Effectiveness of interventions to screen and manage infections during pregnancy on reducing stillbirths: A review

BMC Public Health

Volumn 11, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2011, Pages

  Ishaque, Sidra ^a   Yakoob, Mohammad Yawar ^a   Imdad, Aamer ^a   Goldenberg, Robert L ^b   Eisele, Thomas P ^c   Bhutta, Zulfiqar A ^a  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EVALUATION; FEMALE; FETUS DEATH; HUMAN; MASS SCREENING; META ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STILLBIRTH;

FEMALE; FETAL DEATH; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STILLBIRTH;

EID: 79954484260     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S3     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. -3.2 million stillbirths: epidemiology and overview of the evidence review. JE Lawn MY Yakoob RA Haws T Soomro GL Darmstadt ZA Bhutta, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009 9 Suppl 1 2 10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S2 19426465
2. Infection-related stillbirths. RL Goldenberg EM McClure S Saleem UM Reddy, Lancet 375 9724 1482 1490 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61712-8 20223514
3. The infectious origins of stillbirth. RL Goldenberg C Thompson, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 189 3 861 873 10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00470-8 14526331 (Pubitemid 37194123)
4. Fetal death in a population of black women. M Herschel HL Hsieh R Mittendorf B Khoshnood RF Covert KS Lee, Am J Prev Med 1995 11 3 185 189 7662398
5. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. RL Goldenberg JC Hauth WW Andrews, N Engl J Med 2000 342 20 1500 1507 10.1056/NEJM200005183422007 10816189 (Pubitemid 30318275)
6. Maternal infection and adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes. RL Goldenberg JF Culhane DC Johnson, Clin Perinatol 2005 32 3 523 559 10.1016/j.clp.2005.04. 006 16085019 (Pubitemid 41111990)
7. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. M Desai FO ter Kuile F Nosten R McGready K Asamoa B Brabin RD Newman, Lancet Infect Dis 2007 7 2 93 104 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70021-X 17251080 (Pubitemid 46123132)
8. TORCH Infections. Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections. BJ Stegmann JC Carey, Curr Womens Health Rep 2002 2 4 253 258 12150751
9. Fetal manifestations and poor outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infections: possible candidates for intrauterine antiviral treatments. Y Maruyama H Sameshima M Kamitomo S Ibara M Kaneko T Ikenoue T Minematsu Y Eizuru, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007 33 5 619 623 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2007.00621.x 17845318 (Pubitemid 47383613)
10. Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes: state-of-the-science. X Xiong P Buekens S Vastardis SM Yu, Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007 62 9 605 615 10.1097/01.ogx.0000279292.63435.40 17705886 (Pubitemid 47267733)
11. Clinical changes in periodontium during pregnancy and post-partum. M Gursoy R Pajukanta T Sorsa E Kononen, J Clin Periodontol 2008 35 7 576 583 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01236.x 18430046
12. Contribution of periodontal disease in pregnant women as a risk factor for low birth weight. SS Cruz C Costa Mda IS Gomes-Filho EJ Rezende ML Barreto CA Dos Santos MI Vianna JS Passos EM Cerqueira, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009 37 6 527 533 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00492.x 19694773
13. Treatment of periodontal disease and the risk of preterm birth. BS Michalowicz JS Hodges AJ DiAngelis VR Lupo MJ Novak JE Ferguson W Buchanan J Bofill PN Papapanou DA Mitchell,, et al. N Engl J Med 2006 355 18 1885 1894 10.1056/NEJMoa062249 17079762 (Pubitemid 44664646)
14. Effect of periodontal disease treatment during pregnancy on preterm birth incidence: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. NP Polyzos IP Polyzos D Mauri S Tzioras M Tsappi I Cortinovis G Casazza, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009 200 3 225 232 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.020 19254578
15. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. X Xiong P Buekens WD Fraser J Beck S Offenbacher, BJOG 2006 113 2 135 143 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x 16411989
16. Effects of periodontal therapy on rate of preterm delivery: a randomized controlled trial. S Offenbacher JD Beck HL Jared SM Mauriello LC Mendoza DJ Couper DD Stewart AP Murtha DL Cochran DJ Dudley,, et al. Obstet Gynecol 2009 114 3 551 559 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b1341f 19701034
17. Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy. BA Haider Q Humayun ZA Bhutta, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 2 D005547 19370621
18. World Health Organization, WHO Report of the informal consultation on hookworm infection and anaemia in girls and women. (WHO/CTD/SIP/96.1) Geneva: World Health Organization 1995
19. Hookworm infection in pregnancy. DA Bundy MS Chan L Savioli, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 89 5 521 522 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90093-4 8560530
20. Standards for CHERG reviews of intervention effects on child survival. N Walker C Fischer-Walker J Bryce R Bahl S Cousens, Int J Epidemiol 2010 39 Suppl 1 21 31 10.1093/ije/dyq036 20348122
21. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. D Atkins D Best PA Briss M Eccles Y Falck-Ytter S Flottorp GH Guyatt RT Harbour MC Haugh D Henry,, et al. BMJ 2004 328 7454 1490 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490 15205295
22. The Cochrane Colloboration. Review Manager (RevMan) 5 for Windows. RevMan, Oxford, England 2003
23. Detection and treatment of syphillis in pregnancy to prevent syphillis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. H Blencowe S Cousens H Kamb JE Lawn, BMC Public Health 2011
24. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women in the context of insecticide treated nets delivered through the antenatal clinic. C Menendez A Bardaji B Sigauque C Romagosa S Sanz E Serra-Casas E Macete A Berenguera C David C Dobano,, et al. PLoS One 2008 3 4 1934 10.1371/journal.pone.0001934 18398460
25. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. ME Parise JG Ayisi BL Nahlen LJ Schultz JM Roberts A Misore R Muga AJ Oloo RW Steketee, Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 59 5 813 822 9840604 (Pubitemid 28524544)
26. Intermittent sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to prevent severe anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. CE Shulman EK Dorman F Cutts K Kawuondo JN Bulmer N Peshu K Marsh, Lancet 1999 353 9153 632 636 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07318-8 10030329 (Pubitemid 29087984)
27. Impact of a double dose of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to reduce prevalence of pregnancy malaria in southern Mozambique. K Challis NB Osman M Cotiro G Nordahl M Dgedge S Bergstrom, Trop Med Int Health 2004 9 10 1066 1073 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01307.x 15482398 (Pubitemid 39423084)
28. 18-Month mortality and perinatal exposure to zidovudine in West Africa. F Dabis N Elenga N Meda V Leroy I Viho O Manigart L Dequae-Merchadou P Msellati I Sombie, AIDS 2001 15 6 771 779 10.1097/00002030-200104130-00013 11371692 (Pubitemid 32423225)
29. Short course zidovudine maternal treatment in HIV-1 vertical transmission: randomized controlled multicenter trial. S Limpongsanurak P Thaithumyanon S Chaithongwongwatthana U Thisyakorn K Ruxrungtham P Kongsin U Tarounotai N Chantheptaewan T Triratwerapong S Ubolyam,, et al. J Med Assoc Thai 2001 84 Suppl 1 338 345 11529355
30. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. N Shaffer R Chuachoowong PA Mock C Bhadrakom W Siriwasin NL Young T Chotpitayasunondh S Chearskul A Roongpisuthipong P Chinayon,, et al. Lancet 1999 353 9155 773 780 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10411-7 10459957 (Pubitemid 29110401)
31. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. SZ Wiktor E Ekpini JM Karon J Nkengasong C Maurice ST Severin TH Roels MK Kouassi EM Lackritz IM Coulibaly,, et al. Lancet 1999 353 9155 781 785 10.1016/S0140- 6736(98)10412-9 10459958 (Pubitemid 29110402)
32. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002 359 9313 1178 1186 10.1016/S0140-6736(02) 08214-4 11955535
33. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. EM Connor RS Sperling R Gelber P Kiselev G Scott MJ O'Sullivan R VanDyke M Bey W Shearer RL Jacobson,, et al. N Engl J Med 1994 331 18 1173 1180 10.1056/NEJM199411033311801 7935654 (Pubitemid 24331334)
34. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. HM McDonald JA O'Loughlin R Vigneswaran PT Jolley JA Harvey A Bof PJ McDonald, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 104 12 1391 1397 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11009.x 9422018 (Pubitemid 27517637)
35. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. JC Carey MA Klebanoff JC Hauth SL Hillier EA Thom JM Ernest RP Heine RP Nugent ML Fischer KJ Leveno,, et al. N Engl J Med 2000 342 8 534 540 10.1056/NEJM200002243420802 10684911
36. Preterm labour - is bacterial vaginosis involved? HJ Odendaal I Popov J Schoeman M Smith D Grove, S Afr Med J 2002 92 3 231 234 12040953 (Pubitemid 34567767)
37. Intravaginal clindamycin to reduce preterm birth in women with abnormal genital tract flora. RF Lamont SL Duncan D Mandal P Bassett, Obstet Gynecol 2003 101 3 516 522 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03054-5 12636956 (Pubitemid 36288492)
38. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. S Kenyon M Boulvain J Neilson, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 2 D001058 12804398
39. Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term. V Flenady J King, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 3 D001807 12137635
40. The effect of treatment of bacteriuria on pregnancy outcome. A Drazancic A Balasa J Zadjelovic L Kralj-Pejakovic, Jugosl Ginekol Perinatol 1989 29 1-2 15 18 2739430
41. Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. E Sheiner E Mazor-Drey A Levy, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009 22 5 423 427 10.1080/14767050802360783 19530000
42. The relationship between maternal periodontitis, adverse pregnancy outcome and miscarriage in never smokers. S Farrell M Ide RF Wilson, J Clin Periodontol 2006 33 2 115 120 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00884.x 16441735 (Pubitemid 43424838)
43. Periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes: a study from Pakistan. N Mobeen I Jehan N Banday J Moore EM McClure O Pasha LL Wright RL Goldenberg, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008 198 5 514 e511 518 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.010 (Pubitemid 351609019)
44. A prospective study to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. S Moore M Ide PY Coward M Randhawa E Borkowska R Baylis RF Wilson, Br Dent J 2004 197 5 251 258 discussion 247 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811620 15359324 (Pubitemid 39278178)
45. Treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. JP Newnham IA Newnham CM Ball M Wright CE Pennell J Swain DA Doherty, Obstet Gynecol 2009 114 6 1239 1248 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c15b40 19935025
46. Effects of deworming during pregnancy on maternal and perinatal outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. J Ndibazza L Muhangi D Akishule M Kiggundu C Ameke J Oweka R Kizindo T Duong I Kleinschmidt M Muwanga,, et al. Clin Infect Dis 50 4 531 540 10.1086/649924 20067426
47. Efficacy of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for treatment of soil-transmitted helminths in pregnancy and adverse events: a randomized open label controlled intervention trial in Masindi district, western Uganda. R Ndyomugyenyi N Kabatereine A Olsen P Magnussen, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 79 6 856 863 19052293
48. A randomised controlled trial of the effects of albendazole in pregnancy on maternal responses to mycobacterial antigens and infant responses to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunisation [ISRCTN32849447]. AM Elliott PB Namujju PA Mawa MA Quigley M Nampijja PM Nkurunziza JT Belisle M Muwanga JA Whitworth, BMC Infect Dis 2005 5 115 10.1186/1471-2334-5-115 16371154
49. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of antenatal mebendazole to reduce low birthweight in a hookworm-endemic area of Peru. R Larocque M Casapia E Gotuzzo JD MacLean JC Soto E Rahme TW Gyorkos, Trop Med Int Health 2006 11 10 1485 1495 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01706.x 17002722 (Pubitemid 44450553)
50. Polymicrobial infections in children with diarrhoea in a rural area of Jordan. LF Nimri Z Elnasser R Batchoun, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2004 42 2 255 259 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.05.014 15364112 (Pubitemid 39208555)
51. Investigation of a rubella outbreak in Kyrgyzstan in 2001: implications for an integrated approach to measles elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome. GH Dayan L Zimmerman L Shteinke K Kasymbekova A Uzicanin P Strebel S Reef, J Infect Dis 2003 187 Suppl 1 235 240 10.1086/368037 12721919
52. Utility of newborn screening cards for detecting CMV infection in cases of stillbirth. J Howard B Hall LE Brennan S Arbuckle ME Craig N Graf W Rawlinson, J Clin Virol 2009 44 3 215 218 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.12.013 19179109
53. Detection of cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and herpes simplex viruses in cases of intrauterine fetal death: association with pathological findings. G Syridou N Spanakis A Konstantinidou ET Piperaki D Kafetzis E Patsouris A Antsaklis A Tsakris, J Med Virol 2008 80 10 1776 1782 10.1002/jmv.21293 18712818
54. Infectious causes of fetal death. K Benirschke JA Robb, Clin Obstet Gynecol 1987 30 2 284 294 10.1097/00003081-198706000-00008 3038445 (Pubitemid 17090223)
55. Syphilis in pregnancy in Tanzania. II. The effectiveness of antenatal syphilis screening and single-dose benzathine penicillin treatment for the prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes. D Watson-Jones B Gumodoka H Weiss J Changalucha J Todd K Mugeye A Buve Z Kanga L Ndeki M Rusizoka,, et al. J Infect Dis 2002 186 7 948 957 10.1086/342951 12232835
56. A case control study of chorioamniotic infection and histological chorioamnionitis in stillbirth. E Folgosa C Gonzalez NB Osman I Hagerstrand S Bergstrom A Ljungh, APMIS 1997 105 4 329 336 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb00578.x 9164478 (Pubitemid 27189667)
57. Declining trends in syphilis prevalence among antenatal women in northern India: a 10-year analysis from a tertiary healthcare centre. S Sethi K Sharma LK Dhaliwal SS Banga M Sharma, Sex Transm Infect 2007 83 7 592 10.1136/sti.2007.025551 18024713 (Pubitemid 350290983)
58. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. C Gamble JP Ekwaru FO ter Kuile, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 2 D003755 16625591
59. Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. P Garner AM Gulmezoglu, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 4 D000169 17054128
60. Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. FO ter Kuile AM van Eijk SJ Filler, JAMA 2007 297 23 2603 2616 10.1001/jama.297.23.2603 17579229 (Pubitemid 46961032)
61. Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. TP Eisele D Larsen RW Steketee, Int J Epidemiol 2010 39 Suppl 1 88 101 10.1093/ije/dyq026 20348132
62. The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. JP van Geertruyden F Thomas A Erhart U D'Alessandro, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 71 2 Suppl 35 40 15331817 (Pubitemid 39121302)
63. HIV in pregnancy. J Moodley JL Wennberg, Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005 17 2 117 121 10.1097/01.gco.0000162178.38231.1d 15758601 (Pubitemid 40432730)
64. The association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. P Brocklehurst R French, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 105 8 836 848 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10227.x 9746375 (Pubitemid 28423498)
65. Predictors of stillbirth in sub-saharan Africa. BH Chi L Wang JS Read TE Taha M Sinkala ER Brown M Valentine F Martinson RL Goldenberg, Obstet Gynecol 2007 110 5 989 997 10.1097/01.AOG.0000281667.35113.a5 17978109 (Pubitemid 350059401)
66. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. J Volmink NL Siegfried Merwe L van der P Brocklehurst, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 1 D003510 17253490
67. Systematic review of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. N Suksomboon N Poolsup S Ket-Aim, J Clin Pharm Ther 2007 32 3 293 311 10.1111/j.1365-2710. 2007.00825.x 17489882 (Pubitemid 46699523)
68. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. HM McDonald P Brocklehurst A Gordon, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 1 D000262 17253447
69. Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. EV Menezes MY Yakoob T Soomro RA Haws GL Darmstadt ZA Bhutta, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009 9 Suppl 1 4 10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S4 19426467
70. Risk factors for stillbirth in developing countries: a systematic review of the literature. S Di Mario L Say O Lincetto, Sex Transm Dis 2007 34 7 Suppl 11 21 17592385
71. Stillbirth in developing countries. EM McClure M Nalubamba-Phiri RL Goldenberg, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006 94 2 82 90 10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.03.023 16730726 (Pubitemid 44164453)
72. Infection-related stillbirths. RL Goldenberg EM McClure S Saleem UM Reddy, Lancet 2010 375 9724 1482 1490 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61712-8 20223514
73. The need and plan for global elimination of congenital syphilis. GP Schmid BP Stoner S Hawkes N Broutet, Sex Transm Dis 2007 34 7 Suppl 5 10 17592390
74. Congenital syphilis: a continuing but neglected problem. GJ Walker DG Walker, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007 12 3 198 206 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.019 17336171 (Pubitemid 46680525)
75. Impact of on-site testing for maternal syphilis on treatment delays, treatment rates, and perinatal mortality in rural South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. L Myer D Wilkinson C Lombard K Zuma K Rotchford SS Karim, Sex Transm Infect 2003 79 3 208 213 10.1136/sti.79.3.208 12794203 (Pubitemid 36723961)
76. Cost-effectiveness of rapid point-of-care prenatal syphilis screening in sub-Saharan Africa. CE Rydzak SJ Goldie, Sex Transm Dis 2008 35 9 775 784 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318176196d 18607319
77. Placental malaria increases malaria risk in the first 30 months of life. NG Schwarz AA Adegnika LP Breitling J Gabor ST Agnandji RD Newman B Lell S Issifou M Yazdanbakhsh AJ Luty,, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008 47 8 1017 1025 10.1086/591968 18781874
78. Impaired uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancies complicated by falciparum malaria. EK Dorman CE Shulman J Kingdom JN Bulmer J Mwendwa N Peshu K Marsh, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002 19 2 165 170 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001. 00545.x 11876809 (Pubitemid 34233996)
79. Burden of malaria during pregnancy in areas of stable and unstable transmission in Ethiopia during a nonepidemic year. RD Newman A Hailemariam D Jimma A Degifie D Kebede AE Rietveld BL Nahlen JW Barnwell RW Steketee ME Parise, J Infect Dis 2003 187 11 1765 1772 10.1086/374878 12751034 (Pubitemid 36667887)
80. Maternal risk factors associated with fetal death during antenatal care in low-resource tertiary hospitals. OT Oladapo DA Adekanle BO Durojaiye, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007 47 5 383 388 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00761.x 17877595 (Pubitemid 47433841)
81. AIDS epidemic update. UNAIDS/WHO, Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2005
82. Predictors of stillbirth among HIV-infected Tanzanian women. R Kupka T Kassaye E Saathoff E Hertzmark GI Msamanga WW Fawzi, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009 88 5 584 592 10.1080/00016340902835901 19306132
83. A longitudinal study of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. PE Hay DJ Morgan CA Ison SA Bhide M Romney P McKenzie J Pearson RF Lamont D Taylor-Robinson, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994 101 12 1048 1053 10.1111/j.1471-0528. 1994.tb13580.x 7826957 (Pubitemid 24376866)
84. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. SL Hillier RP Nugent DA Eschenbach MA Krohn RS Gibbs DH Martin MF Cotch R Edelman JG Pastorek 2nd AV Rao,, et al. N Engl J Med 1995 333 26 1737 1742 10.1056/NEJM199512283332604 7491137
85. Premature rupture of the membranes: effect of penicillin prophylaxis and long-term outcome of the children. T Kurki M Hallman R Zilliacus K Teramo O Ylikorkala, Am J Perinatol 1992 9 1 11 16 10.1055/s-2007-994661 1372508
86. Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin. JA McGregor JI French K Seo, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 165 3 632 640 1892190
87. Bacteriuria of pregnancy. P Whalley, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967 97 5 723 738 5335276
88. Chorioamnionitis: a study of organisms isolated in perinatal autopsies. E Madan MP Meyer A Amortequi, Ann Clin Lab Sci 1988 18 1 39 45 3355095 (Pubitemid 18073102)
89. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a review. JL Jones A Lopez M Wilson J Schulkin R Gibbs, Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001 56 5 296 305 10.1097/00006254-200105000-00025 11333376 (Pubitemid 32405839)
90. Gregg's congenital rubella patients 60 years later. JM Forrest FM Turnbull GF Sholler RE Hawker FJ Martin TT Doran MA Burgess, Med J Aust 2002 177 11-12 664 667 12463994 (Pubitemid 36040506)
91. Infection and stillbirth. EM McClure RL Goldenberg, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009 14 4 182 189 10.1016/j.siny.2009.02.003 19285457
92. Advances in the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in hospital patients. PD Griffiths, J Hosp Infect 1991 18 Suppl A 330 334 10.1016/0195-6701(91)90039-B 1679799
93. Use of serial maternal urine cytomegalovirus PCR to detect primary CMV infection in seronegative pregnant women. M Khare M Sharland I Manyonda P Rice JM Bland P Griffiths, J Virol Methods 2004 119 1 31 35 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004. 02.013 15109818 (Pubitemid 38510524)
94. Herpes simplex virus type-2 infection in pregnancy: no risk of fetal death: results from a nested case-control study within 35,940 women. A Eskild S Jeansson B Stray-Pedersen PA Jenum, BJOG 2002 109 9 1030 1035 12269678 (Pubitemid 35279135)
95. The origins of stillbirth: infectious diseases. RS Gibbs, Semin Perinatol 2002 26 1 75 78 10.1053/sper.2002.29839 11876570 (Pubitemid 34165048)
96. Risk factors for fetal death in white, black, and Hispanic women. Collaborative Group on Preterm Birth Prevention. RL Copper RL Goldenberg MB DuBard RO Davis, Obstet Gynecol 1994 84 4 490 495 8090381 (Pubitemid 24311135)
97. Etiology and prevention of stillbirth. RC Fretts, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005 193 6 1923 1935 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.03.074 16325593 (Pubitemid 41737615)