Current and future treatment options in osteoporosis

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 321-331

  Brewer, Linda ^a   Williams, David ^a,b   Moore, Alan ^a  

^a BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^b ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Anabolic therapy; Anti resorptive therapy; Fracture risk; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVIN RECEPTOR; ALENDRONIC ACID; BAZEDOXIFENE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CALCIUM ION; CATHEPSIN K; DENOSUMAB; DICKKOPF 1 PROTEIN; GERANYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 2; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; IBANDRONIC ACID; INTEGRIN; INTEGRIN AUB3; LASOFOXIFENE; ODANACATIB; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PLACEBO; RALOXIFENE; RECOMBINANT PARATHYROID HORMONE; RISEDRONIC ACID; SCLEROSTIN; STRONTIUM RANELATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D; WNT PROTEIN; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BONE DENSITY; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CANCER RISK; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; DYSPEPSIA; ELDERLY CARE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HIP FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; OSTEOSARCOMA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POSTMENOPAUSE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH CANCER; VERTEBRA FRACTURE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANABOLIC AGENTS; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; OSTEOPOROSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79954619872     PISSN: 00316970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-0999-2     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. P Sambrook C Cooper 2006 Osteoporosis Lancet 367 2010 2018 16782492 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68891-0 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlvFGltLs%3D (Pubitemid 43867702)
2. SR Cummings LJ Melton 2002 Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures Lancet 359 1761 12049882 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-9 (Pubitemid 34614532)
3. RP Heaney 2003 Remodelling and skeletal fragility Osteoporos Int 14 Suppl 5 S12 S15
4. O Bruyere AR Varela S Ademi, et al. 2009 Loss of hip bone mineral density over time in association with spine and hip fracture incidence in osteoporotic postmenopausal women Eur J Epidemiol 24 11 707 712 19728118 10.1007/s10654-009- 9381-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlKhtL7N
5. MJ Seibel V Naganathan I Barton, et al. 2004 Relationship between pretreatment bone resorption and vertebral fracture incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with risedronate J Bone Miner Res 19 323 14969403 10.1359/JBMR.0301231 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhs1elsrs%3D (Pubitemid 38116747)
6. DC Bauer DM Black P Garnero, et al. 2004 Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial J Bone Miner Res 19 1250 15231011 10.1359/JBMR.040512 (Pubitemid 41094365)
7. DC Bauer P Garnero MC Hochberg, et al. 2006 Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial J Bone Miner Res 21 292 16418785 10.1359/JBMR.051018 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xhs1Kmu7Y%3D (Pubitemid 43265295)
8. SR Cummings MC Nevitt WS Browner, et al. 1995 Risk factors for hip fracture in white women N Engl J Med 332 767 7862179 10.1056/NEJM199503233321202 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ms1aktw%3D%3D
9. J Kanis, et al. 2008 FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK Osteoporos Int 19 385 18292978 10.1007/s00198-007- 0543-5 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7nvF2ntA%3D%3D
10. JA Kanis EV McCloskey H Johansson, et al. 2008 Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX-assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. National Osteoporosis Guideline Group Osteoporos Int 19 10 1395 1408 18751937 10.1007/s00198-008-0712-1 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1crnvFelug%3D%3D
11. F Borgström O Ström J Coelho, et al. 2010 The cost-effectiveness of risedronate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis using the FRAX Osteoporos Int 21 3 495 505 19565175 10.1007/s00198-009-0989-8
12. F Borgström O Ström J Coelho, et al. 2010 The cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 21 2 339 349 19513577 10.1007/s00198-009-0971-5
13. J Hippisley-Cox C Coupland 2009 Predicating risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores BMJ 339 b4229 19926696 10.1136/bmj.b4229
14. MF Holick 2007 Optimal vitamin D status for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Drugs Aging 24 12 1017 1029 18020534 10.2165/00002512-200724120- 00005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXot1Oqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 350145410)
15. HA Bischoff-Ferrari T Dietrich E Orav, et al. 2004 Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults Am J Med 116 634 15093761 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.029 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1SisrY%3D (Pubitemid 38490539)
16. RD Jackson AZ LaCroix M Gass, et al. 2006 Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures N Engl J Med 354 669 16481635 10.1056/NEJMoa055218 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsVWksr0%3D (Pubitemid 43247138)
17. B Dawson-Hughes SS Harris EA Krall, et al. 1997 Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older N Engl J Med 337 670 9278463 10.1056/NEJM199709043371003 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmt1Wqtbk%3D (Pubitemid 27375473)
18. RL Prince A Devine SS Dhaliwal, et al. 2006 Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure. Results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women Arch Intern Med 166 869 875 16636212 10.1001/archinte.166.8.869 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkslensrY%3D
19. B Dawson-Hughes HA Bischoff-Ferrari J Mayer 2007 Therapy of osteoporosis with calcium and vitamin D J Bone Miner Res 22 Suppl 2 V59 V63 18290724 10.1359/jbmr.07s209 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjslWgs7g%3D (Pubitemid 351304651)
20. MJ Bolland A Avenell J Baron, et al. 2010 Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis BMJ 341 c3691 20671013 10.1136/bmj.c3691
21. JE Dunford 2010 Molecular targets of the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates: the molecular pharmacology of prenyl synthase inhibition Curr Pharm Des 16 27 2961 2969 20722615 10.2174/138161210793563617 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVKlur3M
22. DM Black SR Cummings DB Karpf, et al. 1996 Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group Lancet 348 9041 1535 1541 8950879 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07088-2 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXisFCktQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26411651)
23. SR Cummings DM Black DE Thompson, et al. 1998 Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures. Results from the fracture intervention trial JAMA 280 2077 9875874 10.1001/jama.280.24.2077 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjsVWruw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29014065)
24. ST Harris NB Watts HK Genant, et al. 1999 Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group JAMA 282 1344 10527181 10.1001/jama.282.14.1344 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmvFansr0%3D (Pubitemid 29483192)
25. MR McClung P Geusens PD Miller, et al. 2001 Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women N Engl J Med 344 333 11172164 10.1056/NEJM200102013440503 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXht1Wlu7g%3D (Pubitemid 32107641)
26. PD Delmas RR Recker CH Chesnut III, et al. 2004 Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study Osteoporos Int 15 10 792 798 15071723 10.1007/s00198-004-1602-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsVCit7g%3D (Pubitemid 39361949)
27. ST Harris JY Reginster C Harley, et al. 2009 Risk of fracture in women treated with monthly oral ibandronate or weekly bisphosphonates: the eValuation of IBandronate Efficacy (VIBE) database fracture study Bone 44 5 758 765 19168160 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktFags7c%3D
28. DM Black PD Delmas R Eastell, et al. 2007 Once-yearly zolendronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 356 1809 17476007 10.1056/NEJMoa067312 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltVSktLc%3D (Pubitemid 46698462)
29. KW Lyles CS Colon-Emeric JS Magaziner, et al. 2007 Zolendronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture N Engl J Med 357 1799 17878149 10.1056/NEJMoa074941 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Kit7nN (Pubitemid 350044800)
30. EF Eriksen KW Lyles CS Colón-Emeric, et al. 2009 Antifracture efficacy and reduction of mortality in relation to timing of the first dose of zoledronic acid after hip fracture Bone Miner Res 24 7 1308 1313 10.1359/jbmr.090209 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosFCkt7g%3D
31. DK Wysowski 2009 Reports of esophageal cancer with oral bisphosphonate use N Engl J Med 360 1 89 90 19118315 10.1056/NEJMc0808738 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXitVShug%3D%3D
32. CR Cardwell CC Abnet MM Cantwell, et al. 2010 Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of esophageal cancer JAMA 304 6 657 663 20699457 10.1001/jama.2010.1098 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVelsbbO
33. J Green G Czanner G Reeves, et al. 2010 Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary care cohort BMJ 341 c4444 20813820 10.1136/bmj.c4444
34. DM Black MP Kelly HK Genant, et al. 2010 Bisphosphonates and fractures of the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur N Engl J Med 363 19 1761 1771 10.1056/NEJMoa1001086
35. B Abrahamsen P Eiken R Eastell, et al. 2010 Cumulative alendronate dose and the long-term absolute risk of subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures: a register-based national cohort analysis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 12 5258 5265 20843943 10.1210/jc.2010-1571 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1arsLvI
36. CHMP assessment report on bisphosphonate and osteonecrosis of the jaw (2009). www.emea.europa.eu
37. JE Rossouw GL Anderson RL Prentice, et al. 2002 Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 3 321 333 12117397 10.1001/jama.288.3.321 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xltlegs7k%3D (Pubitemid 34761611)
38. -(1996) Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI. JAMA 276(17):1389-1396
39. B Ettinger DM Black BH Mitlak, et al. 1999 Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators JAMA 282 7 637 645 10517716 10.1001/jama.282.7.637 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvVKqurg%3D (Pubitemid 29384151)
40. PD Delmas HK Genant GG Crans, et al. 2003 Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial Bone 33 4 522 532 14555255 10.1016/S8756-3282(03) 00241-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3svnslSgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 37222378)
41. SL Silverman C Christiansen HK Genant, et al. 2008 Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial J Bone Miner Res 23 12 1923 1934 18665787 10.1359/jbmr.080710 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosVylsbo%3D
42. SR Cummings K Ensrud PD Delmas, et al. 2010 PEARL study investigators. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 362 8 686 696 20181970 10.1056/NEJMoa0808692 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisFOqsro%3D
43. J Komi KS Lankinen M DeGregorio, et al. 2006 Effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Metab 24 4 314 318 16816926 10.1007/s00774-006-0689-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsVShtro%3D (Pubitemid 43992675)
44. M Bolognese JH Krege WH Utian, et al. 2009 Effects of arzoxifene on bone mineral density and endometrium in postmenopausal women with normal or low bone mass J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 7 2284 2289 19351734 10.1210/jc.2008-2143 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosl2lurk%3D
45. DM Black SL Greenspan KE Ensrud, et al. 2003 The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 349 1207 14500804 10.1056/NEJMoa031975 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXns1Kmsrw%3D (Pubitemid 37152030)
46. RM Neer CD Arnaud JR Zanchetta, et al. 2001 Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 344 1434 11346808 10.1056/NEJM200105103441904 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVSgsbw%3D (Pubitemid 32402100)
47. JL Vahle M Sato GG Long, et al. 2002 Skeletal changes in rats given daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) for 2 years and relevance to human safety Toxicol Pathol 30 312 12051548 10.1080/01926230252929882 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks1Gntbg%3D (Pubitemid 34556102)
48. DM Black JP Bilezikian KE Ensrud, et al. 2005 One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-84) for osteoporosis N Engl J Med 353 555 16093464 10.1056/NEJMoa050336 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXnsVWmtb0%3D (Pubitemid 41138937)
49. PJ Meunier C Roux E Seeman, et al. 2004 The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (SOTI) N Engl J Med 350 5 459 468 14749454 10.1056/NEJMoa022436 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1Snsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38133766)
50. E Seeman MC De Vernejoul S Adami, et al. 2005 Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 2816 2822 15728210 10.1210/jc.2004-1774 (Pubitemid 40686329)
51. JY Reginster O Bruyère A Sawicki, et al. 2009 Long-term treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with strontium ranelate: results at 8 years Bone 45 6 1059 1064 19679207 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlGit7bE
52. E Seeman B Vellas C Benhamou, et al. 2006 Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women eighty years of age and older J Bone Miner Res 21 7 1113 1120 16813532 10.1359/jbmr.060404 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntlWqu7k%3D (Pubitemid 43962840)
53. O Bruyere C Roux J Detilleux, et al. 2007 Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 8 3076 3081 17566094 10.1210/jc.2006-2758 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXptl2hsb0%3D (Pubitemid 47236373)
54. G Breart C Cooper O Meyer, et al. 2010 Osteoporosis and venous thromboembolism: a retrospective cohort study in the UK General Practice Research Database Osteoporos Int 21 7 1181 1187 19806285 10.1007/s00198-009- 1050-7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptVantrc%3D
55. EM Lewiecki 2008 Denosumab: an investigational drug for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis Biologics 2 4 645 653 19707445 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXjvVyht7c%3D
56. MR McClung EM Lewiecki SB Cohen, et al. 2006 AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density N Engl J Med 354 8 821 831 16495394 10.1056NEJMoa044459 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhsl2gs7o%3D (Pubitemid 43290920)
57. EM Lewiecki PD Miller MR McClung, et al. 2007 Two year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD J Bone Miner Res 22 12 1832 1841 17708711 10.1359/jbmr.070809 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVyjtrjF (Pubitemid 351229299)
58. PD Miller MA Bolognese EM Lewiecki, et al. 2008 Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomised blinded phase 2 clinical trial Bone 43 2 222 229 18539106 10.1016/j.bone.2008. 04.007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosVOitrk%3D
59. JP Brown RL Prince C Deal, et al. 2009 Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial J Bone Miner Res 24 1 153 161 18767928 10.1359/jbmr.0809010 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXht1yrtbc%3D
60. SR Cummings J San Martin MR McClung, et al. 2009 FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 361 8 756 765 19671655 10.1056/NEJMoa0809493 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVWls7nF
61. T Aghaloo A Felsenfeld S Tetradis 2010 Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient on denosumab J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68 5 959 963 20149510 10.1016/j.joms.2009.10.010
62. KH Taylor LS Middlefell KD Mizen 2010 Osteonecrosis of the jaws induced by anti-RANK ligand therapy Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48 3 221 223 19836866 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.08.030 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c7nvVKguw%3D%3D
63. DL Kendler MR McClung N Freemantle on behalf of the DAPS Investigators, et al. 2008 Adherence, preference, and satisfaction of postmenopausal women taking denosumab or alendronate Osteoporos Int 10.1007/s00198-010-1378-z 1863364
64. JY Gauthier N Chauret W Cromlish, et al. 2008 The discovery of odanacatib (MK-0822), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18 3 923 928 18226527 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.047 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFWktro%3D (Pubitemid 351179363)
65. SA Stoch S Zajic J Stone, et al. 2009 Effect of the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib on bone resorption biomarkers in healthy postmenopausal women: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I studies Clin Pharmacol Ther 86 2 175 182 19421185 10.1038/clpt.2009.60 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovFOrt7c%3D
66. HG Bone MR McClung C Roux 2010 Odanacatib, a cathepsin-K inhibitor for osteoporosis: a two-year study in postmenopausal women with low bone density J Bone Miner Res 25 5 937 947 19874198
67. DB Henriksen P Alexandersen B Hartmann, et al. 2007 Disassociation of bone resorption and formation by GLP-2. A 14 day study in healthy postmenopausal women Bone 40 3 723 17081815 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.025 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXhtlSksbw%3D (Pubitemid 46201945)
68. DB Henriksen P Alexandersen B Hartmann, et al. 2009 Four month treatment with GLP-2 significantly increases hip BMD: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in postmenopausal women with low BMD Bone 45 5 833 842 19631303 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.008 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFyjsrzO
69. LH Hoeppner FJ Secreto JJ Westendorf 2009 Wnt signaling as a therapeutic target for bone diseases Expert Opin Ther Targets 13 4 485 496 19335070 10.1517/14728220902841961 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvVWgu7k%3D
70. X Li MS Ominsky KS Warmington, et al. 2009 Sclerostin antibody treatment increases bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 24 4 578 588 19049336 10.1359/jbmr.081206 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXksF2lu7c%3D
71. D Padhi G Jang B Stouch L Fang, et al. 2010 Single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomised study of AMG 785, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody J Bone Miner Res 26 1 19 26 10.1002/jbmr.173
72. AD Anastasilakis SA Polyzos A Avramidis 2010 The effect of teriparatide on serum Dickkopf-1 levels in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72 6 752 757 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03728.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotVehtb0%3D
73. BT MacDonald DM Joiner SM Oyserman, et al. 2007 Bone mass is inversely proportional to Dkk1 levels in mice Bone 41 3 331 339 17613296 10.1016/j.bone.2007.05.009 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXovFOqsb0%3D (Pubitemid 47199155)
74. AM Betts TH Clark J Yang, et al. 2010 The application of target information and preclinical pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling in predicting clinical doses of a Dickkopf-1 antibody for osteoporosis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 333 1 2 13 20089807 10.1124/jpet.109.164129 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXkvFGksb8%3D
75. C Nugent K Roche S Wilson, et al. 2009 The effect of intramuscular vitamin D (cholecalciferol) on serum 25OH vitamin D levels in older female acute hospital admissions Ir J Med Sci 179 1 57 61 19714394 10.1007/s11845-009-0410-9
76. RH Harwood O Sahota K Gaynor, et al. 2004 Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study Age Ageing 33 1 45 51 14695863 10.1093/ageing/afh002 (Pubitemid 38111448)
77. E Seeman JP Devogelaer R Lorenc, et al. 2008 Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with osteopenia J Bone Miner Res 23 433 438 17997711 10.1359/jbmr.071105 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjsl2itbo%3D (Pubitemid 351304674)
78. SA Quandt DE Thompson DL Schneider, et al. 2005 Effect of alendronate on vertebral fracture risk in women with bone mineral density T scores of -1.6 to -2.5 at the femoral neck Mayo Clin Proc 80 343 349 15757015 10.4065/80.3.343 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1SltL0%3D (Pubitemid 40316296)
79. PD Miller C Roux S Boonen, et al. 2005 Safety and efficacy of risedronate in patients with age-related reduced renal function as estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault method: a pooled analysis of nine clinical trials J Bone Miner Res 20 2105 2115 16294264 10.1359/JBMR.050817 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlWntrbN (Pubitemid 41698774)
80. SA Jamal DC Bauer KE Ensrud, et al. 2007 Alendronate treatment in women with normal to severely impaired renal function: an analysis of the fracture intervention trial J Bone Miner Res 22 503 508 17243862 10.1359/jbmr.070112 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpt1Grtr0%3D (Pubitemid 47457426)
81. A Ishani T Blackwell SA Jamal, et al. 2008 MORE investigators. The effect of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal women with CKD J Am Soc Nephrol 19 1430 1438 18400939 10.1681/ASN.2007050555 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXovFeksL4%3D
82. R Bergner D Hendrich M Hoffmann, et al. 2008 Treatment of reduced bone density with ibandronate in dialysis patients J Nephrol 21 4 510 516 18651540 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFWgsrrI
83. JB Wetmore LZ Benet D Kleinstuck, et al. 2005 Effects of short-term alendronate on bone mineral density in haemodialysis patients Nephrology (Carlton) 10 4 393 399 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2005.00436.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtVOiu7fE (Pubitemid 41725517)
84. NE Lane W Yao 2009 Developments in the scientific understanding of osteoporosis Arthritis Res Ther 11 228 19497136 10.1186/ar2656
85. JA Kanis EV McCloskey H Johansson A Oden O Ström 2010 Development and use of FRAX® in osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 21 Suppl 2 407 413 10.1007/s00198-010-1253-y