Urocortin expression in rat brain: Evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 415, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 285-312

  Bittencourt, Jackson C ^a   Vaughan, Joan ^a   Arias, Carlos ^a   Rissman, Robert A ^a   Vale, Wylie W ^a   Sawchenko, Paul E ^a  

^a SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Autonomic nervous system; Corticotropin releasing factor; Edinger Westphal nucleus; Neuropeptides; Stress

Indexed keywords

COLCHICINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; UROCORTIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; FEMALE; MALE; NERVE FIBER TRANSPORT; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN TARGETING; RAT; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; SPINAL CORD MOTONEURON; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BINDING, COMPETITIVE; BRAIN; COLCHICINE; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; IMMUNE SERA; MALE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEURONS; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RECEPTORS, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; RNA, MESSENGER; SPINAL CORD; STRESS;

EID: 0033590247     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991220)415:3<285::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-0     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Abercrombie M. 1946. Estimation of nuclear populations from microtome populations from microtome sections. Anat Rec 94:239-247.
2. Agnello D, Bertini R, Sacco S, Meazza C, Villa P, Ghezzi P. 1998. Corticosteroid-independent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production by the neuropeptide urocortin. Am J Physiol 275:E757-E762.
3. Ando T, Rivier J, Yanaihara H, Arimura A. 1998. Peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor mediates the elevation of plasma IL-6 by immobilization stress in rats. Am J Physiol 275:R1461-R1467.
4. Asaba K, Makino S, Hashimoto K. 1998. Effect of urocortin on ACTH secretion from rat anterior pituitary in vitro and in vivo: comparison with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Brain Res 806:95-103.
5. Aschoff A, Ostwald J. 1988. Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivocollicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. Exp Brain Res 71:241-251.
6. Bamberger CM, Wald M, Bamberger AM, Ergun S, Beil FU, Schulte HM. 1998. Human lymphocytes produce urocortin, but not corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:708-711.
7. Bentivoglio M, Kuypers HGJM, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Loewe H, Dann O. 1980. Two new fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers which are transported over long distances. Neurosci Lett 18:25-30.
8. Bittencourt JC, Presse F, Arias C, Peto C, Vaughan J, Vale W, Sawchenko PE. 1992. The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno-and hybridization histochemical characterization. J Comp Neurol 319:218-245.
9. Bittencourt JC, Vaughan J, Vale W, Sawchenko PE. 1995. Evidence for the existence in rat brain of a sauvigine/urotensin-like peptide, distinct from CRF and in a position to interact with CRF receptors. Soc Neurosci Abstr 21:359.
10. Breen LA, Burde RM, Loewy AD. 1983. Brainstem connections to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the cat: a retrograde tracer study. Brain Res 261:303-306.
11. Brown M. 1986. Corticotropin releasing factor: central nervous system sites of action. Brain Res 399:10-14.
12. Brown MC, Liberman MC, Benson TE, Ryugo DK. 1988. Brainstem branches from olivocochlear axons in cats and rodents. J Comp Neurol 278:591-603.
13. Brown MR, Fisher LA. 1985. Corticotropin-releasing factor: effects on the autonomic nervous system and visceral system. Fed Proc 44:243-248.
14. Brown MR, Fisher LA, Webb V, Vale WW, Rivier JE. 1985. Corticotropin-releasing factor: a physiologic regulator of adrenal epinephrine secretion. Brain Res 328:355-357.
15. Brownstein MJ, Mezey E. 1986. Multiple chemical messengers in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. In: T Hökfelt, K Fuxe, B Pernow, editors. Progress in brain research - coexistence of neuronal messengers: a new principle in chemical transmission. New York: Elsevier, p 161-168.
16. Ceccatelli S, Villar MJ, Goldstein M, Hökfelt T. 1989. Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9569-9573.
17. Ceccatelli S, Cortes R, Hökfelt T. 1991. Effect of reserpine and colchicine on neuropeptide mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Mol Brain Res 9:57-69.
18. Cepoi D, Sutton S, Arias C, Sawchenko PE, Vale WW. 1999. Ovine genomic urocortin: cloning, pharmacologic characterization, and distribution of central mRNA. Mol Brain Res 68:109-118.
19. Chadwick DJ, Marsh J, Ackrill K. 1993. Corticotropin-releasing factor: Ciba Foundation Symposium 172. London: John Wiley.
20. Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB. 1995. Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific sub-cortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci 15:6340-6350.
21. Choi RC, Leung PW, Dong TT, Wan DC, Tsim KW. 1996. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases the expression of acetylcholinesterase in cultured chick myotubes. Neurosci Lett 217:165-168.
22. Chung RY, Mason P, Strassman A, Maciewicz R. 1987. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: cells that project to spinal cord contain corticotropin-releasing factor. Neurosci Lett 83:13-19.
23. Cox KH, DeLeon DV, Angerer LM, Angerer RC. 1984. Detection of mRNAs in sea urchin embryos by in situ hybridization using asymmetric RNA probes. Dev Biol 101:485-502.
24. Cunningham ET Jr, Sawchenko PE. 1991. Reflex control of magnocellular vasopressin and oxytocin secretion. TINS 14:406-411.
25. Elverland HH. 1978. Ascending and intrinsic projections of the superior olivary complex in the cat. Exp Brain Res 32:117-134.
26. Fisher LA. 1993. Central actions of corticotropin-releasing factor on autonomic nervous activity and cardio-vascular functioning. In: DJ Chadwick, J Marsh, K Ackrill, editors. Corticotropin-releasing factor: Ciba Foundation Symposium 172, London: John Wiley, p 243-257.
27. Glendenning KK, Masterton RB. 1983. Acoustic chiasm: efferent projections of the lateral superior olive. J Neurosci 3:1521-1537.
28. Grill HJ, Norgren R. 1978a. The tast reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats. Brain Res 143:263-279.
29. Grill HJ, Norgren R. 1978b. The tast reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Res 143:281-297.
30. Hara Y, Ueta Y, Isse T, Kabashima N, Shibuya I, Hattori Y, Yamashita H. 1997a. Increase of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system after salt loading and hypophysectomy. Neurosci Lett 227:127-130.
31. Hara Y, Ueta Y, Isse T, Kabashima N, Shibuya I, Hattori Y, Yamashita H. 1997b. Increase of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus after dehydration but not food deprivation. Neurosci Lett 229:65-68.
32. Herkenham M. 1978. The connections of the nucleus reuniens thalami: evidence for a direct thalamo-hippocampal pathway in the rat. J Comp Neurol 177:589-610.
33. Herkenham M. 1987. Mismatches between neurotransmitter and receptor localizations in brain: observations and implications. Neuroscience 23:1-38.
34. Hinrichsen CFL, Watson CD. 1984. The facial nucleus of the rat. Representation of facial muscles revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Anat Rec 209:407-415.
35. Hosoba M, Bando T, Tsukahara N. 1978. The cerebellar control of accommodation of the eye in the cat. Brain Res 153:495-505.
36. Iino K, Sasano H, Oki Y, Andoh N, Shin R-W, Kitamoto T, Totsune K, Takahashi K, Suzuki H, Nagura H, Yoshimi T. 1997. Urocortin expression in human pituitary gland and pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3842-3850.
37. Ikeda KT, Togo K, Sato S, Ebisawa T, Tokudome G, Hosoya T, Harada M, Nakagawa O, Nakao K. 1998. Urocortin, a newly identified corticotropin-releasing factor-related mammalian peptide, stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide secretions from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250:298-304.
38. Imaki J, Imaki T, Vale W, Sawchenko PE. 1991. Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA and immunoreactivity in the central auditory system of the rat. Brain Res 547:28-36.
39. Innis RB, Aghajanian GK. 1986. Cholecystokinin-containing and nociceptive neurons in rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Brain Res 363:230-238.
40. Jansen AS, Ter Horst GJ, Mettenleiter TC, Loewy AD. 1992. CNS cell groups projecting to the submandibular parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat: a retrograde transneuronal viral cell body labeling study. Brain Res 572:253-260.
41. Jansen ASP, Wessendorf MW, Loewy AD. 1995. Transneuronal labeling of CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons after pseudorabies virus injections into the stellate ganglion. Brain Res 683:1-24.
42. Jones DN, Kortekaas R, Salde PD, Middlemiss DN, Hagan JJ. 1998. The behavioural effects of corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 138:124-132.
43. Kimura I, Okazaki M, Nojima H. 1997. Mutual dependence of calcitonin-gene related peptide and acetylcholine release in neuromuscular preparations. Eur J Pharmacol 330:123-128.
44. Klooster J, Beckers HJM, Vrensen GFJM, van der Want JJL. 1993. The peripheral and central projections of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. A light and electron microscopic tracing study. Brain Res 632:260-273.
45. Kozicz T, Yanaihara H, Arimura A. 1998. Distribution of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 391:1-10.
46. Krahn DD, Gosnell BA, Levine AS, Morley JE. 1988. Behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor: localization and characterization of central effects. Brain Res 443:63-69.
47. Lantéri-Minet M, Isnardon P, De Pommery J, Menétrey D. 1993. Spinal and hindbrain structures involved in visceroception and visceronociception as revealed by the expression of Fos, Jun and Krox-24 proteins. Neuroscience 55:737-753.
48. Lederis K, Letter A, McMaster D, Moore G, Schlesinger D. 1982. Complete amino acid sequence of urotensin I, a hypotensive and corticotropin-releasing neuropeptide from Catostomus. Science 218:162-164.
49. Leitch IM, Boura AL, Botti C, Read MA, Walters WA, Smith R. 1998. Vasodilator actions of urocortin and related peptides in the human perfused placenta in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:4510-4513.
50. Loewy AD. 1990. Autonomic control of the eye In: AD Loewy, KM Spyer, editors. Central regulation of autonomic functions. New York: Oxford University Press, p 268-285.
51. Loewy AD, Saper CB. 1978. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: projections to the brain stem and spinal cord in the cat. Brain Res 150:1-27.
52. Loewy AD, Saper CB, Yamodis ND. 1978. Re-evaluation of the efferent projections of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Brain Res 141:153-159.
53. Maciewicz R, Phipps BS, Grenier J, Poletti CE. 1984. Edinger-Westphal nucleus: cholecystokinin immunocytochemistry and projections to spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus in the cat. Brain Res 299:139-145.
54. Martin X, Dolivo M. 1983. Neuronal and transneuronal tracing in the trigeminal system of the rat using herpes virus suis. Brain Res 273:253-276.
55. Masuzawa M, Oki Y, Ozawa M, Watanabe F, Yoshimi T. 1999. Corticotropin-releasing factor but not urocortin is involved in adrenalectomy-induced adrenocorticotropin release. J Neuroendocrinol 11:71-74.
56. Montecucchi PC, Henschen A. 1981. Amino acid composition and sequence analysis of sauvagine, a new active peptide from the skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei. Int J Peptide Protein Res 18:113-120.
57. Morley JE, Levine AS, Gosnell BA, Krahn DD. 1985. Peptides as central regulators of feeding. Brain Res Bull 14:511-519.
58. Mundy WR, Tilson HA. 1990. Neurotoxic effects of colchicine. Neurotoxicology 1:539-547.
59. Nahon JL, Presse F, Bittencourt JC, Sawchenko P, Vale W. 1989. The rat melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA encodes multiple putative neuropeptides coexpressed in the dorsolateral hypothalamus. Endocrinology 125:2056-2065.
60. New HV, Mudge AW. 1986. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates muscle acetylcholine receptor synthesis. Nature 323:809-811.
61. Okamoto S, Ishikawa I, Kimura K, Saito M. 1998. Potent suppressive effects of urocortin on splenic lymphocyte activity in rats. NeuroReport 9:4035-4039.
62. Okawara Y, Morley SD, Burzio LO, Xwiers H, Lederis K, Richter D. 1988. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for corticotropin-releasing factor precursor from the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:8439.
63. Okosi A, Brar BK, Chan M, D'Souza L, Smith E, Stephanou A, Latchman DS, Chowdrey HS, Knight RA. 1998. Expression and protective effects of urocortin in cardiac myocytes. Neuropeptides 32:167-171.
64. Panneton WM, Burton H. 1981. Corneal and periocular representation within the trigeminal sensory complex in the cat studied with transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 199:327-344.
65. Parkes DG, Vaughan J, Rivier J, Vale W, May CN. 1997. Cardiac ionotropic actions of urocortin in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol 272:H2115-H2122.
66. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1986. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
67. Petraglia F, Florio P, Gallo R, Simoncini T, Saviozzi M, Di Blasio AM, Vaughan J, Vale W. 1996. Human placenta and fetal membranes express human urocortin mRNA and peptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3807-3810.
68. Phipps BS, Maciewicz R, Sandrew BB, Poletti CE, Foote WE. 1983. Edinger-Westphal neurons that project of spinal cord contain substance P. Neurosci Lett 36:125-131.
69. Pickard GE. 1985. Bifurcating axons of retinal ganglion cells terminate in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus. Neurosci Lett 55:211-217.
70. Poliak S, Mor F, Conlon P, Wong T, Ling N, Rivier J, Vale W, Steinman L. 1997. Stress and autoimmunity: the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin suppress encephalomyelitis via effects on both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. J Immunol 158:5751-5756.
71. Potter E, Sutton S, Donaldson C, Chen R, Perrin M, Lewis K, Sawchenko PE, Vale W. 1994. Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain and pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8777-8781.
72. Rasmussen GL. 1946. The olivary peduncle and other fiber projections of the superior olivary complex. J Comp Neurol 84:141-219.
73. Rosenfeld MG, Mermod J-J, Amara S, Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale WW, Evans RM. 1983. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature 304:129-135.
74. Roste RK, Dietrichs E. 1988. Cerebellar cortical and nuclear afferents from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the cat. Anat Embryol 178:59-65.
75. Safieddine S, Prior AMS, Eybalin M. 1997. Choline acetyltransferase, glutamate decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and opioid peptides coexist in lateral efferent neurons of rat and guinea-pig. Eur J Neurosci 9:356-367.
76. Sala C, Andreose JS, Fumagalli G, Lomo T. 1995. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: possible role in formation and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions. J Neurosci 15:520-528.
77. Saper CB. 1995. Central autonomic system. In: G. Paxinos, editor. The Rat Nervous System, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, p 107-128.
78. Saper CB, Loewy AD, Swanson LW, Cowan WM. 1976. Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res 117:305-312.
79. Sawchenko PE. 1983. Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve. J Auton Nerv Syst 9:13-26.
80. Sawchenko PE. 1987. Evidence for differential regulation of CRF-and vasopressin-immunoreactivities in parvocellular neurosecretory and autonomic-related projections of the paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res 437:253-263.
81. Sawchenko PE. 1998. Toward a new neurobiology of energy balance, appetite, and obesity: the anatomists weigh in. J Comp Neurol 402:435-441.
82. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW. 1982. Immunohistochemical identification of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project to the medulla or to the spinal cord in the rat. J Comp Neurol 205:260-272.
83. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW. 1983. The organization of forebrain afferents to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. J Comp Neurol 218:121-144.
84. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW. 1989. Organization of CRF immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: Immunohistochemical studies. In: EB De Souza, CB Nemeroff, editors. Corticotropin-releasing Factor: Basic and Clinical Studies of a Neuropeptide. Boca Raton: CRF Press, p 29-51.
85. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Steinbusch HWM, Verhofstad AAJ. 1983. The distribution and cells of origin of serotonergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. Brain Res 277:355-360.
86. Sawchenko PE, Cunningham ET Jr, Mortrud MT, Pfeiffer SW, Gerfen CR. 1990. Phoseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) anterograde axonal transport technique. Methods Neurosci 3:247-260.
87. Sawchenko PE, Imaki T, Vale W. 1992. Colocalization of neuroactive substances in the endocrine hypothalamus. In: DJ Chadwick, J Marsh, editors. Functional Anatomy of the Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus: Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 168. London: John Wiley, p 16-42.
88. Schilling L, Kanzler C, Schmiedek P, Ehrenreich H. 1998. Characterization of the relaxant action of urocortin, a new peptide related to corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat isolated basilar artery. Br J Pharmacol 125:1164-1171.
89. Shu S, Ju G, Fan L. 1988. The glucose oxidase-DAB-nickel method in peroxidase histochemistry of the nervous system. Neurosci Lett 85:169-171.
90. Simansky KJ. 1996. Serotonergic control of the organization of feeding and satiety. Behav Brain Res 73:37-42.
91. Simmons DM, Arriza JL, Swanson LW. 1989. A complete protocol for in situ hybridization of messenger RNAs in brain and other tissues with radiolabeled single-stranded RNA probes. J Histotechnol 12:169-181.
92. Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Seretakis D, Green M, Theoharides TC. 1999. Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:1349-1356.
93. Skirboll L, Hökfelt T, Rehfeld J, Cuello AC, Dockray G. 1982. Coexistence of substance P-and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of the mesencephalic periaqueductal central gray. Neurosci Lett 28:35-39.
94. Smith JE, Jansen ASP, Gilbey MP, Loewy AD. 1998. CNS cell groups projecting to sympathetic outflow of tail artery: neural circuits involved in heat loss in the rat. Brain Res 786:153-164.
95. Spina M, Merlo-Pich E, Chan RKW, Basso AM, Rivier J, Vale W, Koob GF. 1996. Appetite-suppressing effects of urocortin, a CRF-related neuropeptide. Science 273:1561-1564.
96. Stenzel-Poore MP, Heldwein KA, Stenzel P, Lee S, Vale WW. 1992. Characterization of the genomic corticotropin-releasing factor gene from Xenopus laevis: two members of the CRF family exist in amphibians. Mol Endocrinol 6:1716.
97. Strausbaugh H, Irwin M. 1992. Central corticotropin-releasing hormone reduces cellular immunity. Brain Behav Immun 6:11-17.
98. Swanson LW. 1977. Immunohistochemical evidence for a neurophysincontaining autonomic pathway arising in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 128:346-353.
99. Swanson LW, Kuypers HGJM. 1980. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J Comp Neurol 194:555-570.
100. Takahashi K, Totsune K, Sone M, Murakami O, Satoh F, Arihara Z, Sasano H, Iino K, Mouri T. 1998. Regional distribution of urocortin-like immunoreactivity and expression of urocortin mRNA in the human brain. Peptides 19:643-647.
101. Tiedge H, Bloom FE, Richter D. 1999. RNA, whither goest thou? Science 283:186-187.
102. Turnbull AV, Rivier C. 1997. Corticotropin-releasing factor (DRF) and endocrine responses to stress: CRF receptors, binding protein, and related peptides. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 215:1-10.
103. Turnbull AV, Vale W, Rivier C. 1996. Urocortin, a corticotropin-releasing factor-related mammalian peptide, inhibits edema due to thermal injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 303:213-216.
104. Turnbull AV, Vaughan J, Rivier JE, Vale WW, Rivier C. 1999. Urocortin is not a significant regulator of intermittent electrofootshock-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion in the intact male rat. Endocrinology 140:71-78.
105. Vale W, Speiss J, Rivier C, Rivier J. 1981. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin. Science 213:1394-1397.
106. van Leeuwen FW, de Raay C, Swabb DF, Fisser B. 1979. The localization of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat neurohypophysis. Cell Tissue Res 202:189-201.
107. Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, Chan R, Turnbull AV, Lovejoy D, Rivier C, Rivier J, Sawchenko PE, Vale W. 1995. Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. Nature 378:287-292.
108. Vetter DE, Mugnaini E. 1992. Distribution and dendritic features of three groups of rat olivocochlear neurons. Anat Embryol 185:1-16.
109. Vetter DE, Adams JC, Mugnaini E. 1991. Chemically distinct rat olivocochlear neurons. Synapse 7:21-43.
110. Warr WB, Guinan JJ Jr, White JS. 1986. Organization of the efferent fibers: the lateral and medial olivocochlear systems. In: RA Altschuler, RP Bobbin, DW Hoffman, editors. Neurobiology of Hearing: the Cochlea. New York: Raven Press, p 333-348.
111. Webster WR. 1995. Auditory system. In: G Paxinos, editor. The Rat Nervous System, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, pp 797-831.
112. Weiner JL, Buhler AV, Whatley VJ, Harris RA, Dunwiddie TV. 1998. Colchicine is a competitive antagonist at human recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:95-102.
113. Wong ML, al-Shekhlee A, Bongiorno PB, Esposito A, Khatri P, Sternberg EM, Gold PW, Licinio J. 1996. Localization of urocortin messenger RNA in rat brain and pituitary. Mol Psychiatry 1:307-312.
114. Yamamoto H, Maeda T, Fujimura M, Fujimiya M. 1998. Urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area in Edinger-Westphal nucleus of rat. Neurosci Lett 243:21-24.
115. Zamboni L, De Martino C. 1967. Buffered picric acid-formaldehyde: a new, rapid fixative for electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 35:148A.