Fatality involving the ingestion of phenazepam and poppy seed tea

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 527-532

  Bailey, Kristen ^a   Richards Waugh, Lauren ^a   Clay, David ^a   Gebhardt, Myron ^a   Mahmoud, Hamada ^a   Kraner, James C ^a  

^a Office of the Chief Medical Examiner   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CODEINE; MORPHINE; PHENAZEPAM; THEBAINE;

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; CASE REPORT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG ISOLATION; ESCHSCHOLTZIA; HUMAN; MALE; POPPY SEED TEA; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;

PAPAVER;

EID: 79954578381     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 01464760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.8.527     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. R.F. Forman, D.B. Marlowe, and A.T. McLellan. The Internet as a source of drugs of abuse. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 8: 377-382 (2006).
2. B.N. St. George, J.R. Emmanuel, and K.L. Middleton. Overseasbased online pharmacies: a source of supply for illicit drug users? Med. J. Aust. 180: 118-119 (2004).
3. J.M. Corkery, J. Button, A.E. Vento, and F. Schifano. Two UK suicides using nicotine extracted from tobacco employing instructions available on the internet. Forensic Sci. Int. 199(1-3): e9-e13 (2010).
4. V.V. Zakusov. A new psychotropic phenazepam preparation. Pharm. Chem. J. 13: 1094-1097 (1979).
5. M.V. Kopanista, O.V. Zhuk, V.G. Zinkovsky, and O.A. Krishtal. Modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated currents by phenazepam and its metabolites. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 364: 1-8 (2001).
6. R.C. Baselt. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th ed. Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, p 1221.
7. E.M. Molochkina, I.B. Ozerova, and E.B. Burlakova. Phenazepam in therapeutic and ultralow doses in vitro modulates the content of lipid peroxidation products and acetylcholinesterase activity in membrane fraction from mouse brain. Bull. Exp. Biol.Med. 135(1 Suppl): S42-S44 (2003).
8. S. Mykkänen, T. Gunnar, K. Ariniemi, P. Lillsunde, and R. Krasnova. Quantitation of phenazepam in blood by GC-MS in positive drug-driving cases in Finland. Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists, Washington D.C., September 1, 2004.
9. Blotter acid mimic (actually containing phenazepam) in North Carolina. Microgram Bull. 42: 94 (2009).
10. Russian fenazepam tablets in Lake County, Ohio. Microgram Bull. 35: 262 (2002).
11. P. Lillsunde, T. Gunnar, S. Mykkänen, and H. Seppä. Zero-Tolerance Law for Drugs and Driving in Finland-The Effects of Annual Statistics. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol,Drugs, and Traffic Safety, D. Mayhew and C. Dussault, Eds, Societe de L'assurance Automobile du Quebec, Montréal, QC, Canada, 2002.
12. J. Mrozkowska, E.Vinge, and C. Borna. Abuse of phenazepam- new phenomenon in Sweden. Benzodiazepine derivative from Russia caused severe intoxication. Lakartidningen 106: 516-517 (2009).
13. K. Braye, T. Harwood, R. Inder, R. Beasley, and G. Robinson. Poppy seed tea and opiate abuse in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev. 26: 215-219 (2007).
14. M.G. Pelders and J.J.W. Ros. Poppy seeds: differences in morphine and codeine content and variation in inter- and intra-individual excretion. J. Forensic Sci. 41: 209-212 (1996).
15. D.S.T. Lo and T.H. Chua. Poppy seeds: implications of consumption. Med. Sci. Law 32: 296-302 (1992).
16. R. Karinen, J.M. Andersen, A. Ripel, I. Hasvold, A.B. Hopen, J. Morland, and A.S. Christophersen. Determination of heroin and its main metabolites in small sample volumes of whole blood and brain tissue by reversed-phase liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 33: 345-350 (2009).
17. C. Staub, M. Marset, A. Mino, and P. Mangin. Detection of acetylcodeine in urine as an indicator of illicit heroin use: method validation and results of a pilot study. Clin. Chem. 47: 301-307 (2001).
18. M.L. Smith, E.T. Shimomura, J. Summers, B.D. Paul, A.J. Jenkins, W.D. Darwin, and E.J. Cone. Urinary excretion profiles for total morphine, free morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine following smoked and intravenous heroin. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25: 504-514 (2001).
19. A.J. Hall, J.E. Logan, R.L. Toblin, J.A. Kaplan, J.C. Kraner, D. Bixler, A.E. Crosby, and L.J. Paulozzi. Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 300: 2613-2620 (2008).
20. J.M. Corkery, F. Schifano, A.H. Ghodse, and A. Oyefeso. The effects of methadone and its role in fatalities. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 19: 565-576 (2004).
21. J.M.White and R.J. Irvine. Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction 94: 961-972 (1999).
22. J.D. Ropero, D. Garside, and B.A. Goldberger. Opiates. In Contemporary Practice in Clinical Toxicology, 2nd ed., L.M. Shaw, Ed. AACC Press, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp 6.1-6.21.
23. G. Cassella, A.H.B.Wu, B.R. Shaw, and D.W. Hill. The analysis of thebaine in urine for the detection of poppy seed consumption. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21: 376-383 (1997).
24. C. Meadway, S. George, and R. Braithwaite. Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products-evidence for the 'poppy seed defence.' Forensic Sci. Int. 96: 29-38 (1998).
25. A. Kankaanpää, R. Liukkonen, and K. Ariniemi. Determination of (-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursors in blood and urine samples: a salting-out approach. Forensic Sci. Int. 170: 133-138 (2007).