
104. Rosenberg, M. 2007. Hallan Çemi. In Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. Pp. 54-57. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.
105. Rosenberg, M., and R. W. Redding. 2000. Hallan Çemi and early village organization in eastern Anatolia. In Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. I. Kuijt, ed. Pp. 39-61. New York: Kluwer.
106. Rudebeck, E. 2000. Tilling nature, harvesting culture. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia 32. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.
107. Russell, N., and L. Martin. 2005. The Çatalhöyük mammal remains. In Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 33-98. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
108. Russell, N., L. Martin, and H. Buitenhuis. 2005. Cattle domestication at Çatalhöyük revisited. Current Anthropology 46(suppl.):S101-S108.
109. Russell, N., and K. J. McGowan. 2003. Dance of the cranes: crane symbolism at Çatalhöyük and beyond. Antiquity 77:445-455.
110. Russell, N., and S. Meece. 2006. Animal representations and animal remains at Çatalhöyük. In Çatalhöyük perspectives: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder, eds. Pp. 209-230. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
111. Schmidt, K. 2005. "Ritual centers" and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. Neo-Lithics 2/05:13-21. [B-C/G-M]
112. Schmidt, K. 2006. Sie bauten den ersten Tempel: das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger. Munich: C. H. Beck.
113. Schmidt, K. 2007. Göbekli Tepe. In Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien: die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, ed. Pp. 74-75. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.
114. Sherratt, A. 1995. Reviving the grand narrative: archaeology and longterm change. Journal of European Archaeology 3:1-32.
115. Simmons, T., and D. Nadel. 1998. The avifauna of the early Epipalaeolithic site of Ohalo II (19-400 years BP), Israel: species diversity, habitat and seasonality. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8:79-96.
116. Solecki, R. L., and T. H. McGovern. 1980. Predatory birds and prehistoric man. In Theory and practice: essays presented to GeneWeltfish. S. Diamond, ed. Pp. 79-95. The Hague: Mouton.
117. Stevanovic, M., and R. Tringham. 1998. The BACH 1 area: Çatalhöyük archive report 1998. http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/Archive_rep98/stevanovic98.html.
118. Stordeur, D. 2000. New discoveries in architecture and symbolism at Jerf el Ahmar (Syria), 1997-1999. Neo-Lithics 1/00:1-4.
119. Stordeur, D., M. Benet, G. der Aprahamian, and J.-C. Roux. 2000. Les bâtiments communautaires de Jerf el Ahmar et Mureybet PPNA (Syrie). Paléorient 26:29-44.
120. Talalay, L. 2004. Heady business: skulls, heads and decapitation in Neolithic Anatolia and Greece. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17:139-163.
121. Testart, A. 2006. Interprétation symbolique et interpretation religieuse en archéologie: l'exemple du taureau à Çatal Höyük. Paléorient 32(2):23-57. [EBB]
122. Testart, A. 2008. Des crânes et des vautours ou la guerre oubliée. Paléorient 34(1):33-58.
123. Twiss, K. 2008. Transformations in an early agricultural society: feasting in the southern Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(4):418-442. [EBB]
124. Twiss, K. C., A. Bogaard, D. Bogdan, T. Carter, M. P. Charles, S. Farid, N. Russell, M. Stevanović, E. N. Yalman, and L. Yeomans. 2008. Arson or accident? the burning of a Neolithic house at Çatalhöyük. Journal of Field Archaeology 33:41-57.
125. Twiss, K. C., and N. Russell. 2009. Taking the bull by the horns: ideology, masculinity, and cattle horns at Çatalhöyük (Turkey). Paléorient 35(2):19-32.
126. Verhoeven, M. 2002. Ritual and ideology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Levant and southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12:233-258.
127. von Gernet, A., and P. Timmins. 1987. Pipes and parakeets: constructing meaning in an early Iroquoian context. In Archaeology as long-term history. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 31-42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
128. Weinstein-Evron, M., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 1993. Natufian figurines from the new excavations of the el-Wad Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Rock Art Research 10:102-106.
129. Yartah, T. 2005. Les bâtiments communautaires de Tell 'Abr 3 (PPNA, Syrie). Neo-Lithics 1/05:3-9.
130. Zeder, M. A. 2009. The Neolithic macro-(r)evolution: macroevolutionary theory and the study of culture change. Journal of Archaeological Research 17:1-63.