The past & future of American civil rights

Daedalus

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 37-54

  Massey, Douglas S ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955384701     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00076     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
2. A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 64.
3. Marshall L. DeRosa, The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991); emphasis added.
4. Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens in Public and Private (Chicago: National Publishing Co., 1866).
5. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
6. Information on Reconstruction is largely from Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Peter Smith, 2001).
7. Information on Jim Crow is from Jerrold M. Packard, American Nightmare: The History of Jim Crow (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002), quote at 69.
8. Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008).
9. David M. Oshinsky, Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: Free Press, 1996).
10. Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006).
11. Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox (New York: Viking, 2008).
12. Stewart E. Tolnoy and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995).
13. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
14. Information on discrimination and segregation in the North is from Stanley Lieberson, A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
15. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
16. Thomas J. Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2008).
17. On the racialization of the New Deal, see Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
18. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).
19. Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 3 (New York: Jonathan Cape, 2003).
20. "President Lyndon B. Johnson's Commencement Address at Howard University: 'To Fulfill These Rights,' June 4, 1965," Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp (accessed January 28, 2010).
21. Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
22. Joseph A. Califano, "What Was Really Great About the Great Society," Washington Monthly 13 (10) (1999): 13-20.
23. U.S. Census Bureau, "Historical Income Statistics," 2010, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/household/index.html.
24. Information on post-civil rights policies is from John D. Skrentny, The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
25. Terry H. Anderson, The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
26. Charles T. Clotfelter, After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004).
27. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008).
28. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007).
29. Subsequent discussion of psychological mechanisms draws on a variety of sources, including Charles Stangor, Laure Lynch, Changming Duan, and Beth Glass, "Categorization of Individuals on the Basis of Multiple Social Features," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992): 207-218.
30. Richard H. Thaler, "Psychology and Savings Policies," American Economic Review 84 (1994): 186-192.
31. Robyn M. Dawes, "Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment," in The Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), 497-598.
32. Susan T. Fiske, Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology (New York: Wiley, 2003).
33. John Bargh, Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes (London: Psychology Press, 2006).
34. George Lakoff, The Political Mind: Why You Can't Understand 21st-Century American Politics with an 18th-Century Brain (New York: Viking, 2008).
35. Perlstein, Nixonland.
36. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Knopf, 1985).
37. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985).
38. Thomas B. Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991).
39. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) 288 F.3d 732.
40. Thomas B. Edsall and Brian Faler, "Lott Remarks on Thurmond Echoes 1980 Words," The Washington Post, December 11, 2002, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A37288-2002Dec10.
41. Adam Clymer, "Strom Thurmond, Foe of Integration, Dies at 100," The New York Times, June 27, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/27/obituaries/27STROM.html?pagewanted=all.
42. Paul Krugman, The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003).
43. Douglas S. Massey, Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System (New York: Russell Sage, 2007).
44. Information on the criminal justice complex and its racialization is from Michael Tonry, Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
45. Markus D. Dubber, "Policing Possession: The War on Crime and the End of Criminal Law," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 91 (2001): 829-996.
46. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010). Statistics are from Bruce Western, Punishment and Inequality in America (New York: Russell Sage, 2006).
47. Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence D. Bobo, and Maria Krysan, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
48. "Election Center 2008," cnn, http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008 (accessed January 19, 2010).
49. Information on current stereotypes and their effect on behavior comes from Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines, Reaching Beyond Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
50. Lawrence D. Bobo, "Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the 20th Century," in America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I, ed. Neil Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2001).
51. Camille Z. Charles, Won't You Be My Neighbor?: Race, Class, and Residence in Los Angeles (New York: Russell Sage, 2006).
52. The ensuing discussion of stereotype content draws heavily on the work of Susan Fiske and colleagues: Susan T. Fiske, Hilary B. Bergsieker, Ann Marie Russell, and Lyle Williams, "Images of Black Americans: Then, 'Then,' and Now, 'Obama'," Du Bois Review 6 (2009): 1-19.
53. Susan T. Fiske, Amy J.C. Cuddy, and Peter Glick, "Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence," TRENDS in Cognitive Science 11 (2007): 77-83.
54. Susan T. Fiske, Amy J.C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu, "A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002): 878-902.
55. Hilary B. Bergsieker, Lisa M. Leslie, and Susan T. Fiske, "Stereotyping by Omission: Changes in Stereotypes Expressed across 75 Years," poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Tampa, Florida, February 2009.
56. See Russell H. Fazio and Michael A. Olson, "Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use," Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003): 297-327.
57. Linda R. Tropp and Thomas F. Pettigrew, "Differential Relationships Between Intergroup Contact and Affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Prejudice," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 3 (2005): 1145-1158.
58. Cara A. Talaska, Susan T. Fiske, and Shelly Chaiken, "Legitimating Racial Discrimination: A Meta-Analysis of Racial Attitude-Behavior Literature Shows that Emotions, Not Beliefs, Best Predict Discrimination," Social Justice Research 21 (3) (2008): 263-296.
59. For a review of recent work on the measurement, incidence, and intensity of discrimination see Rebecca M. Blank, Marilyn Dabady, and Constance F. Citro, eds., Measuring Racial Discrimination (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004).
60. Donald R. Kinder and David O. Sears, "Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Threats to the Good Life," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981): 414-431.
61. John B. McConahay, "Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination: The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9 (1983): 551-558.
62. Lawrence D. Bobo, James R. Kluegel, and Ryan A. Smith, "Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler, Antiblack Ideology," in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuities and Change, ed. Steven J. Tuch and Jack A. Martin (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997), 15-43.
63. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
64. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, "Aversive Racism," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 36 (2004): 1-51.
65. Laurie A. Rudman, Richard D. Ashmore, and Melvin L. Gray, "'Unlearning' Automatic Biases: The Malleability of Implicit Prejudice and Stereotypes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001): 856-868.
66. James J. Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov, "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children," Review of Agricultural Economics 29 (2007): 446-493.