New biomarkers of acute kidney injury and the cardio-renal syndrome

Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 72-80

  Hawkins, Robert ^a  

^a TAN TOCK SENG HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Acute kidney injury; Acute renal failure; Cardio renal syndrome; Creatinine; Cystatin C; Heart failure; Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin; Renal function

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CYSTATIN C; LIPOCALIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; BLOOD; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; REVIEW; SYNDROME; URINE;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CYSTATIN C; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; LIPOCALINS; SYNDROME;

EID: 79955421718     PISSN: 15986535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2011.31.2.72     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Smith HW The kidney: structure and function in health and disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951:764.
2. Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Angus DC, Palevsky P, Ronco C. The first international consensus conference on continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int 2002;62:1855-63.
3. Liaño F and Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int 1996;50:811-8. (Pubitemid 26302669)
4. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, at al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005;294:813-8. (Pubitemid 41175724)
5. Brivet FG, Kleinknecht DJ, Loirat P, Landais PJ. Acute renal failure in intensive care units-causes, outcome, and prognostic factors of hospital mortality: a prospective, multicenter study. French Study Group on Acute Renal Failure. Crit Care Med 1996;24:192-8. (Pubitemid 26065324)
6. Mehta RL Outcomes research in acute renal failure. Semin Nephrol 2003;23:283-94. (Pubitemid 36841902)
7. Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, Cohen JJ, Harrington JT. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med 1983;74:243-8. (Pubitemid 13192180)
8. Mehta RL and Chertow GM. Acute renal failure definitions and classification: time for change? J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:2178-87. (Pubitemid 36909928)
9. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004;8:R204-12.
10. Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta R. Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1555-8. (Pubitemid 32750444)
11. Brenner BM. Brenner and Rectors the kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2008:943.
12. Cruz DN, Bolgan I, Perazella MA, Bonello M, de Cal M, Corradi V, at al. North east Italian prospective hospital renal outcome survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROS-AKI): targeting the pro-blem with the RIFLE Criteria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:418-25.
13. Levin A, Warnock DG, Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, et al. Improving outcomes from acute kidney injury: report of an initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:1-4.
14. Molitoris BA, Levin A, Warnock DG, Joannidis M, Mehta RL, Kellum JA, et al. Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury: report of an initiative. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3:439-42.
15. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, et al. Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11:R31.
16. Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Slezák JM, Bergert J, Larson TS. Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C among different clinical presentations. Kidney Int 2006;69:399-405. (Pubitemid 43323094)
17. Doolan PD, Alpen EL, Theil GB. A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinine. Am J Med 1962;32:65-79.
18. Petri M, Bockenstedt L, Colman J, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Fite G, Sebastian A, at al. Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathy. Kidney Int 1988;34:832-9.
19. van Acker BA, Koomen GC, Koopman MG, de Waart DR, Arisz L. Creatinine clearance during Cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Lancet 1992;340:1326-9.
20. Kim KE, Onesti G, Ramirez O, Brest AN, Swartz C. Creatinine clearance in renal disease. A reappraisal. Br Med J 1969;4:11 -4.
21. Levey AS. Measurement of renal function in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 1990;38:167-84. (Pubitemid 20209447)
22. Branten AJ, Vervoort G, Wetzels JF. Serum creatinine is a poor marker of GFR in nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:707-11. (Pubitemid 40520646)
23. Dunn SR, Gabuzda GM, Superdock KR, Kolecki RS, Schaedler RW, Simenhoff ML. Induction of creatininase activity in chronic renal failure: timing of creatinine degradation and effect of antibiotics. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:72-7. (Pubitemid 27020798)
24. Hawkins RC. Differences in serum creatinine concentration be-tween Caucasians, Chinese, Indians and Malays. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:1393.
25. Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, Eberhardt MS, Herman WH, Coresh J, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:992-9.
26. Mitchell EK. Flucytosine and false elevation of serum creatinine leveL Ann Intern Med 1984;101:278. (Pubitemid 14098346)
27. Saah AJ, Koch TR, Drusano GL. Cefoxitin falsely elevates creatinine levels. JAMA 1982;247:205-6.
28. Molitch ME, Rodman E, Hirsch CA, Dubinsky E. Spurious serum creatinine elevations in ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1980;93: 280-1.
29. Miller WG, Myers GL, Ashwood ER, Killeen AA, Wang E, Thienpont LM, at al. Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:297-304.
30. Soldin SJ, Henderson L, Hill JG. The effect of bilirubin and ketones on reaction rate methods for the measurement of creatinine. Clin Biochem 1978;11:82-6.
31. Rocci ML Jr, Vlasses PH, Ferguson RK. Creatinine serum concentrations and H2-receptor antagonists. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:214-5. (Pubitemid 14022677)
32. Berg KJ, Gjellestad A, Nordby G, Rootwelt K, Djoseland O, Fauchald P, et al. Renal effects of trimethoprim in Ciclosporin- and azathioprine-treated kidney-allografted patients. Nephron 1989; 53:218-22.
33. Hilbrands LB, Arte MA, Wetzels JF, Koene RA. Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration. Kidney Int 1991;40:1171-6.
34. Chagnac A, Kiberd BA, Fariñas MC, Strober S, Sibley RK, Hoppe R, et al. Outcome of the acute glomerular injury in proliferative lupus nephritis. J Clin Invest 1989;84:922-30.
35. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, at al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006;113:671-8.
36. Smith GL, Lichtman JH, Bracken MB, Shlipak MG, Phillips CO, DiCapua P, at al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47: 1987-96.
37. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1-12. (Pubitemid 36043346)
38. Bock JS and Gottlieb SS. Cardiorenal syndrome: new perspectives. Circulation 2010;121:2592-600.
39. Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative. Eur Heart J 2010;31:703-11.
40. Gottlieb SS, Abraham W, Butler J, Forman DE, Loh E, Massie BM, et al. The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8: 136-41.
41. Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, Abraham WT, O'Connor CM, Gottlieb SS, et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:61-7.
42. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:S1-266.
43. Heywood JT, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Mathur VS, Wigneswaran JR, Wynne J. High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Card Fail 2007;13:422-30.
44. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, House A, Rabbat C, Fok M, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2034-47.
45. Flower DR, North AC, Sansom CE. The lipocalin protein family: structural and sequence overview. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1482:9-24.
46. Uttenthal LO. NGAL: a marker molecule for the distressed kidney? Clin Lab Int 2005; 29:39-41.
47. Schmidt-Ott KM, Mori K, Kalandadze A, Li JY, Paragas N, Nicholas T, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-mediated iron traffic in kidney epithelia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15:442-9.
48. Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, Mitsnefes M, Zahedi K, Yang J, at al. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:2534-43. (Pubitemid 37169339)
49. Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, Kelly C, Barasch J, Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:307-15.
50. Mori K, Lee HT, Rapoport D, Drexler IR, Foster K, Yang J, et al. Endocytic delivery of lipocalin-siderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:610-21.
51. Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, Kelly C, Yang J, Mitsnefes M, et al. Amelioration of ischemic acute renal injury by neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:3073-82.
52. Kjeldsen L, Johnsen AH, Sengelov H, Borregaard N. Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J Biol Chem 1993;268:10425-32.
53. Herget-Rosenthal S. One step forward in the early detection of acute renal failure. Lancet 2005;365:1205-6. (Pubitemid 40469642)
54. Tuladhar SM,Puntmann VO, Soni M, Punjabi PP, Bogle RG. Rapid detection of acute kidney injury by plasma and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;53:261-6.
55. Xin C, Yulong X, Yu C, Changchun C, Feng Z, Xinwei M. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18 predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Ren Fail 2008;30: 904-13.
56. Wagener G, Jan M, Kim M, Mori K, Barasch JM, Sladěn RN, et al. Association between increases in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute renal dysfunction after adult cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2006;105:485-91.
57. Bennett M, Dent CL, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Grenier F, Workman R, et al. Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3: 665-73.
58. Dent CL, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Bennett M, Mitsnefes MM, Barasch J, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury, morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective uncontrolled cohort study. Crit Care 2007;11:R127.
59. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005;365:1231-8.
60. Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J, Sitniewska E Malyszko JS, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M, et al. Could neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C predict the development of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with stable angina and normal serum creatinine values? Kidney Blood Press Res 2007;30:408-15.
61. Hirsch R, Dent C, Pfriem H, Allen J, Beekman RH 3rd, Ma Q, et al. NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:2089-95. (Pubitemid 350090716)
62. Makris K, Markou N, Evodia E, Dimopoulou E, Drakopoulos I, Ntetsika K, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an early marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill multiple trauma patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:79-82.
63. Wheeler DS, Devarajan P, Ma Q, Harmon K, Monaco M, Cvijanovich N, et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008;36:1297-303.
64. Zappitelli M, Washburn KK, Arikan AA, Loftis L, Ma Q, Devara-, jan P, et al. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2007;11:R84.
65. Nickolas TL, O'Rourke MJ, Yang J, Sise ME, Canetta PA, Barasch N, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a single emergency department measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosing acute kidney injury. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:810-9.
66. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Schlattmann P, Haase-Fielite A. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:1012-24.
67. Arnaoutakis GJ, Bihorac A, Martin TD, Hess PJ Jr, Klodell CT, Ejaz AA, et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury in aortic arch surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134:1554-60; discussion 60-1.
68. Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Oliguria, volume overload, and loop diuretics. Crit Care Med 2008;36:S172-8. (Pubitemid 351483048)
69. Wagener G, Gubitosa G, Wang S, Borregaard N, Kim M, Lee HT. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:425-33.
70. Bolignano D, Coppolino G, Campo S, Aloisi C, Nicocia G, Frisina N, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2007;27:373-8.
71. Suzuki M, Wiers KM, Klein-Gitelman MS, Haines KA, Olson J, Onel KB, at al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of disease activity in pediatric lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:403-12.
72. Parikh CR, Jani A, Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, Barasch J, et al. Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006;6: 1639-45.
73. Brunner HI. Mueller M, Rutherford C, Passo MH, Witte D, Grom A, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of nephritis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythe-matosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2577-84. (Pubitemid 44205019)
74. DAnna R, Baviera G, Giordano D, Todarello G, Corrado F, Buemi M. Second trimester neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a potential prediagnostic marker of preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008;87:1370-3.
75. Manfredi MA, Zurakowski D, Rufo PA, Walker TR, Fox VL, Moses MA. Increased incidence of urinary matrix metalloproteinases as predictors of disease in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1091-6.
76. Smith ER, Zurakowski D, Saad A, Scott RM, Moses MA. Urinary biomarkers predict brain tumor presence and response to therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:2378-86. (Pubitemid 351551071)
77. Macdonald J, Marcora S, Jibani M, Roberts G, Kumwenda M, Glover R, et al. GFR estimation using cystatin C is not independent of body composition. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:712-9.
78. Groesbeck D, Köttgen A, Parekh R, Selvin E, Schwartz GJ, Coresh J, at al. Age, gender, and race effects on cystatin C levels in US adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1777-85.
79. Knight EL, Verhave JC, Spiegelman D, Hillege HL, de Zeeuw D, Curhan GC, et al. Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement. Kidney Int 2004;65:1416-21.
80. Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a metaanalysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:221-6. (Pubitemid 34827638)
81. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G1 Hiising J, Goring F, Pietruck F, Janssen O, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004;66:1115-22. (Pubitemid 39121017)
82. Krawczeski CD, Vandevoorde RG, Kathman T, Bennett MR, Woo JG, Wang Y, et al. Serum cystatin C is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1552-7.
83. Ling W, Zhaohui N, Ben H, Leyi G, Jianping L, Huili D, et al. Urinary IL-18 and NGAL as early predictive biomarkers in contrastinduced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Nephron Clin Pract2008;108:cl76-81.
84. Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J, Sitniewska E, Malyszko JS, Dobrzycki S. Neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin and renal function after percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Nephrol 2006;26:287-92.
85. Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J, Sitniewska E, Malyszko JS, Dobrzycki S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) correlations with cystatin C, serum creatinine and eGFR in patients with normal serum creatinine undergoing coronary angiography. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:295-6. (Pubitemid 46050378)
86. Steiner RW Interpreting the fractional excretion of sodium. Am J Med 1984;77:699-702. (Pubitemid 14047603)
87. Vaidya VS, Ramirez V, Ichimura T, Bobadilla NA, Bonventre JV. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;290:F517-29.
88. Han WK, Wagener G, Zhu Y, Wang S, Lee HT. Urinary biomarkers in the early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:873-82.
89. Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KLM-I): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002;62:237-44.
90. Han WK, Waikar SS, Johnson A, Betensky RA, Dent CL, Devara-jan P, et al. Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2008;73:863-9.
91. Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Dursun B, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 2006;70:199-203.
92. Parikh CR and Devarajan P. New biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008;36:S159-65. (Pubitemid 351483046)
93. Haase M, Bellomo R, Story D, Davenport P, Haase-Fielitz A. Urinary interleukin-18 does not predict acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. Crit Care 2008;12:R96.
94. Herget-Rosenthal S, Poppen D, Hüsing J, Marggraf G, Pietruck F, Jakob HG, at al. Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem 2004;50: 552-8.
95. Trof RJ, Di Maggio F, Leemreis J, Groeneveld AB. Biomarkers of acute renal injury and renal failure. Shock 2006;26:245-53.
96. Devarajan P. Emerging biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol 2007;156:203-12.
97. Ho E, Fard A, Maisel A. Evolving use of biomarkers for kidney injury in acute care settings. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010;16:399-407.
98. Soni SS, Ronco C, Kate N, Cruz DN. Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury: the promise of novel biomarkers. Blood Purif 2009;28: 165-74.
99. Nguyen MT and Devarajan P. Biomarkers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:2151-7.
100. Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Story D, Matalanis G, Dragun D, at al. Novel and conventional serum biomarkers predicting acute kidney injury in adult cardiac surgery-a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 2009;37:553-60.
101. Liangos O, Tighiouart H, Perianayagam MC, Kolyada A, Han WK, Wald R, at al. Comparative analysis of urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. Biomarkers 2009;14:423-31.