Ritual and ideology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Levant and Southeast Anatolia

Cambridge Archaeological Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 233-258

  Verhoeven, Marc ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038200359     PISSN: 09597743     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0959774302000124     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Alexander, B.C.,1997. Ritual and current studies of ritual: overview, in Anthropology of Religion: a Handbook, ed. S.D. Glazier. Westport/London: Praeger, 139-60.
2. Arensburg, B. and I. Hershkovitz, 1988. Nahal Hemar cave: Neolithic human remains. Atiqot 18, 50-58.
3. Arsebük, G., M.J. Mellink and W. Schirmer (eds.),1998. Light on Top of the Black Hill: Studies Presented to Halet Çambel. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari.
4. Bailey, D., 1996. The interpretation of figurines: the emergence of illusion and new ways of seeing. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(2), 291-5.
5. Bar-Yosef, O.,1997. Symbolic expressions in later prehistory of the Levant: why are they so few?, in Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol, eds. M. Conkey, O. Soffer, D. Stratmann and N.G. Jablonski. San Francisco (CA): University of California Press, 161-87.
6. Beile-Bohn, M., C. Gerber, M. Morsch and K. Schmidt,1998. Neolitische Forschungen in Obermesopotamien: Gürcütepe und Göbekli Tepe. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 48, 5-78.
7. Bell, C., 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Bell, C.,1997. Ritual: Pespectives and Dimensions. New York (NY) and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Bienert, H.D., 1989. Die älteste Schildkröten-Darstellung: 9000 Jahre alt. Salamandra 25, 112-14.
10. Bienert, H.D., 1991. Skull cult in the prehistoric Near East. Journal of Prehistoric Religion 5, 9-23.
11. Bienert, H.D., 1995. The human image in the Natufian and Aceramic Neolithic period of the Middle East, in Ritual, Rites and Religion in Prehistory: IIIrd Deya International Conference of Prehistory, eds. W.H. Waldren, J.A. Ensenyat and R.C. Kennard. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 611 (i, ii).) Oxford: BAR, 75-103.
12. Bienert, H.D., in press. Kult und Religion in prähistorischer Zeit: Eine Studie anhand von Fundmaterial epipaläolitischer und frühneolitischer Gesellschaften/ Kulturen Südwestasiens (12.-6. Jt. v. u. Z.). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
13. Bienert, H.D. and B. Müller-Neuhof, 2000. Im Schutz der Ahnen? Bestattungssitten im präkeramischen Neolithikum jordaniens. Damaszener Mitteilungen 12, 17-29.
14. Bloch, M., 1989. Ritual, History and Power: Selected Papers in Anthropology. London: Athlone Press.
15. Broman Morales, V., 1990. Figurines and other Clay Objects from Sarab and Çayönü. (Communications 25.) Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute.
16. Brück, J., 1999. Ritual and rationality: some problems of interpretation in European archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology 2/3, 313-44.
17. Byrd, B.F., 1994. Public and private, domestic and corporate: the emergence of the southwest Asian village. American Antiquity 59(4), 639-66.
18. Caille, B. and I. Sauvage (eds.), 1999. 'La mort n'en saura rien': Reliques d'Europe et d'Océanie. Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux.
19. Cauvin, J., 1972. Religions néolithiques de Syro-Palestine. Paris: Libraire d'Amérique et d'Orient, Jean Maisonneuve.
20. Cauvin, J., 2000. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. [Translated from the French by T. Watkins, originally published in 1994 as Naissance des divinités, naissance de l'agriculture. La révolution des symboles au Néolithique. Paris: CNRS.].
22. Çelik, B., 2000a. An Early Neolithic settlement in the center of Sanliurfa, Turkey. Neo-Lithics 2-3/00, 4-6.
23. Çelik, B., 2000b. A new Early Neolithic settlement: Karahan Tepe. Neo-Lithics 2-3/00, 6-8.
24. Coqueugniot, É.,1998. Dja'de El Mughara (Moyen-Euphrate): un village Néolithique dans son environnement naturel à la veille de la domestication, in Espace naturel, Espace habité en Syrie du Nord (10e-2e millénaires av. J-C., eds. M. Fortin and O. Aurenche. Lyon: Travaux de Ia Maison de l'Orient 28, 109-14.
25. Cunningham, G., 1999. Religion and Magic: Approaches and Theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
26. De Coppet and Iteanu (eds.), 1995. Cosmos and Society in Oceania. Oxford/Washington (DC): Berg.
27. Douglas, M., 1990. The pangolin revisited: a new approach to animal symbolism, in Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World, ed. R. Willis. London and New York (NY): Routledge, 25-36.
28. Firth, R., 1951. Elements of Social Organization. London: Watts.
29. Garfinkel, Y., 1994. Ritual burial of cultic objects: the earliest evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4(2), 159-88.
30. Garwood, P., D. Jennings, R. Skeates and J. Toms (eds.), 1991. Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Ritual and Religion, Oxford, 1989. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.
31. Gebel, H.G.K., H-D. Bienert, T. Krämer, B. Müller-Neuhof, R. Neef, J. Timm and K.I. Wright,1997. Ba'ja hidden in the Petra mountains: preliminary report on the1997 excavations, in The Prehistory of Jordan, II: Perspectives from1997, eds. H.G.K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi and G.O. Rollefson. Berlin: ex oriente, 221-62.
32. Gebel, H.G.K., B. Dahl Hermansen and C. Hoffmann Jensen (eds.), in press. Magic Practices and Ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 8.) Berlin: ex oriente.
33. Goodison, L. and C. Morris,1998. Ancient Goddesses: the Myths and the Evidence. London: British Museum Press.
34. Goren, Y., A.N. Goring-Morris and I. Segal, 2001. The technology of skull modelling in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB): regional variability, the relation of technology and iconography and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, 671-90.
35. Goring-Morris, A.N., 2000. The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary prac-tices as seen from Kfar HaHoresh, in Kuijt (ed.) 2000b, 103-36.
36. Goring-Morris, A.N., R. Burns, A. Davidzon, V. Eshed, Y. Goren, I. Hershkovitz, S. Kangas and J. Kelecevic,1998. The1997 season of excavations at the mortuary site of Kfar HaHoresh, Galilee, Israel. Neo-Lithics 3/98, 1-4.
37. Grissom, C.A., 2000. Neolithic statues from 'Ain Ghazal: construction and form. American Journal of Archaeology 104, 25-45.
38. Hauptmann, H., 1993. Ein Kultgebäude in Nevali Çori in Between the Rivers and over the Mountains, eds. M. Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Matthiae and M. Mellink. Rome: University of Rome, 37-69.
39. Hauptmann, H., 1999. The Urfa region, in Özdoǧan and Başgelen (eds.), 65-86.
40. Hauptmann, H., 2000. Ein frühneolitisches Kultbild aus Kommagene, in Gottkönige am Euphrat: Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene, ed. J. Wagner. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 5-9.
41. Hill, J.D., 1996. The identification of ritual deposits of animals: a general perspective from a specific study of 'special animal deposits' from the southern English Iron Age, in Ritual Treatment of Human and Animal Deposits, eds. S. Anderson and K. Boyle. Oxford: Oxbow, 17-32.
42. Hodder, I., 1990. The Domestication of Europe: Structure and Contingency in Neolithic Societies. Oxford: Blackwell.
43. Hodder, I., 2001. Symbolism and the origins of agriculture in the Near East. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(1), 107-12.
44. Hole, F., 2000. Is size important? Function and hierarchy in Neolithic settlements, in Kuijt (ed.) 2000b, 191-209.
45. Holsbeke, M. (ed.), 1996. The Object as Mediator: on the Transcendental Meaning of Art in Traditional Cultures. Antwerp: Etnografisch Museum.
46. Humphrey, C. and J. Laidlaw, 1994. The Archetypal Actions of Ritual: a Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
47. Kenyon, K.M., 1981. Excavations at Jericho, vol. 3: The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell. Plates. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
48. Kerchache, J. and V. Bouloré (eds.), 2000. Sculptures: Afrique, Asie, Océanie, Amériques. Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux.
49. Kromer, B. and K. Schmidt,1998. Two radiocarbon dates from Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. Neo-Lithics 3/98, 8-9.
50. Kuijt, I., 2000a. Keeping the peace: ritual, skull caching, and community Integration in the Levantine Neolithic, in Kuijt (ed.) 2000b, 137-64.
51. Kuijt, I. (ed.), 2000b. Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation. New York (NY): Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
52. Lévi-Strauss, C., 1962. Totemism. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
53. McAdam, E.,1997. The figurines from the 1982-5 seasons of excavations at Ain Ghazal. Levant 29, 115-45.
54. Meiklejohn, C., A. Agelarakis, P.A. Akkermans, P.E.L. Smith and R. Solecki, 1992. Artificial cranial deformation in the Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Near East and its possible origin: evidence from four sites. Paléorient 18(2), 83-97.
55. Mellink, M.J. and J. Filip, 1974. Frühe Stufen der Kunst. (Propyläen Kunstgeschichte Band 13). Berlin: Propyläen Verlag.
56. Morris, B., 1987. Anthropological Studies of Religion: an Introductory Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Morsch, M.G.F., in press. Magic figurines? a view from Nevali Çori, in Gebel et al. (eds.), in press.
58. Özdoǧan, A., 1999. Çayönü, in Özdogan and N. Başgelen (eds.), 35-65.
59. Özdoǧan, M. and N. Başgelen (eds.), 1999. Neolithic in Turkey: the Cradle of Civilization: New Discoveries. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari.
60. Özdoǧan, M. and A. Özdogan,1998. Buildings of cult and the cult of buildings, in Arsebük et al. (eds.), 581-601.
61. Rappaport, R.A., 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Renfrew, C., 1985. The Archaeology of Cult: the Sanctuary at Phylakopi. London: Thames and Hudson.
63. Richards, C. and J. Thomas, 1985. Ritual activity and structured deposition in Later Neolithic Wessex, in Neolithic Studies: a Review of some current Research, eds. R. Bradley and J. Gardiner. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 133.) Oxford: BAR, 189-218.
64. Rollefson, G.O., 1983. Ritual and ceremony at Neolithic Ain Ghazal (Jordan). Paléorient 9(2), 29-38.
65. Rollefson, G.O., 1986. Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan): ritual and ceremony, II. Paléorient 21(1), 45-52.
66. Rollefson, G.O., 1989. The Late Aceramic Neolithic of the Levant: a synthesis. Paleorient 15(1), 168-73.
67. Rollefson, G.O.,1998a. 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan): ritual and ceremony III. Paléorient 24(1), 43-58.
68. Rollefson, G.O.,1998b. Expanded radiocarbon chronology from 'Ain Ghazal. Neo-Lithics 2/98, 8-10.
69. Rollefson, G.O., 2000a. Ritual and social structure at Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal, in Kuijt (ed.) 2000b, 163-88.
70. Rollefson, G.O., 2000b. Die Statuen aus 'Ain Ghazal Jordanien/The statuary from 'Ain Ghazal Jordan, in Saving Cultural Heritage, ed. A. Weyer. (Hornemann Institute Series 3.) Hamburg: Glöss Verlag, 101-10.
71. Rollefson, G.O., A. Simmons and Z. Kafafi, 1992. Neolithic cultures at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 19 (4), 443-70.
72. Rosenberg, M. and R.W. Redding, 2000. Hallan Çerni and early village organization in Eastern Anatolia, in Kuijt (ed.) 2000b, 39-61.
73. Schechner, R., 1994. Ritual and performance, in Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life, ed. T. Ingold. London and New York (NY): Routledge, 613-47.
74. Schmandt-Besseart, D.,1997. Animal symbolism at 'Ain Ghazal. Expedition 39(1), 48-58.
75. Schmandt-Besseart, D.,1998a. A Neolithic female revealing her breasts, in Written on Clay and Stone: Ancient Near Eastern Studies presented to Krystyna Szarzynska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, eds. J. Braun, K. Lyczkowska, M. Popko and P. Steinkeller. Warsaw: AGADE, 79-85.
76. Schmandt-Besserat, D.,1998b. 'Ain Ghazal 'monumental' figures. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 310, 1-17.
77. Schmidt, K.,1998a. Frühneolitische Tempel: ein Forschungsbericht zum präkeramischen Neolithikum Obermesopotamiens. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 130, 17-49.
78. Schmidt, K.,1998b. Beyond daily bread: evidence of Early Neolithic ritual from Göbekli Tepe. Neo-Lithics 2/ 98,1-5.
79. Schmidt, K., 1999. Boars, ducks and foxes: the Urfa Project 99. Neo-Lithics 3/99, 12-15.
80. Schmidt, K., 2001a. Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey: a preliminary report on the 1995-1999 excavations. Paléorient 26(1), 45-54.
81. Schmidt, K., 2001b. Göbekli Tepe and the Early Neolithic sites of the Urfa region: a synopsis of new results and current views. Neo-Lithics 1/01, 9-11.
82. Simoons, F.J., 1968. A Ceremonial Ox of India: the Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. Madison (WI): The University of Wisconsin Press.
83. Smidt, D., 1996. Sepik art: supernatural support in earthly situations, in Holsbeke (ed.), 60-67.
84. Stordeur, D., 2000. New discoveries in architecture and symbolism at Jerf el Ahmar (Syria),1997-1999. Neo-Lithics 1/00,1-4.
85. Tilley, C., 1999. Metaphor and Material Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
86. Tringham, R. and M. Conkey,1998. Rethinking figurines: a critical view from archaeology of Gimbutas, the 'Goddess' and popular culture, in Goodison and Morris (eds.), 22-45.
87. Turner, V., 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago (IL): Aldine.
88. Verhoeven, M., 1999. An Archaeological Ethnography of a Neolithic Community: Space, Place and Social Relations in the Burnt Village at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.
89. Verhoeven, M., 2000a. Death, fire and abandonment: ritual practice at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Archaeological Dialogues 7(1), 46-83.
90. Verhoeven, M., 2000b. The excavations: stratigraphy and architecture, in Tell Sabi Abyad II: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Settlement. Report on the Excavations of the National Museum of Antiquities Leiden in the Balikh Valley, Syria, eds. M. Verhoeven and P.M.M.G. Akkermans. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 3-49.
91. Verhoeven, M., 2001. Person or penis?: interpreting a 'new' PPNB anthropomorphic statue form the Taurus foot-hills. Neo-Lithics 1/01, 8-9.
92. Verhoeven, M., in press a. Ritual and its investigation in prehistory, in Gebel et al. (eds.), in press. Verhoeven, M., in press b. Ethnoarchaeology, analogy and ancient society, in Archaeology of the Near East, eds. R. Bernbeck and S. Pollock. Oxford and Maiden: Blackwell.
93. Verhoeven, M., in prep. Transformations of society: the changing role of ritual and symbolism in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Pottery Neolithic periods in the Levant and South-East Anatolia. Paléorient.
94. Wasilewska, E., 1993. Organization and meaning of sacred space in prehistoric Anatolia, in Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. J. Quaegebeur. Leuven: Peeters, 471-500.
95. Wasilewska, E., 1994. The search for the impossible: the archaeology of religion of prehistoric societies as an anthropological discipline. Journal of Prehistoric Religion 8, 62-75.
96. Watkins, T., 1990. The origins of house and home? World Archaeology 21 (3), 336-47.
97. Whitehouse, R., 1996. Ritual objects: archaeological joke or neglected evidence?, in Approaches to the Study of Ritual: Italy and the Ancient Mediterranean, ed. J.B. Wilkins. London: Accordia Research Centre, 9-30.
98. Wood, A.R.,1998. Revisited: blood residue investigations at Çayönü, Turkey, in Arsebük et al. (eds.), 763-4.