The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: A historical, structural, and functional perspective on a dichotomous terminology

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 519, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1413-1434

  Kozicz, Tamás ^a   Bittencourt, Jackson C ^b   May, Paul J ^c   Reiner, Anton ^d   Gamlin, Paul D R ^e   Palkovits, Miklós ^f   Horn, Anja K E ^g   Toledo, Claudio A B ^h   Ryabinin, Andrey E ⁱ  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^f INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Hungary)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^h MASTERS AND DOCTORAL PROGRAMS IN PHYSICAL THERAPY   (Brazil)

ⁱ OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Choline acetyltransferase; Comparative neuroanatomy; Midbrain; Oculomotor nuclear complex; Preganglionic neurons; Urocortin 1

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ANXIETY; BIRD; BRAIN FUNCTION; CHOLINERGIC NERVE CELL; EDINGER WESTPHAL NUCLEUS; FOOD INTAKE; GENE MUTATION; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION STRESS; MALADJUSTMENT; NERVE PROJECTION; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; PEPTIDERGIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PREGANGLIONIC NERVE CELL; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPTILE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC FIBERS, PREGANGLIONIC; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; EATING; HUMANS; MESENCEPHALON; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEURONS; UROCORTINS;

EID: 79954588304     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: 10969861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cne.22580     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Adler A. 1933. Zur Lokalisation des Konvergenzentrums und der Kerne der glatten Augenmuskeln. Z Neurol Psychiatry 145: 185-207.
2. Akert K, Glicksman MA, Lang W, Grob P, Huber A. 1980. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the monkey. A retrograde tracer study. Brain Res 184: 491-498.
3. Bach L. 1906. Über das Verhalten der motorischen Kerngebiete nach Läsion der peripheren Nerven und uber die physiologische Bedeutung der Edinger-Westfalschen Kerne. Z Nervenheilk 29: 140.
4. Bachtell RK, Wang YM, Freeman P, Risinger FO, Ryabinin AE. 1999. Alcohol drinking produces brain region-selective changes in expression of inducible transcription factors. Brain Res 847: 157-165
5. Bachtell RK, Tsivkovskaia NO, Ryabinin AE. 2002a. Strain differences in urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its relation to alcohol-induced hypothermia. Neuroscience 113: 421-434.
6. Bachtell RK, Tsivkovskaia NO, Ryabinin AE. 2002b. Alcohol-induced c-Fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus: pharmacological and signal transduction mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302: 516-524.
7. Bachtell RK, Weitemier AZ, Galvan-Rosas A, Tsivkovskaia NO, Risinger FO, Phillips TJ, Grahame NJ, Ryabinin AE. 2003. The Edinger Westphal lateral septum urocortin pathway and its relationship to alcohol consumption. J Neurosci 23: 2477-2487.
8. Bachtell RK, Weitemier AZ, Ryabinin AE. 2004. Lesions of the Edinger Westphal nucleus in C57BL/6J mice disrupt ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption. Eur J Neurosci 20: 1613-1623.
9. Balaban CD. 2003. Vestibular nucleus projections to the Edinger-Westphal and anteromedian nuclei of rabbits. Brain Res 963: 121-131.
10. Baleydier C, Magnin M, Cooper HM. 1990. Macaque accessory optic system: II. Connections with the pretectum. J Comp Neurol 302: 405-416.
11. Barbas-Henry HA, Lohman AHM. 1988. The motor nuclei and sesory neurons of the IIIrd, IVth, and VIth cranial nerves in the monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus. J Comp Neurol 267: 370-386.
12. Benevento LA, Rezak M, Santos A. 1977. An autoradiographic study of the projections of the pretectum in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): evidence for sensorimotor links to the thalamus and oculomotor nuclei. Brain Res 127: 197-218.
13. Benjamin JW. 1939. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve with special reference to innervation of the pupil and fibers from the pretectal region. J Nerv Ment Dis 89: 294-310.
14. Berman N. 1977. Connections of the pretectum in cats. J Comp Neurol 174: 227-254.
15. Bernard C. 1852. Experiences sur les fonctions de la portion cephalique du grand sympathique. C R Soc Biol Paris 3: 163-165.
16. Bernheimer S. 1897. Experimentelle Studien zur Kenntnis der Innervation der inneren und äusseren vom Oculomotorius versorgten Muskeln des Auges. v Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 44: 481-525.
17. Bernheimer S. 1901. Die Lage des Sphinktercentrums. v Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 52: 306-316.
18. Bittencourt JC, Vaughan J, Arias C, Rissman RA, Vale WW, Sawchenko PE. 1999. Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors. J Comp Neurol 41: 85-312.
19. Breen LA, Burde RM, Loewy AD. 1983. Brainstem connections to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the cat: a retrograde tracer study. Brain Res 261: 303-306.
20. Brouwer B. 1918. Klinisch-anatomische Untersuchung über den Oculomotoriuskern. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat 40: 152-193.
21. Buisseret-Delmas C, Angaut P, Compoint C, Diagne M, Buisseret P. 1998. Brainstem efferents from the interface between the nucleus medialis and the nucleus interpositus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 40: 264-275.
22. Budge J. 1855. Uber die Bewegung der Iris. Brauschweig: F. Vieweg und Sohn.
23. Burde RM. 1988. Disparate visceral neuronal pools subserve spinal cord and ciliary ganglion in the monkey: a double labelling approach. Brain Res 440: 177-180.
24. Burde RM, Loewy AD. 1980. Central origin of oculomotor parasympathetic neurons in the monkey. Brain Res 198: 434-439.
25. Burde RM, Williams F. 1989. Parasympathetic nuclei. Brain Res 498: 371-375.
26. Büttner-Ennever JA, Akert K. 1981. Medial rectus subgroups of the oculomotor nucleus and their abducens internuclear input in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 197: 17-27.
27. Büttner-Ennever JA, Cohen B, Horn AK, Reisine H. 1996. Pretectal projections to the oculomotor complex of the monkey and their role in eye movements. J Comp Neurol 366: 348-359.
28. Büttner-Ennever JA, Horn AKE, Scherberger H, D'Ascanio P. 2001. Motoneurons of twitch and nontwitch extraocular muscle fibers in the abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor nuclei of monkeys. J Comp Neurol 438: 318-335.
29. Cabot JB, Reiner A, Bogan N. 1982. Avian bulbospinal pathways: anterograde and retrograde studies of cells of origin, funicular trajectories and laminar terminations. In: Kuypers HGJM, Martin GF, editors. Descending pathways to the spinal cord. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Cabot JB, Reiner A, Bogan N. Prog Brain Res 57: 25-67.
30. Calle M, Kozicz T, van der Linden E, Desfeux A, Veening JG, Barendregt HP, Roubos EW. 2006. Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 147: 237-246.
31. Cavani JC, Reiner A, Cuthbertson SL, Bittencourt JC, Toledo CAB. 2003. Evidence of that urocortin is absent from neurons of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in pigeon. Braz J Med Biol Res 26: 1695-1700.
32. Chang SL, Patel NA, Romero AA. 1995. Activation and desensitization of Fos immunoreactivity in the rat brain following ethanol administration. Brain Res 679: 89-98.
33. Chung RY, Mason P, Strassman A, Maciewicz R. 1987. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: cells that project to spinal cord contain corticotropin releasing factor. Neurosci Lett 83: 13-19.
34. Clarke RJ, Coimbra CJ, Alessio ML. 1985. Distribution of parasympathetic motoneurones in the oculomotor complex innervating the ciliary ganglion in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Acta Anat 121: 53-58.
35. Clarke RJ, Blanks RH, Giolli RA. 2003. Midbrain connections of the olivary pretectal nucleus in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): implications for the pupil light reflex pathway. Anat Embryol 207: 149-155.
36. Crawford K, Terasawa E, Kaufman PL. 1989. Reproducible stimulation of ciliary muscle contraction in the cynomolgus monkey via a permanent indwelling midbrain electrode. Brain Res 503: 265-272.
37. Crosby EC, Woodburne RT. 1943. The nuclear pattern of the nontectal portions of the midbrain and isthmus in primates. J Comp Neurol 78: 441-482.
38. Crouch RL. 1936. The efferent fibers of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 64: 365-373.
39. Cunha RP, Reiner A, Toledo CAB. 2007. Involvement of urocortinergic neurons below the midbrain central gray in the physiological response to restraint stress in pigeons. Brain Res 1147: 175-183.
40. de Kloet ER. 2008. About stress hormones and resilience to psychopathology. J Neuroendocrinol 20: 885-892.
41. Dearworth JR Jr, Brenner JE, Blaum JF, Littlefield TE, Fink DA, Romano JM, Jones MS. 2009. Pupil constriction evoked in vitro by stimulation of the oculomotor nerve in the turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vis Neurosci 26: 309-318.
42. Derks NM, Roubos EW, Kozicz T. 2007. Presence of estrogen receptor beta in urocortin 1-neurons in the mouse non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 153: 228-234.
43. Derks NM, Gaszner B, Roubos EW, Kozicz LT. 2010. Sex differences in urocortin 1 dynamics in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the rat. Neurosci Res 66: 117-23.
44. Douglass J, Daoud S. 1996. Characterization of the human cDNA and genomic DNA encoding CART: a cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Gene 169: 241-245.
45. Dun SL, Brailoiu GC, Mizuo K, Yang J, Chang JK, Dun NJ. 2005. Neuropeptide B immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. Brain Res 1045: 157-163.
46. Edinger L. 1885. Über den Verlauf der centralen Hirnnervenbahnen mit Demonstrationen von Präparaten. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankheiten 16: 858-859.
47. Erichsen JT, May PJ. 2002. The pupillary and ciliary components of the cat Edinger-Westphal nucleus: a transsynaptic transport investigation. Vis Neurosci 19: 15-29.
48. Eustachius B. 1714. Tabulae Anatomicae. Roma: F. Gomzagae. Tab. XVIII.
49. Fallopius G. 1600. Opera-Omnia. Frankfurti: apud. Haer. A. Welcheli. Tom. Sec. p 293-294.
50. Fatima A, Haroon MF, Wolf G, Engelmann M, Spina MG. 2007. Reduced urocortin 1 immunoreactivity in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus during late pregnancy in rats. Regul Pept 143: 34-38.
51. Fitzgerald MEC, Gamlin PDR, Zagvazdin Y, Reiner A. 1996. Central neural circuits for the light-mediated reflexive control of choroidal blood flow in the pigeon eye: a laser Doppler study. Vis Neurosci 13: 655-669.
52. Fonareva I, Spangler E, Cannella N, Sabino V, Cottone P, Ciccocioppo R, Zorrilla EP, Ryabinin AE. 2009. Increased perioculomotor urocortin 1 immunoreactivity in genetically selected alcohol preferring rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (in press).
53. Foo KS, Brismar H, Broberger C. 2008. Distribution and neuropeptide coexistence of nucleobindin-2 mRNA/nesfatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS. Neuroscience 156: 563-579.
54. Franklin KBJ, Paxinos G. 1997. The mouse brain atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego: Academic Press.
55. Gamlin PD. 1999. Subcortical neural circuits for ocular accommodation and vergence in primates. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 19: 81-89.
56. Gamlin PDR. 2000. The functions of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. In: Burnstock G, Sillito A, editors. Nervous control of the eye. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers. p 117-154.
57. Gamlin PDR, Reiner A. 1991. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: sources of input influencing accommodation, pupilloconstriction, and choroidal blood flow. J Comp Neurol 306: 425-438.
58. Gamlin PD, Yoon K. 2000. An area for vergence eye movement in primate frontal cortex. Nature 407: 1003-1007.
59. Gamlin PD, Reiner A, Erichsen JT, Karten HJ, Cohen DH. 1984. The neural substrate for the pupillary light reflex in the pigeon (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 226: 523-543.
60. Gamlin PD, Zhang Y, Clendaniel RA, Mays LE. 1994. Behavior of identified Edinger-Westphal neurons during ocular accommodation. J Neurophysiol 72: 2368-2382.
61. Gaszner B, Csernus V, Kozicz T. 2004. Urocortinergic neurons respond in a differentiated manner to various acute stressors in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 480: 170-179.
62. Gaszner B, Korosi A, Palkovits M, Roubos EW, Kozicz T. 2007. Neuropeptide Y activates urocortin 1 neurons in the nonpreganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 500: 708-719.
63. Haeger P, Cuevas R, Forray MI, Rojas R, Daza C, Rivadeneira J, Gysling K. 2005. Natural expression of immature Ucn1 antisense RNA in the rat brain. Evidence favoring bidirectional transcription of the Ucn1 gene locus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 139: 115-128.
64. Hall CR. 1846. An experimental inquiry into the functions of the opthlamic ganglion. Edinb Med Surg J 65: 355-383; 66: 84-108, 312-353.
65. Haller A. 1743. Iconum anatomicum corporis humani. Gottingae: A. Vanderhoeck. Fig. VI and 50: 46.
66. Heesy CP, Hall MI. 2010. The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of mammalian vision. Brain Behav Evol 75: 195-203.
67. Hensen V, Völkers C. 1868. Experimentaluntersuchung uber den Mechanismus der Accomodation. Kiel: Schwers.
68. Hiraoka M, Shimamura M. 1989. The midbrain reticular formation as an integration center for the "near reflex" in the cat. Neurosci Res 7: 1-12.
69. Hökfelt T, Johansson O, Fuxe K, Goldstein M, Park D. 1976. Immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain. I. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the mes- and diencephalon. Med Biol 54: 427-453.
70. Horn AK, Eberhorn A, Härtig W, Ardeleanu P, Messoudi A, Büttner-Ennever JA. 2008. Perioculomotor cell groups in monkey and man defined by their histochemical and functional properties: reappraisal of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 507: 1317-1335.
71. Innis RB, Aghajanian GK. 1986. Cholecystokinin-containing and nociceptive neurons in rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Brain Res 363: 230-238.
72. Ishikawa S, Sekiya H, Kondo Y. 1990. The center for controlling the near reflex in the midbrain of the monkey: a double labelling study. Brain Res 519: 217-222.
73. Jacubovich NM. 1857. O tonchaishem stroenii cherepnigo i spinnogo mozga. Voenno-Meditsinksii Zhurnal 20( Part 2): 35-85.
74. Jaeger RJ, Benevento LA. 1980. A horseradish peroxidase study of the innervation of the internal structures of the eye. Evidence for a direct pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19: 575-583.
75. Jansen AS, Farwell DG, Loewy AD. 1993. Specificity of pseudorabies virus as a retrograde marker of sympathetic preganglionic neurons: implications for transneuronal labelling studies. Brain Res 617: 103-112.
76. Joels M, Karst H, Derijk R, de Kloet ER. 2008. The coming out of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor. Trends Neurosci 31: 1-7.
77. Johnson DA, Purves D. 1981. Post-natal reduction of neural unit size in the rabbit ciliary ganglion. J Physiol 318: 143-159.
78. Juliusberger O, Kaplan L. 1899. Anatomischer Befund bei einseitiger Oculomotoriuslähmung im Verlaufe von progressiver Paralyse. Neurol Zbl 18: 486-495.
79. Klooster J, Beckers HJ, Vrensen GF, van der Want JJ. 1993. The peripheral and central projections of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. A light and electron microscopic tracing study. Brain Res 632: 260-273.
80. Knies M. 1891. Über die zentralen Störungen der willkürlichen Augenmuskeln. Arch f Augenheilk 22: 19-51.
81. Korosi A, Schotanus S, Olivier B, Roubos EW, Kozicz T. 2005. Chronic ether stress-induced response of urocortin 1 neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the mouse. Brain Res 1046: 172-179.
82. Kourouyan HD, Horton JC. 1997. Transneuronal retinal input to the primate Edinger-Westphal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 381: 68-80.
83. Koylu EO, Couceyro PR, Lambert PD, Kuhar MJ. 1998. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunohistochemical localization in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 391: 115-132.
84. Kozicz T. 2007. On the role of urocortin 1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus in stress adaptation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 153: 235-240.
85. Kozicz T. 2010. The missing link; the significance of urocortin 1/urocortin 2 in the modulation of the dorsal raphe serotoninergic system. Mol Psychiatry 15: 340-341.
86. Kozicz T, Yanaihara H, Arimura A. 1998. Distribution on urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 391: 1-10.
87. Kozicz T, Min L, Arimura A. 2001. The activation of urocortin immunoreactive neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus following acute pain stress in rats. Stress 4: 85-90.
88. Kozicz T, Arimura, Maderdrut JL, Lázár G. 2002. Distribution of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta. J Comp Neurol 453: 185-198.
89. Kozicz T, Bordewin LA, Czeh B, Fuchs E, Roubos EW. 2008a. Chronic psychosocial stress affects corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus and central extended amygdala as well as urocortin 1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the tree shrew. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33: 741-754.
90. Kozicz T, Tilburg-Ouwens D, Faludi G, Palkovits M, Roubos E. 2008b. Gender-related urocortin 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the adult human midbrain of suicide victims with major depression. Neuroscience 152: 1015-1023.
91. Kuchiiwa S, Kuchiiwa T, Suzuki T. 1989. Comparative anatomy of the accessory ciliary ganglion in mammals. Anat Embryol 180: 199-205.
92. Kuchiiwa S, Kuchiiwa T, Nakagawa S. 1994. Localization of preganglionic neurons of the accessory ciliary ganglion in the midbrain: HRP and WGA-HRP studies in the cat. J Comp Neurol 340: 577-591.
93. Lantéri-Minet M, Weil-Fugazza J, de Pommery J, Menétrey D. 1994. Hindbrain structures involved in pain processing as revealed by the expression of c-Fos and other immediate early gene proteins. Neuroscience 58: 287-98.
94. Lázar G, Calle M, Roubos EW, Kozicz T. 2004. Immunohistochemical localization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta. J Comp Neurol 477: 324-339.
95. Le Gros Clark WE. 1926. The mammalian oculomotor nucleus. J Anat 60: 426-448.
96. Leathart PW. 1941. The tabetic pupil. Br J Ophthalmol 25: 111-116.
97. Legendre A, Papakonstantinou E, Roy MC, Richard D, Harris RB. 2007. Differences in response to corticotropin-releasing factor after short- and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293: R1076-R1085.
98. Lenz G. 1928. Untersuchungen über die anatomische Grundlage von Pupillenstörungen. Ber Deutsch Ophthalmol Ges 47: 234-246.
99. Lenz G. 1929. Über die anatomische Grundlage der Ophtalmoplegia interna. Z Augenheilgk 69: 102-113.
100. Levinson G. 1904. Beitrag zur Physiologie der Pupillenreflexes. V Graefes Arch Ophthal 59: 191-220, 436-458.
101. Lim MM, Tsivkovskaia, NO, Bai Y, Young LJ, Ryabinin, AE. 2006. Corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin 1 brain distribution among monogamous and promiscuous vole species. Brain Behav Evol 68: 229-240.
102. Linden AM, Greene SJ, Bergeron M, Schoepp DD. 2004. Anxiolytic activity of the MGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 on the elevated plus maze is associated with the suppression of stress-induced c-Fos in the hippocampus and increases in c-Fos induction in several other stress-sensitive brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 502-513.
103. Linden AM, Baez M, Bergeron M, Schoepp DD. 2006. Effects of mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor deletions on mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY354740)-induced brain c-Fos expression: specific roles for mGlu2 in the amygdala and subcortical nuclei, and mGlu3 in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 51: 213-228.
104. Loewenfeld IE. 1993. The pupil. Anatomy, physiology and clinical applications. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
105. Loewy AD, Saper CB. 1978. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: projections to the brain stem and spinal cord in the cat. Brain Res 150: 1-27.
106. Loewy AD, Araujo JC, Kerr FW. 1973. Pupillodilator pathways in the brain stem of the cat: anatomical and electrophysiological identification of a central autonomic pathway. Brain Res 60: 65-91.
107. Loewy AD, Saper CB, Yamodis ND. 1978. Re-evaluation of the efferent projections of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the cat. Brain Res 141: 153-159.
108. Longet FA. 1842.Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux. Paris: Fortin, Masson et Cie. Vol 2, p 377-390.
109. Lyman D Mugnaini E. 1980. The avian accessory oculomotor nucleus. Soc Neurosci Abstr 6: 479.
110. Maciewicz R, Phipps BS, Grenier J, Poletti CE. 1984. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: cholecystokinin immunocytochemistry and projections to spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus in the cat. Brain Res 299: 139-145.
111. Majano N. 1903. Über Ursprung und Verlauf des Nervus oculomotorius im Mittelhirn Mschr Psychiat Neurol 13: 291.
112. Marina A. 1899. Das Neuron des Ganglion ciliare und die Centra der Pupillenbewegungen. Deutsch Z Nervenheilk 20: 369-396.
113. Marwitt R, Pilar G, Weakly JN. 1971. Characterization of two ganglion cell populations in avian ciliary ganglia. Brain Res 25: 317-334.
114. May PJ, Porter JD, Gamlin PD. 1992. Interconnections between the primate cerebellum and midbrain near-response regions. J Comp Neurol 315: 98-116.
115. May PJ, Reiner A, Ryabinin AE. 2008a. Comparison of the distribution of urocortin containing and cholinergic neurons in the perioculomotor midbrain of the cat and the macaque. J Comp Neurol 507: 1302-1318.
116. May PJ, Sun W, Erichsen JT. 2008b. Defining the pupillary component of the perioculomotor preganglionic population within a unitary primate Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Prog Brain Res 171: 97-106.
117. Mayo H. 1823. Anatomical and physiological commentaries. London: T.G. Underwood. Vol II, p 5.
118. Mays LE, Gamlin PD. 1995. Neuronal circuitry controlling the near response. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5: 763-768.
119. Mays LE, Porter JD. 1984. Neural control of vergence eye movements: activity of abducens and oculomotor neurons. J Neurophysiol 52: 743-761.
120. Meckel JF. 1748. De quinto pare nervorum cerebri. p 29-30.
121. Medina L, Smeets WJAJ, Hoogland PV, Puelles L. 1993. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti. J Comp Neurol 331: 261-285.
122. Muck F. 1815. Dissertatio anatomica de ganglio ophtalmico et nervis ciliaribus animalium. Landshuti: Typis Josephi Thoman. 67.
123. Narayanan CH, Narayanan Y. 1976. An experimental inquiry into the central source of preganglionic fibers to the chick ciliary ganglion. J Comp Neurol 166: 101-109.
124. Neufeld-Cohen A, Evans AK, Getselter D, Spyroglou A, Hill A, Gil S, Tsoory M, Beuschlein F, Lowry CA, W Vale W, Chen A. 2010. Urocortin-1 and -2 double-deficient mice show robust anxiolytic phenotype and modified serotonergic activity in anxiety circuits. Mol Psychiatry 15: 426-441.
125. Olszewski J, Baxter D. 1982. Cytoarchitecture of the human brain stem. Basel: S Karger.
126. Otake K. 2005. Cholecystokinin and substance P immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the rat. Neurosci Res 51: 383-394.
127. Ott M. 2006. Visual accommodation in vertebrates: mechanisms, physiological response and stimuli. J Comp Physiol 192: 97-111.
128. Palkovits M, Sebekova K, Gallatz K, Boor P, Sebekova K Jr, Klassen A, Bahner U, Heidland A. 2009. Neuronal activation in the CNS during different forms of acute renal failure in rats. Neuroscience 159: 862-882.
129. Parelman JJ, Fay MT, Burde RM. 1984. Confirmatory evidence for a direct parasympathetic pathway to internal eye structures. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 82: 371-380.
130. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1998. The rat brain is stereotaxic coordinates. New York: Academic Press.
131. Perlia R. 1889. Die anatomie des oculomotoriuscentrums beim menschen. von Graefe Arch Ophthalmol 35: 287-304.
132. Phipps BS, Maciewicz R, Sandrew BB, Poletti CE, Foote WE. 1983. Edinger-Westphal neurons that project to spinal cord contain substance P. Neurosci Lett 36: 125-131.
133. Pierson RJ, Carpenter MB. 1974. Anatomical analysis of pupillary reflex pathway in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 158: 121-144.
134. Pilar G, Tuttle JB. 1982. A simple neuronal system with a range of uses: The avian ciliary ganglion. In: Goldberg A, Hanin I, editors. Model cholinergic synapses. New York: Raven Press. p 213-247.
135. Pong M, Fuchs AF. 2000. Characteristics of the pupillary light reflex in the macaque monkey: discharge patterns of pretectal neurons. J Neurophysiol 84: 964-974.
136. Porter JD, Guthrie BL, Sparks DL. 1985. Selective retrograde transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the oculomotor system. Exp Brain Res 57: 411-416.
137. Powers AS, Reiner A. 1993. The distribution of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of turtles. Brain Behav Evol 41: 326-345.
138. Ranson SW, Magoun HW. 1933. The central path of the pupillo-constrictor response to light. Arch Neurol Psychiat 30: 1193-1204.
139. Reiner A, Karten HJ, Gamlin PDR, Erichsen JT. 1983. Parasympathetic ocular control: Functional subdivisions and circuitry of the avian nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Trends Neurosci 6: 140-145.
140. Reiner A, Erichsen JT, Cabot JB, Evinger C, Fitzgerald ME, Karten HJ. 1991. Neurotransmitter organization of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal and its projection to the avian ciliary ganglion. Vis Neurosci 6: 451-472.
141. Roste GK, Dietrichs E. 1988. Cerebellar cortical and nuclear afferents from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the cat. Anat Embryol 178: 59-65.
142. Ryabinin AE, Weitemier AZ. 2006. The urocortin 1 neurocircuit: ethanol-sensitivity and potential involvement in alcohol consumption. Brain Res Rev 52: 368-380.
143. Ryabinin AE, Melia KR, Cole M, Bloom FE, Wilson MC. 1995. Alcohol selectively attenuates stress-induced c-fos expression in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 15: 721-730.
144. Ryabinin AE, Bachtell RK, Freeman P, Risinger FO. 2001. ITF expression in mouse brain during acquisition of alcohol self-administration. Brain Res 890: 192-195.
145. Ryabinin AE, Tsivkovskaia NO, Ryabinin SA. 2005. Urocortin 1-containing neurons in the human Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Neuroscience 134: 1317-1317.
146. Saper CB, Loewy AD, Swanson LW, Cowan WM. 1976. Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res 117: 305-312.
147. Schacher PC. 1701. De Cataracta. Lipsiae: typ. J.C. Brandenburgeri. p 9.
148. Scinto, LFM, Wu CK, Firla KM, Daffner KR, Saroof D, Geula C. 1999. Focal pathology in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus explains pupillary hypersensitivity in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 97: 557-564.
149. Sekiya H, Kawamura K, Ishikawa S. 1984. Projections from the Edinger-Westphal complex of monkeys as studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Arch Ital Biol 122: 311-319.
150. Sharpe AL, Tsivkovskaia NO, Ryabinin AE. 2005. Ataxia and c-Fos expression in mice drinking ethanol in a limited access session. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 1419-1426.
151. Singh ME, Verty AN, Price I, McGregor IS, Mallet PE. 2004. Modulation of morphine-induced Fos-immunoreactivity by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716. Neuropharmacology 47: 1157-1169.
152. Singh ME, McGregor IS, Mallet PE. 2006. Perinatal exposure to delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol alters heroin-induced place conditioning and fos-immunoreactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 58-69.
153. Skelton KH, Nemeroff CB, Knight DL, Owens MJ. 2000. Chronic administration of the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam produces opposite effects on corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin neuronal systems. J Neurosci 20: 1240-1248.
154. Smeraski CA, Sollars PJ, Ogilvie MD, Enquist LW, Pickard GE. 2004. Suprachiasmatic nucleus input to autonomic circuits identified by retrograde transsynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus from the eye. J Comp Neurol 471: 298-313.
155. Spangler E, Cote DM, Anacker AM, Mark GP, Ryabinin AE. 2009. Differential sensitivity of the perioculomotor urocortin-containing neurons to ethanol, psychostimulants and stress in mice and rats. Neuroscience 160: 115-125.
156. Spina M, Merlo-Pich E, Chan RK, Basso AM, Rivier J, Vale W, Koob GF. 1996. Appetite-suppressing effects of urocortin, a CRF-related neuropeptide. Science 273: 1561-1564.
157. Spitzka EC. 1888. The oculomotor centres and their co-oordinators. J Nerv Ment Dis 413-432.
158. Steiger HJ, Büttner-Ennever JA. 1979. Oculomotor nucleus afferents in the monkey demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res 160: 1-15.
159. Stilling B. 1846. Disquisitiones de structure et functionibus cerebri. Jenae: sumt. F. Maukii. T.1. p 36.
160. Strassman A, Mason P, Eckenstein F, Baughman RW, Maciewicz R. 1987. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry of Edinger-Westphal and ciliary ganglion afferent neurons in the cat. Brain Res 423: 293-304.
161. Sugimoto T, Itoh K, Mizuno N. 1977. Localization of neurons giving rise to the oculomotor parasympathetic outflow: an HRP study in cat. Neurosci Lett 7: 301-305.
162. Sugimoto T, Itoh K, Mizuno N. 1978. Direct projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the cerebellum and spinal cord in the cat: an HRP study. Neurosci Lett 9: 17-22.
163. Sun W, May PJ. 1993. Organization of the extraocular and preganglionic motoneurons supplying the orbit in the lesser galago. Anat Rec 237: 89-103.
164. Szentágothai J. 1942. Die innere Gliederung des Oculomotoriuskernes. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankh 115: 127-135.
165. Tanaka H, Yoshida T, Miyamato N, Motoike T, Kurosu H, Shibata K, Yamanaka A, Williams SC, Richardson JA, Tsujino N, Garry MG, Lerner MR, King DS, O'Dowd BF, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M. 2003. Characterization of a family of endogenous neuroopeptide ligands for the G protein-couple receptors GPR7 and GPR8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 6251-6256.
166. ten Donkelaar HJ, Kusuma A, de Bôer-Van Huizen R. 1980. Cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord in some quadrupedal reptiles. J Comp Neurol 192: 827-851.
167. Toledo CA, Britto LR, Pires RS, Veenman CL, Reiner A. 2002. Interspecific differences in the expression of the AMPA-type glutamate receptors and parvalbumin in the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal of chicks and pigeons. Brain Res 947: 122-130.
168. Topple AN, Hunt GE, McGregor IS. 1988. Possible neural substrates of beer-craving in rats. Neurosci Lett 252: 99-102.
169. Toyoshima K, Kawana E, Sakai H. 1980. On the neuronal origin of the afferents to the ciliary ganglion in cat. Brain Res 185: 67-76.
170. Turek VF, Ryabinin AE. 2005. Expression of c-Fos in the mouse Edinger-Westphal nucleus following ethanol administration is not secondary to hypothermia or stress. Brain Res 1063: 132-139.
171. Turek VF, Tsivkovskaia NO, Hyytia P, Harding S, Le AD, Ryabinin AE. 2005. Urocortin 1 expression in five pairs of rat lines selectively bred for differences in alcohol drinking. Psychopharmacology 181: 511-517.
172. van Biervliet J. 1899. Noyau d'origine du nerf oculo-moteur commun du lapin. Cellule. p 7-29.
173. van Nieuwenhuijzen PS, McGregor IS, Hunt GE. 2009. The distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyrate-induced Fos expression in rat brain: comparison with baclofen. Neuroscience 158: 441-455.
174. Vann VR, Atherton SS. 1991. Neural spread of herpes simplex virus after anterior chamber inoculation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 2462-2472.
175. Vasconcelos LA, Donaldson C, Sita LV, Casatti CA, Lotfi CF, Wang L, Cadinouche MZ, Frigo L, Elias CF, Lovejoy DA, Bittencourt JC. 2003. Urocortin in the central nervous system of primate (Cebus apella): sequencing, immunohistochemical, and hybridization histochemical characterization. J Comp Neurol 463: 157-175.
176. Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, Chan R, Turnbull AV, Lovejoy D, Rivier C. 1995. Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotrophin-releasing factor. Nature 378: 287-292.
177. Vetter DE, Li C, Zhao L, Contarino A, Liberman MC, Smith GW, Marchuk Y, Koob GF, Heinemann SF, Vale W, Lee KF. 2002. Urocortin-deficient mice show hearing impairment and increased anxiety-like behavior. Nat Genet 31: 363-369.
178. Viau V, Sawchenko PE. 2002. Hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus respond in spatially, temporally, and phenotypically differentiated manners to acute vs. repeated restraint stress: rapid publication. J Comp Neurol 445: 293-307.
179. Vilupuru AS, Glasser A. 2005. The relationship between refractive and biometric changes during Edinger-Westphal stimulated accommodation in rhesus monkeys. Exp Eye Res 80: 349-360.
180. von Bechterew A. 1897. Uber die Kerne der mit Augenbewegungen in Beziehung stehenden Nerven (des Oculomotorius, Abducens, und Trochlearis) und uber die Verbindung derelben unter einander. Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt. p 307-315.
181. von Gudden B. 1881. Ueber die Kerne der Augenbewegungsnerven. Tagebl Vers Deutsch Naturf Aerzte 54: 186.
182. Wang X, Su H, Copenhagen LD, Vaishnav S, Pieri F, Shope CD, Brownell WE, De Biasi M, Paylor R, Bradley A. 2002. Urocortin-deficient mice display normal stress-induced anxiety behavior and autonomic control but an impaired acoustic startle response. Mol Cell Biol 22: 6605-6610.
183. Warwick RB. 1954. The ocular parasympathetic nerve supply and its mesencephalic sources. J Anat 88: 71-93.
184. Warwick R. 1955. The so-called nucleus of convergence. Brain 78: 92-114.
185. Wasicky R, Horn AK, Büttner-Ennever JA. 2004. Twitch and nontwitch motoneuron subgroups in the oculomotor nucleus of monkeys receive different afferent projections. J Comp Neurol 479: 117-129.
186. Weitemier AZ, Ryabinin AE. 2005a. Brain region-specific regulation of urocortin 1 innervation and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 binding by ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 1610-1620.
187. Weitemier AZ, Ryabinin AE. 2005b. Lesions of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus alter food and water consumption. Behav Neurosci 119: 1235-1245.
188. Weitemier AZ, Ryabinin AE. 2006. Urocortin 1 in the dorsal raphe regulates food and fluid consumption, but not ethanol preference in C57BL/6J mice. Neuroscience 137: 1439-1445.
189. Weitemier AZ, Woerner A, Backstrom P, Hyytia P, Ryabinin AE. 2001. Expression of c-Fos in Alko alcohol rats responding for ethanol in an operant paradigm. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25: 704-710.
190. Weitemier AZ, Tsivkovskaia NO, Ryabinin AE. 2005. Urocortin 1 distribution in mouse brain is strain-dependent. Neuroscience 132: 729-740.
191. Weninger SC, Peter, LL, Majzoub JA. 2000. Urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is up-regulated by stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency. Endocrinology 141: 256-263.
192. Westphal CFO. 1887. Ueber einen Fall von chronischer progressiver Lähmung der Augenmuskeln (Ophthalmoplegia externa) nebst Beschreibung von Ganglienzellengruppen im Bereiche des Oculomotoriuskerns. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankheiten 18: 846-871.
193. Willis T. 1664. Cerebri anatome. Amstelodami: apud Casparum Commelinum. p 172.
194. Winslow JB. 1732. Exposition anatomique de la structure du corpus humain. T. III, Paris: Desprez et Desessartz.
195. Wolters JG, de Boer-Van Huizen, ten Donkelaar, Leenen L. 1986. Collateralization of descending pathways from the brainstem to the spinal cord in a lizard, Varanus exanthematicus. J Comp Neurol 251: 317-333.
196. Xu L, Bloem B, Gaszner B, Roubos EW, Kozicz T. 2009. Sex-specific effects of fasting on urocortin 1, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and nesfatin-1 expression in the rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Neuroscience 162: 1141-1149.
197. Yamamoto H, Maeda T, Fujimura M, Fujimiya M. 1998. Urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and Edinger Westphal nucleus of rat. Neurosci Lett 243: 21-24.
198. Zalutskaya AA, Arai M, Bounoutas GS, Abou-Samra AB. 2007. Impaired adaptation to repeated restraint and decreased response to cold in urocortin 1 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E259-E263.
199. Zeri A. 1895. Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie der zentralen Hohlengraus bei den Wirbeltieren. Jb Psychiat Neurol 41: 18-38.
200. Zigman JM, Jones JE, Lee CE, Saper CB, Elmquist JK. 2006. Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 494: 528-548.
201. Zweig H. 1921. Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie des zentralen Hohlengraus bei den Wirbelthieren. Jahrb Psychiat Neurol 41: 18-38.