메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 71-80

Soil microbial activity and functional diversity changed by compaction, poultry litter and cropping in a claypan soil

Author keywords

Claypan soil; Functional diversity; Microbial biomass; Poulty manure; Soil compaction

Indexed keywords

MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 79954667312     PISSN: 09291393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.01.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (69)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0043131864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compaction and subsoiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density
    • Abu-Hamdeh N.H. Compaction and subsoiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2003, 67:1213-1219.
    • (2003) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.67 , pp. 1213-1219
    • Abu-Hamdeh, N.H.1
  • 2
    • 0030201240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial response to organic amendments in a forest soil
    • Acea M.J., Carballas T. Microbial response to organic amendments in a forest soil. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 57:193-199.
    • (1996) Bioresour. Technol. , vol.57 , pp. 193-199
    • Acea, M.J.1    Carballas, T.2
  • 3
    • 0036335657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between crop residue and soil organic matter quality and the functional diversity of soil microbial community
    • Bending G.D., Turner M.K., Jones J.E. Interactions between crop residue and soil organic matter quality and the functional diversity of soil microbial community. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2002, 34:1073-1082.
    • (2002) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.34 , pp. 1073-1082
    • Bending, G.D.1    Turner, M.K.2    Jones, J.E.3
  • 4
    • 0030464387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass as affected by soil compaction
    • Breland T.A., Hansen S. Nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass as affected by soil compaction. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1996, 28:655-663.
    • (1996) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.28 , pp. 655-663
    • Breland, T.A.1    Hansen, S.2
  • 5
    • 0028563979 scopus 로고
    • Effects of compaction on soil biota and soil biological processes
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.)
    • Brussaard L., van Faassen H.G. Effects of compaction on soil biota and soil biological processes. Soil Compaction in Crop Production 1994, 215-235. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.).
    • (1994) Soil Compaction in Crop Production , pp. 215-235
    • Brussaard, L.1    van Faassen, H.G.2
  • 6
    • 33745656628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial community responses in forest mineral soil to compaction, organic matter removal, and vegetation control
    • Busse M.D., Beattie S.E., Powers R.F., Sanchez F.G., Tiarks A.E. Microbial community responses in forest mineral soil to compaction, organic matter removal, and vegetation control. Can. J. For. Res. 2006, 36:577-588.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 577-588
    • Busse, M.D.1    Beattie, S.E.2    Powers, R.F.3    Sanchez, F.G.4    Tiarks, A.E.5
  • 7
    • 0344928078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial biomass during the early establishment of hoop pine plantation: seasonal variation and impacts of site preparation
    • Chen C.R., Xu Z.H., Blumfield T.J., Hughes J.M. Soil microbial biomass during the early establishment of hoop pine plantation: seasonal variation and impacts of site preparation. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 186:213-225.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.186 , pp. 213-225
    • Chen, C.R.1    Xu, Z.H.2    Blumfield, T.J.3    Hughes, J.M.4
  • 9
    • 33846302474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil moisture and plant interactions on the soil microbial community structure
    • Chen M.M., Zhu Y.G., Su Y.H., Chen B.D., Fu B.J., Marschner P. Effects of soil moisture and plant interactions on the soil microbial community structure. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2007, 43:31-38.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Soil Biol. , vol.43 , pp. 31-38
    • Chen, M.M.1    Zhu, Y.G.2    Su, Y.H.3    Chen, B.D.4    Fu, B.J.5    Marschner, P.6
  • 10
    • 0034959249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the microbial community in a soil with reduced catabolic diversity less resistant to stress or disturbance?
    • Degens B.P., Schipper L.A., Sparling G.P., Duncan L.C. Is the microbial community in a soil with reduced catabolic diversity less resistant to stress or disturbance?. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33:1143-1153.
    • (2001) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.33 , pp. 1143-1153
    • Degens, B.P.1    Schipper, L.A.2    Sparling, G.P.3    Duncan, L.C.4
  • 11
    • 77949263639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term incorporation of organic manures and biofertilizers influences biochemical and microbial characteristics of soils under an annual crop [Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)]
    • Dinesh R., Srinivasan V., Hamza S., Manjusha A. Short-term incorporation of organic manures and biofertilizers influences biochemical and microbial characteristics of soils under an annual crop [Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)]. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:4697-4702.
    • (2010) Bioresour. Technol. , vol.101 , pp. 4697-4702
    • Dinesh, R.1    Srinivasan, V.2    Hamza, S.3    Manjusha, A.4
  • 12
    • 0002442449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity
    • CAB International, USA, C.E. Pankhurst (Ed.)
    • Doran J.W., Safley M. Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity. Biological Indicators of Soil Health 1997, 1-28. CAB International, USA. C.E. Pankhurst (Ed.).
    • (1997) Biological Indicators of Soil Health , pp. 1-28
    • Doran, J.W.1    Safley, M.2
  • 13
    • 38249032636 scopus 로고
    • Glucosidases and galactosidases in soil
    • Eivazi F., Tabatabai M.A. Glucosidases and galactosidases in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1988, 20:601-606.
    • (1988) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.20 , pp. 601-606
    • Eivazi, F.1    Tabatabai, M.A.2
  • 14
    • 0029660901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of wheel traffic and tillage on microbial biomass, residue decomposition and extractable nutrients in a Coastal Plain Soil
    • Entry J.A., Reeves W., Backman C.B., Raper R.L. Influence of wheel traffic and tillage on microbial biomass, residue decomposition and extractable nutrients in a Coastal Plain Soil. Plant Soil. 1996, 180:129-137.
    • (1996) Plant Soil. , vol.180 , pp. 129-137
    • Entry, J.A.1    Reeves, W.2    Backman, C.B.3    Raper, R.L.4
  • 15
    • 0034313831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of extensive forest management on soil productivity
    • Grigal D.F. Effects of extensive forest management on soil productivity. For. Ecol. Manage. 2000, 138:167-185.
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.138 , pp. 167-185
    • Grigal, D.F.1
  • 16
    • 0023153276 scopus 로고
    • Influence of corn residue on compression and compaction behavior of soils
    • Gupta S.C., Schneider E.C., Larson W.E., Hadas A. Influence of corn residue on compression and compaction behavior of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1987, 51:207-212.
    • (1987) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.51 , pp. 207-212
    • Gupta, S.C.1    Schneider, E.C.2    Larson, W.E.3    Hadas, A.4
  • 18
    • 0030251311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and N. I. Field measurement
    • Jensen L.S., McQueen D.J., Shepherd T.G. Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and N. I. Field measurement. Soil Tillage Res. 1996, 38:175-188.
    • (1996) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.38 , pp. 175-188
    • Jensen, L.S.1    McQueen, D.J.2    Shepherd, T.G.3
  • 19
    • 0031193517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation of C and N mineralization, microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field
    • Jensen L.S., Mueller T., Magid J., Nielsen N.E. Temporal variation of C and N mineralization, microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1997, 29:1043-1055.
    • (1997) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.29 , pp. 1043-1055
    • Jensen, L.S.1    Mueller, T.2    Magid, J.3    Nielsen, N.E.4
  • 20
    • 0036128314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial community composition and functional diversity in the rhizosphere of maize
    • Kandeler E., Marschner P., Tscherko D., Gahoonia T.S., Erik N. Microbial community composition and functional diversity in the rhizosphere of maize. Plant Soil. 2002, 238:301-312.
    • (2002) Plant Soil. , vol.238 , pp. 301-312
    • Kandeler, E.1    Marschner, P.2    Tscherko, D.3    Gahoonia, T.S.4    Erik, N.5
  • 21
    • 0019552599 scopus 로고
    • Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review
    • Khaleel R., Reddy K.R., Overcash M.R. Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review. J. Environ. Qual. 1981, 10:133-141.
    • (1981) J. Environ. Qual. , vol.10 , pp. 133-141
    • Khaleel, R.1    Reddy, K.R.2    Overcash, M.R.3
  • 22
    • 0003721384 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, UK
    • Killham K. Soil Ecology 1994, Cambridge University Press, UK.
    • (1994) Soil Ecology
    • Killham, K.1
  • 23
    • 0034579366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity following liquid hog manure application in a long-term field trial
    • Lalande R., Gagnon B., Simard R.R., Cote D. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity following liquid hog manure application in a long-term field trial. Can. J. Soil Sci. 2000, 80:263-269.
    • (2000) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.80 , pp. 263-269
    • Lalande, R.1    Gagnon, B.2    Simard, R.R.3    Cote, D.4
  • 24
    • 0028562560 scopus 로고
    • Control and avoidance of soil compaction in practices
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.)
    • Larson W.E., Eynard A., Hadas A., Lipiec J. Control and avoidance of soil compaction in practices. Soil Compaction in Crop Production 1994, 597-625. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.).
    • (1994) Soil Compaction in Crop Production , pp. 597-625
    • Larson, W.E.1    Eynard, A.2    Hadas, A.3    Lipiec, J.4
  • 26
    • 0036288877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activity during the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) planted in large pots under field exposure
    • Li C.H., Ma B.L., Zhang T.Q. Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activity during the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) planted in large pots under field exposure. Can. J. Soil Sci. 2002, 82:147-154.
    • (2002) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.82 , pp. 147-154
    • Li, C.H.1    Ma, B.L.2    Zhang, T.Q.3
  • 27
    • 1842432415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control
    • Li Q., Allen H.L., Wollum A.G. Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2004, 36:571-579.
    • (2004) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.36 , pp. 571-579
    • Li, Q.1    Allen, H.L.2    Wollum, A.G.3
  • 28
    • 0028572578 scopus 로고
    • Response of temperate crops in North America to soil compaction
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.)
    • Lindstom M.J., Voorhees W.B. Response of temperate crops in North America to soil compaction. Soil Compaction in Crop Production 1994, 265-286. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. B.D. Soane, C. van Ouwerkerk (Eds.).
    • (1994) Soil Compaction in Crop Production , pp. 265-286
    • Lindstom, M.J.1    Voorhees, W.B.2
  • 29
    • 0029509527 scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients
    • Lipiec J., Stepniewski W. Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil Tillage Res. 1995, 35:37-52.
    • (1995) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.35 , pp. 37-52
    • Lipiec, J.1    Stepniewski, W.2
  • 30
    • 0032449738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forage growth and yield components as influenced by subsurface compaction
    • Mapfumo E., Chanasyk D.S., Naeth M.A., Baron V.S. Forage growth and yield components as influenced by subsurface compaction. Agron. J. 1998, 90:805-812.
    • (1998) Agron. J. , vol.90 , pp. 805-812
    • Mapfumo, E.1    Chanasyk, D.S.2    Naeth, M.A.3    Baron, V.S.4
  • 31
    • 33746022591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tree harvesting, forest floor removal, and compaction on soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, and N availability in a boreal aspen forest in British Columbia
    • Mariani L., Chang S.X., Kabzems R. Effect of tree harvesting, forest floor removal, and compaction on soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, and N availability in a boreal aspen forest in British Columbia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2006, 38:1734-1744.
    • (2006) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.38 , pp. 1734-1744
    • Mariani, L.1    Chang, S.X.2    Kabzems, R.3
  • 32
    • 0034107559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil compactibility as affected by soil moisture content and farmyard manure in central Iran
    • Mosaddeghi M.R., Hajabbasi M.A., Hemmat A., Afyuni M. Soil compactibility as affected by soil moisture content and farmyard manure in central Iran. Soil Tillage Res. 2000, 55:87-97.
    • (2000) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.55 , pp. 87-97
    • Mosaddeghi, M.R.1    Hajabbasi, M.A.2    Hemmat, A.3    Afyuni, M.4
  • 33
    • 0344613052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical properties of a claypan soil
    • Motavalli P.P., Anderson S.H., Pengthamkeerati P. Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical properties of a claypan soil. Field Crops Res. 2003, 84:303-318.
    • (2003) Field Crops Res. , vol.84 , pp. 303-318
    • Motavalli, P.P.1    Anderson, S.H.2    Pengthamkeerati, P.3
  • 34
    • 0345377638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of soil cone penetrometers to detect the effects of compaction and organic amendments in claypan soil
    • Motavalli P.P., Anderson S.H., Pengthamkeerati P., Gantzer C.J. Use of soil cone penetrometers to detect the effects of compaction and organic amendments in claypan soil. Soil Tillage Res. 2003, 74:103-114.
    • (2003) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.74 , pp. 103-114
    • Motavalli, P.P.1    Anderson, S.H.2    Pengthamkeerati, P.3    Gantzer, C.J.4
  • 36
    • 0035090529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tillage, cover cropping, and poultry effects on selected soil chemical properties
    • Nyakatawa E.Z., Reddy K.C., Sistani K.R. Tillage, cover cropping, and poultry effects on selected soil chemical properties. Soil Tillage Res. 2001, 58:69-79.
    • (2001) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.58 , pp. 69-79
    • Nyakatawa, E.Z.1    Reddy, K.C.2    Sistani, K.R.3
  • 37
    • 0036934668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term cattle manure application in soil. I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities
    • Parham J.A., Deng S.P., Raun W.R., Johnson G.V. Long-term cattle manure application in soil. I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2002, 35:328-337.
    • (2002) Biol. Fertil. Soils , vol.35 , pp. 328-337
    • Parham, J.A.1    Deng, S.P.2    Raun, W.R.3    Johnson, G.V.4
  • 38
    • 20344383010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil carbon dioxide efflux from a claypan soil affected by surface compaction and applications of poultry litter
    • Pengthamkeerati P., Motavalli P.P., Kremer R.J., Anderson S.H. Soil carbon dioxide efflux from a claypan soil affected by surface compaction and applications of poultry litter. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2005, 109:75-86.
    • (2005) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , vol.109 , pp. 75-86
    • Pengthamkeerati, P.1    Motavalli, P.P.2    Kremer, R.J.3    Anderson, S.H.4
  • 39
  • 40
    • 59349108996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference bulk density and critical degree-of-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils
    • Reichert J.M., Suzuki L.E.A.S., Reinert D.J., Horn R., Hakansson I. Reference bulk density and critical degree-of-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil Tillage Res. 2009, 102:242-254.
    • (2009) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.102 , pp. 242-254
    • Reichert, J.M.1    Suzuki, L.E.A.S.2    Reinert, D.J.3    Horn, R.4    Hakansson, I.5
  • 41
    • 20344376314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation agriculture: global environmental benefits of soil carbon management
    • D. McKinnon, M. Hamilton-Manns (Eds.)
    • Reicosky D.C. Conservation agriculture: global environmental benefits of soil carbon management. Proceedings of the Monsanto Conservation Agriculture Seminars 2002, 17-25. D. McKinnon, M. Hamilton-Manns (Eds.).
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Monsanto Conservation Agriculture Seminars , pp. 17-25
    • Reicosky, D.C.1
  • 42
    • 85104335293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil quality
    • SSSA, Madison, WI, J.W. Doran, A.J. Jones (Eds.)
    • Rice C.W., Moorman T.B., Beare M. Role of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil quality. Methods for Assessing Soil Quality 1996, 203-216. SSSA, Madison, WI. J.W. Doran, A.J. Jones (Eds.).
    • (1996) Methods for Assessing Soil Quality , pp. 203-216
    • Rice, C.W.1    Moorman, T.B.2    Beare, M.3
  • 43
    • 0034887788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal analysis of the soil microbial community along a toposequence in Pineland soils
    • Roger B.F., Tate R.L. Temporal analysis of the soil microbial community along a toposequence in Pineland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33:1389-1401.
    • (2001) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.33 , pp. 1389-1401
    • Roger, B.F.1    Tate, R.L.2
  • 44
    • 0004282518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute, Cary, NC, SAS Institute
    • SAS Institute SAS/STAT User Guide, Version 8.2 2001, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
    • (2001) SAS/STAT User Guide, Version 8.2
  • 45
    • 0003700964 scopus 로고
    • Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Soil Conservation Service
    • Soil Conservation Service Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. Agriculture Handbook 296 1981, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1981) Agriculture Handbook 296
  • 46
    • 0022093109 scopus 로고
    • Changes in soil properties under annual applications of feedlot manure and different tillage practices
    • Sommerfeldt T.G., Chang C. Changes in soil properties under annual applications of feedlot manure and different tillage practices. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1985, 49:983-987.
    • (1985) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.49 , pp. 983-987
    • Sommerfeldt, T.G.1    Chang, C.2
  • 47
    • 1242344765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems
    • Spedding T.A., Hamel C., Mehuys G.R., Madramootoo C.A. Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2004, 36:499-512.
    • (2004) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.36 , pp. 499-512
    • Spedding, T.A.1    Hamel, C.2    Mehuys, G.R.3    Madramootoo, C.A.4
  • 48
    • 20344363532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systat Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA, Systat Software Inc.
    • Systat Software Inc. Sigmaplot User's Guide, Version 8.0 2002, Systat Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA.
    • (2002) Sigmaplot User's Guide, Version 8.0
  • 50
    • 26244455181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil compaction and forest floor removal on soil microbial properties and N transformations in a boreal forest long-term soil productivity study
    • Tan X., Chang S.X., Kabzems R. Effects of soil compaction and forest floor removal on soil microbial properties and N transformations in a boreal forest long-term soil productivity study. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 217:158-170.
    • (2005) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.217 , pp. 158-170
    • Tan, X.1    Chang, S.X.2    Kabzems, R.3
  • 51
    • 33846184086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sol compaction and forest litter amendment affect carbon and net nitrogen mineralization in a boreal forest soil
    • Tan X., Chang S.X. Sol compaction and forest litter amendment affect carbon and net nitrogen mineralization in a boreal forest soil. Soil Tillage Res. 2007, 93:77-86.
    • (2007) Soil Tillage Res. , vol.93 , pp. 77-86
    • Tan, X.1    Chang, S.X.2
  • 52
    • 33646263593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure
    • Toyota K., Kuninaga S. Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2006, 33:39-48.
    • (2006) Appl. Soil Ecol. , vol.33 , pp. 39-48
    • Toyota, K.1    Kuninaga, S.2
  • 54
    • 0344580371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil Survey Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, World Soil Resources
    • World Soil Resources Global Major Land Resources Stresses 2002, Soil Survey Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
    • (2002) Global Major Land Resources Stresses


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.