Destabilizing the American racial order

Daedalus

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 151-165

  Hochschild, Jennifer L ^a   Weaver, Vesla M ^b   Burch, Traci ^c  

^a HARVARD COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955443487     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00084     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Peniel Joseph, "Our National Postracial Hangover," The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 27, 2009.
2. Steve Cohen, Letter to the Editor, The New York Times, September 18, 2009.
3. Ellis Cose, "Red, Brown, and Blue," Newsweek, January 11, 2010.
4. There is no sharp distinction between younger and older individuals; on average, the evidence suggests a division around age thirty, but the changes we describe are better understood as a continuum than as a dichotomy.
5. Jennifer Hochschild and Brenna Marea Powell, "Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850-1930: Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, Mixed Parentage, Hindoos, and the Mexican Race," Studies in American Political Development 22 (1) (2008): 59-96.
6. Brenna Powell, A New Comparative Agenda for Ethno-Racial Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Government and Social Policy Program, 2010).
7. A good recent example of this argument is in Christina Beltran, The Trouble with Unity: Latino Politics and the Creation of Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
8. The first item is from Pew Research Center, "Racial Attitudes in America" (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2007), http://pewsocialtrends.org/assets/pdf/Race.pdf.
9. The second item is from Fredrick C. Harris and Gary Langer, "Survey on Race, Politics, and Society" (Center on African-American Politics and Society, Columbia University, and the abc Polling Unit, September 2008).
10. All data in this paragraph are from Pew Research Center, Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages Is Interracial or Interethnic (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center for People and the Press, 2010).
11. Lauren Gilbert, "Citizenship, Civic Virtue, and Immigrant Integration: The Enduring Power of Community-Based Norms," Yale Law and Policy Review 27 (Spring 2009): 374, 380-381.
12. Jiannbin Shiao and Mia Tuan, "Korean Adoptees and the Social Context of Ethnic Exploration," American Journal of Sociology 113 (2008): 1023.
13. Brian Duncan and Stephen Trejo, Intermarriage and the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identity and Human Capital for Mexican Americans (Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2008), 26.
14. Darryl Pinckney, "What He Really Said," The New York Review of Books, February 26, 2009, 10.
15. "Leaders of the New School," Essence, February 2009, 106-107.
16. Kenneth Cooper, "Young, Black, and in the Running," The Boston Globe Magazine, July 19, 2009, 19.
17. See also Gwen Ifill, "Nothing Unique About It," TIME, September 1, 2008, 54.
18. David Bositis, Changing of the Guard: Generational Differences among Black Elected Officials (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2001).
19. Peter Levine, Constance Flanagan, and Les Gallay, The Millennial Pendulum: A New Generation of Voters and the Prospects for a Political Realignment (Washington, D.C.: New America Foundation, 2009), 5.
20. Michael Lewis-Beck, "The Economy, Obama, and the 2008 Election," PS: Political Science & Politics (July 2009): 481.
21. Alan Abramowitz, "Barack Obama and the Transformation of the American Electorate," August 25, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com.
22. John Griffin and Brian Newman, Minority Report: Evaluating Political Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
23. Craig Volden and Alan Wiseman, "Legislative Effectiveness in Congress" (Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, 2009). Alarmingly, some evidence suggests that many younger blacks and Hispanics exhibit very high levels of political alienation and nihilism.
24. see Cathy J. Cohen, Democracy Remixed: Black Youth and the Future of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
25. Robert Crutchfield, Martie L. Skinner, Kevin P. Haggerty, Anne McGlynn, and Richard F. Catalano, "Racial Disparities in Early Criminal Justice Involvement," Race and Social Problems 1 (2009): 218-230.
26. Wesley Skogan, "Asymmetry in the Impact of Encounters with Police," Policing and Society 16 (2) (2006): 99-126.
27. Michael Powell, "Profiles of Men Who 'Fit the Description,'" The Washington Post, December 14, 2006.
28. Immigration and Nationality Act, section 287 (g) 1996.
29. Government Accountability Office, Immigration Enforcement: Better Controls Needed over Program Authorizing State and Local Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws, January 2009, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09109.pdf.
30. Pew Hispanic Center, Illegal Immigration Backlash Worries, Divides Latinos (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2010), http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/128.pdf.
31. Authors' analyses of Pew Research Center, Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987-2009: Independents Take Center Stage in Obama Era (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2009), http://people-press.org/report/517/political-values-and-core-attitudes.
32. Nevertheless, one might argue that a racial order has changed in important ways if more and more people who once used derogatory group stereotypes no longer feel free to express them publicly.
33. Marie O'Connor, "Learning to Look Past Race," Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1999.
34. Philip Kasinitz, John Mollenkopf, Mary Waters, and Jennifer Holdaway, Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age (New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage and Harvard University Press, 2008), 273, 342.
35. Leanna Stiefel, Amy Schwartz, and Dylan Conger, "Language Proficiency and Home Languages of Students in New York City Elementary and Secondary Schools," February 2003, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1064581.
36. Charlene Nunley, quoted in David Pluviose, "Study: Most Community Colleges Not Fully Prepared for Demographic Shift," Diverse, May 18, 2006, 10-11.
37. Not surprisingly, there is a strong correlation between these two attributions. We found no significant age difference in the likelihood of explaining status differences by discrimination or lack of education.
38. These results are not unique. We also found this general pattern of attitudinal or explanatory convergence in the 2000s among young adults in other items on other surveys. The same sort of convergence across races does not appear among older adults.
39. Lawrence Bobo, James Kluegel, and Ryan Smith, "Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler Antiblack Ideology," in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, ed. Steven Tuch and Jack Martin (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997), 15-43.
40. Donald Kinder and Lynn Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
41. Nilanjana Dasgupta, Debbie McGhee, Anthony Greenwald, and Mahzarin Banaji, "Automatic Preference for White Americans: Eliminating the Familiarity Explanation," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36 (3) (2000): 316-328.
42. Brian Nosek, Frederick Smyth, Jeffrey Hansen, Thierry Devos, Nicole Lindner, Kate Ranganath, Colin Tucker Smith, Kristina Olson, Dolly Chugh, Anthony Greenwald, and Mahzarin Banaji, "Pervasiveness and Correlates of Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes," European Review of Social Psychology 18 (1) (2007): 36-88.
43. Tommie Shelby, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005).
44. William Frey, "The Racial Generation Gap," Milken Institute Review (2007): 16-17.
45. William Frey, "The Census Projects Minority Surge," Brookings Institution, January 7, 2010.
46. "Toni Morrison," AARP, January-February 2009, 26, 28.