Emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant organisms: Think globally and act locally

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 157-165

  Tseng, Shu Hui ^a   Lee, Chun Ming ^b   Lin, Tzou Yien ^c   Chang, Shan Chwen ^d   Chang, Feng Yee ^a,e  

^a Centers for Disease Control   (Taiwan)

^b MACKAY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c CHANG GUNG UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ERTAPENEM; IMIPENEM; METICILLIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; HUMAN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; RISK FACTOR; TAIWAN;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PRESCRIPTIONS; RISK FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 79955112025     PISSN: 16841182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Kumarasamy K.K., Toleman M.A., Walsh T.R., Bagaria J., Butt F., Balakrishnan R., et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10:597-602.
2. Baiden F., Owusu-Agyei S., Webster J., Chandramohan D. The need for new antibiotics. Lancet 2010, 375:637-638.
3. Heddini A., Cars O., Qiang S., Tomson G. Antibiotic resistance in China-a major future challenge. Lancet 2009, 373:30.
4. Vento S., Cainelli F. The need for new antibiotics. Lancet 2010, 375:637.
5. Wise R., Piddock L. The need for new antibiotics. Lancet 2010, 375:638.
6. Boucher H.W., Talbot G.H., Bradley J.S., Edwards J.E., Gilbert D., Rice L.B., et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1-12.
7. Page M.G., Heim J. Prospects for the next anti-Pseudomonas drug. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009, 9:558-565.
8. Rice L.B. The clinical consequences of antimicrobial resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009, 12:476-481.
9. WHO Antimicrobial resistance and its global spread 2011, Available at:, [accessed December 12, 2010]. http://www.who.int/world-health-day/en/index.html.
10. WHO WHO urges countries to take measures to combat antimicrobial resistance 2010, Available at:, [accessed August 20, 2010]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/amr_20100820/en/.
11. Harbarth S., Pittet D., Grady L., Zawacki A., Potter-Bynoe G., Samore M.H., et al. Interventional study to evaluate the impact of an alcohol-based hand gel in improving hand hygiene compliance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21:489-495.
12. Krueger W.A., Unertl K.E. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002, 8:139-144.
13. Kurz A., Sessler D.I., Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1209-1215.
14. Perl T.M., Cullen J.J., Wenzel R.P., Zimmerman M.B., Pfaller M.A., Sheppard D., et al. Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1871-1877.
15. Harbarth S., Sax H., Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003, 54:258-266. [quiz 321].
16. EARS-net Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2009 2009, Available at:, [accessed 2010]. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Pages/index.aspx.
17. ECDC Multidrug resistant bacteria remain a public health issue in Europe 2010, Available at:, [accessed November 23, 2010]. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/pages/eaad2010_press_release.aspx.
18. ECDC Summary of latest European data on antibiotic resistance 2009, Available at:, [accessed October 29, 2009]. http://www.nvu.nl/uploads/d9/C-/d9C-te07fHVhaUp6Wa0WKA/Samenvatting-EARSS-2009.pdf.
19. CDC Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006 2006, Available at:, [accessed June 2006]. http://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/guidelines/cdc_guidelines.jsp.
20. Fridkin S.K. Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:N64-N68.
21. Kollef M.H., Fraser V.J. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134:298-314.
22. Gaynes R., Edwards J.R. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:848-854.
23. Klevens R.M., Edwards J.R., Tenover F.C., McDonald L.C., Horan T., Gaynes R. Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units in US hospitals, 1992-2003. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:389-391.
24. CDDEP Resistance map 2009, Available at:, [accessed 2009]. http://www.cddep.org/resistancemap.
25. Jones R.N. Resistance patterns among nosocomial pathogens: trends over the past few years. Chest 2001, 119:397S-404S.
26. Fridkin S.K., Edwards J.R., Courval J.M., Hill H., Tenover F.C., Lawton R., et al. The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 U.S. adult intensive care units. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:175-183.
27. NINIS System report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2003. Am J Infect Control 2003, 31:481-498.
28. Jean S.S., Hsueh P.R. High burden of antimicrobial resistance in Asia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011, 37:291-295.
29. Jean S.S., Hsueh P.R. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2011, 110:4-13.
30. Fournier P.E., Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:692-699.
31. Fridkin S.K., Hageman J.C., Morrison M., Sanza L.T., Como-Sabetti K., Jernigan J.A., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1436-1444.
32. Fridkin S.K., Hill H.A., Volkova N.V., Edwards J.R., Lawton R.M., Gaynes R.P., et al. Temporal changes in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 23 US hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 2002, 8:697-701.
33. Kuehnert M.J., Kruszon-Moran D., Hill H.A., McQuillan G., McAllister S.K., Fosheim G., et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis 2006, 193:172-179.
34. Madaras-Kelly K.J., Remington R.E., Lewis P.G., Stevens D.L. Evaluation of an intervention designed to decrease the rate of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by encouraging decreased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006, 27:155-169.
35. Neuhauser M.M., Weinstein R.A., Rydman R., Danziger L.H., Karam G., Quinn J.P. Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units: implications for fluoroquinolone use. JAMA 2003, 289:885-888.
36. Almuneef M.A., Baltimore R.S., Farrel P.A., Reagan-Cirincione P., Dembry L.M. Molecular typing demonstrating transmission of gram-negative rods in a neonatal intensive care unit in the absence of a recognized epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:220-227.
37. Bhalla A., Pultz N.J., Gries D.M., Ray A.J., Eckstein E.C., Aron D.C., et al. Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004, 25:164-167.
38. Boyce J.M., Havill N.L., Maria B. Frequency and possible infection control implications of gastrointestinal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:5992-5995.
39. Boyce J.M., Opal S.M., Chow J.W., Zervos M.J., Potter-Bynoe G., Sherman C.B., et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32:1148-1153.
40. Boyce J.M., Potter-Bynoe G., Chenevert C., King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997, 18:622-627.
41. CDC T Nosocomial infection control 2009, Available at:, [accessed 2009]. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/np.asp%3fctNode%3d1693%26mp%3d1.
42. Donskey C.J. The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:219-226.
43. Duckro A.N., Blom D.W., Lyle E.A., Weinstein R.A., Hayden M.K. Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care worker hands. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:302-307.
44. Gerding D.N., Johnson S., Peterson L.R., Mulligan M.E., Silva J. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995, 16:459-477.
45. IHI. 2006. Available at: http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Programs/Campaign.
46. Larson E.L., Cimiotti J.P., Haas J., Nesin M., Allen A., Della-Latta P., et al. Gram-negative bacilli associated with catheter-associated and non-catheter-associated bloodstream infections and hand carriage by healthcare workers in neonatal intensive care units. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005, 6:457-461.
47. Lee Y.L., Cesario T., Lee R., Nothvogel S., Nassar J., Farsad N., et al. Colonization by Staphylococcus species resistant to methicillin or quinolone on hands of medical personnel in a skilled-nursing facility. Am J Infect Control 1994, 22:346-351.
48. Muto C.A., Jernigan J.A., Ostrowsky B.E., Richet H.M., Jarvis W.R., Boyce J.M., et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24:362-386.
49. Bonten M.J., Slaughter S., Ambergen A.W., Hayden M.K., van Voorhis J., Nathan C., et al. The role of " colonization pressure" in the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: an important infection control variable. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:1127-1132.
50. Goetz A.M., Rihs J.D., Wagener M.M., Muder R.R. Infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an acute care Veterans Affairs Medical Center: a 2-year survey. Am J Infect Control 1998, 26:558-562.
51. Lautenbach E., Patel J.B., Bilker W.B., Edelstein P.H., Fishman N.O. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:1162-1171.
52. Merrer J., Santoli F., Appere de Vecchi C., Tran B., De Jonghe B., Outin H " Colonization pressure" and risk of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000, 21:718-723.
53. Akinci E., Colpan A., Bodur H., Balaban N., Erbay A. Risk factors for ICU-acquired imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. J Hosp Infect 2005, 59:317-323.
54. Kim Y.A., Choi J.Y., Kim C.K., Kim C.O., Kim M.S., Choi S.H., et al. Risk factors and outcomes of bloodstream infections with metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter. Scand J Infect Dis 2008, 40:234-240.
55. Aloush V., Navon-Venezia S., Seigman-Igra Y., Cabili S., Carmeli Y. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda) 2006, 50:43-48.
56. Cosgrove S.E. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:S82-S89.
57. Force T.B.A.T. The cost of antibiotic resistance: effect of resistance among Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on length of hospital stay. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23:106-108.
58. Qavi A., Segal-Maurer S., Mariano N., Urban C., Rosenberg C., Burns J., et al. Increased mortality associated with a clonal outbreak of ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26:63-68.
59. Song X., Srinivasan A., Plaut D., Perl T.M. Effect of nosocomial vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia on mortality, length of stay, and costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24:251-256.
60. Wilson S.J., Knipe C.J., Zieger M.J., Gabehart K.M., Goodman J.E., Volk H.M., et al. Direct costs of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the burn unit of a public teaching hospital. Am J Infect Control 2004, 32:342-344.
61. Calfee D.P., Salgado C.D., Classen D., Arias K.M., Podgorny K., Anderson D.J., et al. Strategies to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:S62-S80.
62. Cosgrove S.E., Qi Y., Kaye K.S., Harbarth S., Karchmer A.W., Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26:166-174.
63. Cosgrove S.E., Sakoulas G., Perencevich E.N., Schwaber M.J., Karchmer A.W., Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:53-59.
64. Blot S.I., Vandewoude K.H., Hoste E.A., Colardyn F.A. Outcome and attributable mortality in critically ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:2229-2235.
65. Bureau of Medical Affairs Laws and regulations 2011, Available at:. http://www.doh.gov.tw/EN2006/DM/DM1.aspx%3fclass_no%3d246%26level_no%3d1.
66. Bureau of National Health Insurance Pay-for-performances 2011, Available at:. http://www.nhi.gov.tw/english/webdata.asp%3fmenu%3d11%26menu_id%3d597%26webdata_id%3d3188.
67. Food and Drug Administration Laws and regulations 2011, Available at:. http://www.fda.gov.tw/eng/people_laws_list.aspx.
68. Taiwan CDC NDM-1 Enterobacteriaceae infection listed as Category IV notifiable infectious disease 2010, Available at:. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/ct.asp%3fxItem%3d30493%26ctNode%3d960%26mp%3d5.
69. Taiwan CDC Taiwan CDC confirms first case of NDM-1 Enterobacteriaceae infection; People traveling overseas for surgeries advised to remain vigilant about NDM-1 2011, Available at:. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/ct.asp%3fxItem%3d32177%26ctNode%3d960%26mp%3d5.