Rural children's exposure to well water contaminants: Implications in light of the American Academy of Pediatrics' recent policy statement

Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 258-265

  Postma, Julie ^a   Butterfield, Philip W ^b   Odom Maryon, Tamara ^a   Hill, Wade ^c   Butterfield, Patricia G ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Washington State University   (United States)

^c Montana State University College of Nursing   (United States)

Author keywords

Attitude; Child; Health knowledge; Pediatric; Practice; Public health practice; Risk reduction; Rural; Water microbiology; Water pollutants; Water supply standards

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NEWBORN; NURSING ORGANIZATION; PEDIATRICS; POLICY; POVERTY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK REDUCTION; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTION; WATER SUPPLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY; PEDIATRICS; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SOCIETIES, NURSING; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER POLLUTION; WATER SUPPLY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79955148012     PISSN: 10412972     EISSN: 17457599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00609.x     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. AAP Committee on Environmental Health. (2003a). Developmental toxicity: Special considerations based on age and developmental stage. In R. A. Etzel & S. Balk (Eds.), Pediatric environmental health (pp. 9-23). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
2. AAP Committee on Environmental Health. (2003b). Water pollutants. In R. A. Etzel & S. Balk (Eds.), Pediatric environmental health (2nd ed., pp. 393-415). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
3. American Public Health Association. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Environment Federation.
4. Besner, M. C., Gauthier, V., Servais, P., & Camper, A. (2002). Explaining the occurrence of coliforms in distribution systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 94(8), 95-109.
5. Carpenter, D. O., Arcaro, K., & Spink, D. C. (2002). Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(Suppl 1), 25-42.
6. Denno, D. M., Keene, W. E., Hutter, C. M., Koepsell, J. K., Patnode, M., Flodin-Hursh, D., et al. (2009). Tri-county comprehensive assessment of risk factors for sporadic reportable bacterial enteric infection in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199(4), 467-476.
7. DeSimone, L. A. (2009). Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5227. Retrieved from
8. EPA. (1984). National statistical assessment of rural water conditions-Technical summary (No. EPA 570/9-84-004). Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
9. EPA. (1990). National Pesticide Survey-Summary results of EPA's national survey of pesticides in drinking water wells (No. EPA 570/9-90-NPS5). Washington, DC: Environmenal Protection Agency, Office of Water and Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
10. EPA. (2002). Drinking water from household wells (No. EPA 816-K-02-003). Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
11. EPA. (2006). Private drinking water wells. Retrieved June 4, 2009, from
12. EPA. (2008). Private well owners. Retrieved June 6, 2009, from
13. EPA. (2009). Private drinking water wells, Frequent questions. Retrieved from
14. Faustman, E. M., Silbernagel, S. M., Fenske, R. A., Burbacher, T. M., & Ponce, R. A. (2000). Mechanisms underlying children's susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(Suppl 1), 13-21.
15. Gallatin Local Water Quality District. (2003). How to disinfect a private well system using liquid household bleach. Retrieved from
16. Jones, A. Q., Dewey, C. E., Dore, K., Majowicz, S. E., McEwen, S. A., Waltner-Toews, D., et al. (2006). Public perceptions of drinking water from private water supplies: Focal group analyses. BMC Public Health, 5, 129.
17. Marrero-Ortiz, R., Riley, K. R., Karpiscak, M. K., & Gerba, C. P. (2009). Groundwater quality of individual wells and small systems in Arizona. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 101(9), 89-100.
18. Minnesota Department of Health. (2009). Well disinfection. Retrieved from
19. Mueller, D. K., & Helsel, D. R. (1996). Nutrients in the nation's waters-too much of a good thing U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1136. Retrieved from
20. Rogan, W. J., & Brady, M. T. (2009a). Drinking water from private wells and risks to children. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1599-1605.
21. Rogan, W. J., & Brady, M. T. (2009b). Drinking water from private wells and risks to children. Pediatrics, 123(6), e1123-1137.
22. Ryker, S. J., & Small, M. J. (2008). Combining occurrence and toxicity information to identify priorities for drinking-water mixture research. Risk Analysis, 28(3), 653-666.
23. Shaw, W. D., Walker, M., & Benson, M. (2005). Treating and drinking well water in the presence of health risks from arsenic contamination: Results from a U.S. hot spot. Risk Analysis, 25(6), 1531-1543.
24. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). The National Children's Study. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from
25. Ward, M. H., deKok, T. M., Levallois, P., Brender, J., Gulis, G., Nolan, B. T., et al. (2005). Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health-recent findings and research needs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(11), 1607-1614.
26. Weinstein, N., & Sandman, P. (2002). The pracuation adoption process model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer & F. M. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 121-143). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.